Efficient soluble polymer-supported tartrate/Ti catalyst for asymmetric oxidation of prochiral sulfides

A group of soluble polymer-supported chiral tartrate ligands was prepared by liquid-phase synthesis with ligand diversity strategy. Moderate to excellent chemical yields and enantiomeric excesses were obtained by using soluble polymer-supported tartrate ester in asymmetric oxidation of prochiral sulfides using Ti(O-i-Pr)₄/cumyl hydroperoxide, and the workup was greatly simplified. The influence of substituent in chiral tartrate ligands on the enantioselectivities of the reaction was disclosed.     

An improved heterogeneous asymmetric epoxidation of homoallylic alcohols using polymer-supported Ti(IV) catalysts

Heterogeneous asymmetric epoxidation of homoallylic alcohols has been achieved using polymer-supported Ti(IV) catalysts with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant. The enantioselectivities and chemical yields obtained are significantly higher (ee values up to 80%) than with monomeric tartrate ligands.     

Amino acid-derived hydroxamic acids as chiral ligands in the vanadium catalysed epoxidation

New sulfonamide-derived hydroxamic acids have been developed as chiral ligands for the V-catalysed asymmetric epoxidation, showing high reactivity at subzero temperatures and moderate to good enantioselectivity. The strong accelerating effect exhibited by the ligands of this type can be attributed to the sulfonamide functionality. A range of cinnamyl type allylic alcohols were epoxidised with up to 74% ee.     

Influence of hydroperoxides on the enantioselectivity of metal-catalyzed asymmetric Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and epoxidation with chiral ligands

Chiral hydroperoxides have a significant influence on the enantioselectivity of the metal-catalyzed asymmetric Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones and the epoxidation of allylic alcohols, when chiral ligands are employed. If both the ligand and the hydroperoxide are enantiopure, the ligand determines the formation of the preferred product enantiomer in both reactions.     

Efficient soluble polymer-supported sharpless alkene epoxidation catalysts

High chemical yields and good enantiomeric excesses are obtained by using soluble polymer-supported tartrate ester in the epoxidation of trans-hex-2-en-1-ol using Ti(OPri)4/tert-butyl hydroperoxide.     

Asymmetric addition of alkylzinc reagents to cyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and a tandem enantioselective addition/diastereoselective epoxidation with dioxygen

Although over 100 catalysts have been reported to catalyze the asymmetric addition of alkyl groups to aldehydes, these catalysts fail to promote additions to ketones with >90% enantioselectivity. This paper describes the asymmetric 1,2-addition of alkyl groups to conjugated cyclic enones to give allylic alcohols with chiral quaternary centers. The resultant allylic alcohols are converted into epoxy alcohols with excellent diastereoselectivities. Treatment of the epoxy alcohols with BF3.OEt2 induces a semipinacol rearrangement to provide alpha,alpha-dialkyl-beta-hydroxy ketones with all-carbon chiral quaternary centers. We also report a one-pot procedure for the asymmetric addition/diastereoselective epoxidation reaction. Simply exposing the reaction mixture to dioxygen after the asymmetric addition reaction is complete results in epoxidation of the allylic alcohol with high diastereoselectivity.     

From allylic alcohols to chiral tertiary homoallylic alcohol: palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of isatins

A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of isatins with allylic alcohols as an allyl donor was developed by using chiral spiro phosphoramidite ligands. A variety of chiral tertiary homoallylic alcohols 3-allyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles were prepared directly from allylic alcohols in one step with excellent yields and moderate enantioselectivities. This represents the first catalytic asymmetric allylation of ketones with allylic alcohol as the allylating agent.     

Nanosheet-enhanced enantioselectivity in the vanadium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols

The use of suitable chiral ligands is an efficient means of producing highly enantioselective transition-metal catalysts. Herein, we report a facile, economic, and effective strategy for the design of chiral ligands that demonstrate enhanced enantioselectivity and catalytic efficacy. Our simple strategy employs naturally occurring or synthetic inorganic nanosheets as huge and rigid planar substituents for, but not limited to, naturally available α-amino-acid ligands; these ligands were successfully used in the vanadium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols. The crucial role of the inorganic nanosheets as planar substituents in improving the enantioselectivity of the reaction was clearly revealed by relating the observed enantiomeric excess with the distribution of the catalytic centers and the accessibility of the substrate molecules to the catalytic sites. DFT calculations indicated that the LDH layer improved the enantioselectivity by influencing the formation and stability of the catalytic transition states, both in terms of steric resistance and H-bonding interactions.     

An immobilized vanadium-binaphthylbishydroxamic acid complex as a reusable catalyst for the asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols

An immobilized polymer-supported vanadium-binaphthylbishydroxamic acid (PS-VBHA) has been developed as an efficient, reusable catalyst for the asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols. This PS-VBHA catalyst shows comparable catalytic performance to that of the parent V-BBHA catalyst and can be reused five times without significant loss of enantioselectivity.     

Evidence for involvement of cationic intermediate in epoxidation of chiral allylic alcohols and unfunctionalised alkenes catalysed by MnIII(quinazolinone) complexes

A pair of Mn^III(quinazolinone) complexes was prepared and evaluated in the catalytic epoxidation of the chiral allylic alcohols and unfunctionalised alkenes with iodosylbenzene. Epoxidation of chiral allylic alcohols with 1,3-allylic strain proceeded chemo- and diastereoselectively to give threo-epoxy alcohol (up to 99% d.r). Epoxidation of unfunctionalised alkenes by the proposed catalyst system proceeded nonselectively, as evidenced by the formation of isomerization and rearrangement products in the epoxidation of (Z)-stilbene. A three-step pathway involving a cationic intermediate is proposed for the formation of isomerization and rearrangement products. The fact that only products resulting from the cationic intermediate were detected in the oxidation of a mechanistic probe, (2-methoxy-3-vinylcyclopropyl)benzene, with Mn^III(quinazolinone) and PhIO substantiated the cationic oxygen transfer mechanism.     

Nanosheet‐Enhanced Enantioselectivity in the Vanadium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols

The use of suitable chiral ligands is an efficient means of producing highly enantioselective transition‐metal catalysts. Herein, we report a facile, economic, and effective strategy for the design of chiral ligands that demonstrate enhanced enantioselectivity and catalytic efficacy. Our simple strategy employs naturally occurring or synthetic inorganic nanosheets as huge and rigid planar substituents for, but not limited to, naturally available α‐amino‐acid ligands; these ligands were successfully used in the vanadium‐catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols. The crucial role of the inorganic nanosheets as planar substituents in improving the enantioselectivity of the reaction was clearly revealed by relating the observed enantiomeric excess with the distribution of the catalytic centers and the accessibility of the substrate molecules to the catalytic sites. DFT calculations indicated that the LDH layer improved the enantioselectivity by influencing the formation and stability of the catalytic transition states, both in terms of steric resistance and H‐bonding interactions.     

Polymer-supported chiral phosphinooxathiane ligands for palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylations

Novel polymer-supported chiral ligands of PS–DES, PS–Et, and TentaGel supporting Pd-phosphinooxathianes were prepared and found to provide high levels of enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) in palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations and aminations.     

Catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of chalcones under poly(ethylene glycol)-supported Cinchona ammonium salt catalyzed conditions

Dimeric cinchonine, cinchonidine, and quinine have been anchored (via nitrogen) to long linear PEG chains to afford soluble polymer-supported chiral ammonium salts, which were employed as phase-transfer catalysts in the asymmetric epoxidation of chalcones. The highest enantiomeric excess obtained was 86%.     

Heterogeneous asymmetric epoxidation of cis-allylic alcohols: use of polymer-supported Ti(IV)-catalyst

Heterogeneous asymmetric epoxidation of cis-allylic alcohols with titanium isopropoxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide has been achieved using a branched/crosslinked poly(tartrate ester) ligand. The enantioselectivities and chemical yields obtained are at least comparable to low molecular weight tartrate ligands.     

Nickel-catalyzed enantioselective hydrovinylation of silyl-protected allylic alcohols: An efficient access to homoallylic alcohols with a chiral quaternary center

Asymmetric hydrovinylation of silyl-protected allylic alcohols catalyzed by nickel complexes of chiral spiro phosphoramidite ligands was developed. A series of homoallylic alcohols with a chiral quaternary center were produced in high yields (up to 97%) and high enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee). The reaction provides an efficient method for preparing bifunctional compounds with a chiral quaternary carbon center.     

Enantioselective epoxidation with chiral MN(III)(salen) catalysts: kinetic resolution of aryl-substituted allylic alcohols

A set of aryl-substituted allylic alcohols rac-2 has been epoxidized by chiral Mn(salen*) complexes 1 as the catalyst and iodosyl benzene (PhIO) as the oxygen source. Whereas one enantiomer of the allylic alcohol 2 is preferentially epoxidized to give the threo- or cis-epoxy alcohol 3 (up to 80% ee) as the main product (dr up to >95:5), the other enantiomer of 2 is enriched (up to 53% ee). In the case of 1,1-dimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-2-ol (2c), the CH oxidation to the enone 4c proceeds enantioselectively and competes with the epoxidation. The absolute configurations of the allylic alcohols 2 and their epoxides 3 have been determined by chemical correlation or CD spectroscopy. The observed diastereo- and enantioselectivities in the epoxidation reactions are rationalized in terms of a beneficial interplay between the hydroxy-directing effect and the attack along the Katsuki trajectory.     

Highly efficient catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols by an oxovanadium-substituted polyoxometalate with a regenerative TADDOL-derived hydroperoxide

The oxovanadium(IV) sandwich-type POM catalyzes the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective epoxidation of allylic alcohols by chiral hydroperoxides with very high catalytic efficiency (up to 42 000 TON), a potentially valuable oxidation for the development of sustainable processes. By using the sterically demanding, TADDOL-derived hydroperoxide TADOOH as the chiral oxygen source, enantiomeric ratios (er) of up to 95:5 have been achieved.     

Catalytic asymmetric generation of (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols

A one-pot method for the direct preparation of enantioenriched (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols is introduced. Hydroboration of 1-halo-1-alkynes with dicyclohexylborane, reaction with t-BuLi, and transmetalation with dialkylzinc reagents generate (Z)-disubstituted vinylzinc intermediates. In situ reaction of these reagents with aldehydes in the presence of a catalyst derived from (-)-MIB generates (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols. It was found that the resulting allylic alcohols were racemic, most likely due to a rapid addition reaction promoted by LiX (X = Br and Cl). To suppress the LiX-promoted reaction, a series of inhibitors were screened. It was found that 20-30 mol % tetraethylethylenediamine inhibited LiCl without inhibiting the chiral zinc-based Lewis acid. In this fashion, (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols were obtained with up to 98% ee. The asymmetric (Z)-vinylation could be coupled with tandem diastereoselective epoxidation reactions to provide epoxy alcohols and allylic epoxy alcohols with up to three contiguous stereogenic centers, enabling the rapid construction of complex building blocks with high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivity.     

Catalytic asymmetric Henry reaction using copper(II) chiral tridentate Schiff-base complexes and their polymer-supported complexes

A series of chiral tridentate Schiff-base ligands and their polymer-supported ligands were conveniently prepared and introduced as copper(II) chiral complexes for the asymmetric Henry reaction. The structures of these ligands have been characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS. The experimental results showed that the corresponding β-nitro alcohols were obtained in moderate to high yields (up to 98%) with up to 98% ee under mild conditions. The complex catalyst forming from copper(II) polymer-supported ligands could be recycled by a simple filtration and reused 6 times at least with similar good catalytic effect (about 94% yield and 90% ee).     

Development and application of versatile bis-hydroxamic acids for catalytic asymmetric oxidation

In this article, we describe the development and preliminary results of our new designed C₂-symmetric bis-hydroxamic acid (BHA) ligands and the application of the new ligands for vanadium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols as well as homoallylic alcohols. From this success we demonstrate the versatile nature of BHA in the molybdenum catalyzed asymmetric oxidation of unfunctionalized olefins and sulfides.