Waveguiding effect in 2D metal–dielectric–metal grating structure

We have studied the waveguiding effect in a 2D metal–dielectric–metal (MDM) grating structure formed on a quartz substrate. The grating was first formed via e-beam lithography and subsequently covered by Ag/MgF₂/Ag MDM films. At a pitch of 300 nm in both x- and y-directions, low reflectance and transmittance were observed in the UV–VIS range, indicating efficient coupling of normal incident light into waveguiding modes. As evidence, we measured the spectrum of the waveguide from the edge, and the bandwidth of the spectrum was as narrow as ∼74 nm. The bandwidth of the waveguide can be further improved by increasing the MDM stack number. In addition, the bandwidth can also be widened by increasing the pitch of the structure. The physical mechanism underlying the phenomena was analyzed and experimentally confirmed. Such effect could be useful in many applications, such as DFB lasers, solar cells, waveguides, and light emitting devices.     

Dispersion characteristics of spin waves in planar periodic structures based on ferromagnetic films

A technique for calculating the dispersion characteristics of planar periodic magnetic structures is suggested. It is based on joint application of the spin-wave mode analytical approach and the transfer matrix formalism. The dispersion characteristics of a planar periodic waveguiding medium representing a thin ferromagnetic film with an array of metallic strips (metallic grating) on its surface are calculated. It is shown that the dispersion characteristics of planar periodic structures based on ferromagnetic films depend, not only on the geometry of the waveguiding system, but also on the surface anisotropy of the initial film.     

Two dimensional silicon waveguide chirped grating couplers for vertical optical fibers

Shallow etched two dimensional gratings for coupling light between silicon-on-insulator nanophotonic waveguides and vertical optical fibers were designed and experimentally characterized. We show that the large second order back reflection could be suppressed effectively by applying a linear chirp in the grating period for two dimensional grating couplers. The total coupling efficiency from an optical fiber to two orthogonal silicon waveguides is independent of the input polarization. An almost linear relationship between the average effective index of the grating region and the fill factor for 1D grating is obtained and verified. We also show that the average effective index for the two dimensional grating is similar to the one dimensional grating with the same fill factor in the light propagation direction, when the fill factor of the etched holes was larger than 0.5.     

THzQWP二维光栅耦合效率的理论分析研究

将二维金属光栅结构引入到探测器结构中,以提高太赫兹(THz)量子阱光电探测器的探测率。采用三维时域有限差分算法,建立了THz量子阱光电探测器的二维金属光栅仿真模型,详细分析了二维金属光栅参数对太赫兹量子阱光电探测器的电场强度的影响。仿真分析结果表明:当入射光频率为6.27 THz(相对应波长为47.847 m)、光栅周期P=10.5 m、占空比=0.55（金属块宽度w= 5.755 m）、光栅层厚度h=0.4 m时,器件中的Z方向上的电场值最大,光栅的耦合效率最高。     

Fabrication and stitching of embedded multi-layer micro-gratings in fused silica glass by fs laser pulses

Fabrication and stitching of internal 2D, 1D and multi-layer micro-gratings in fused silica glass using amplified Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser were reported. These gratings have the pitch of 4 μm and the size of 400 μm×400 μm. For a two-layer 1D micro-grating where a second-layer grating was overwritten on a first-layer grating at the exact X,Y position and the different Z depth, the diffraction efficiency can reach more than 25% due to the grating thickness increase. If a second-layer grating was stitched with a first-layer by the shift of 2 μm in the X direction and at the different Z depth, the diffraction angle was doubled but the diffraction efficiency was about 9%. The last result has the potential application for fabricating high-density micro-/nano-structures beyond the diffraction limit through 3D stitching. PACS 42.79.Dj; 42.40.Lx; 42.62.Cf     

Analysis of one-dimensional Fibonacci-class quasicrystals using perturbation theory

In this work, we present a new and semi-analytical method to investigate one-dimensional Fibonacci-class photonic quasicrystals from waveguiding properties point of view. Usually, the exact treatment for obtaining band diagram in these situations is very hard and the numerical methods are used. In this paper, we investigate the waveguiding properties of one-dimensional quasicrystals by using perturbation method. In this direction, the band diagram and field distribution of this structure are investigated.     

偶氮液晶聚合物薄膜的二维偏振全息记录

利用偏振全息记录的方法在一种含偶氮侧链的液晶聚合物薄膜中写入了二维偏振光栅.实验采用两束正交偏振的532 nm线偏光作为写入光,在样品同一点上分别记录了相互垂直的两个一维偏振光栅,继而对所构成的二维偏振光栅的特性进行了研究.实验结果表明：二维光栅的衍射效率比一维光栅低,其偏振特性是两个一维光栅元特性的叠加;二维光栅衍射效率对入射光偏振态的依赖性和光栅的偏振转换性质来源于材料中线双折射和圆双折射的共同作用. 关键词： 偏振全息 二维光栅 偶氮液晶聚合物     

基于表面等离激元的长波QWIP光栅优化

为了提高长波量子阱红外探测器的灵敏度及探测率,采用表面等离激元效应来提高量子阱红外探测器中二维光栅的耦合效率。利用三维时域有限差分算法,分析表面等离激元作用下,长波量子阱红外探测器中二维金属薄膜光栅参数对入射光的调制作用。计算结果表明,对于8 m的入射光,当光栅周期P=2.8 m,孔直径D=1.4 m,光栅层厚度L=0.04 m时,X Y平面内Z方向电场值最大,光栅的耦合效率最高。     

一种基于PMP的圆型流水线上工件的三维在线检测方法

提出了一种基于PMP原理的对圆形流水线上工件面形进行在线检测的方法。利用DLP将一环形正弦光栅图投射在圆型流水线上某一区域，使用相移器在物体运动方向的垂直方向上进行相移，实现了圆周运动物体各物点相移一致性，同时由于相移方向与物体移动方向垂直，工件移动不会影响相移量，相移量可以较精确地控制。通过采用参考标记和图像旋转恢复可实现N帧变形条纹图像的像素匹配，从而提取三维物体的截断相位，经过相位展开，得到连续相位，并由相位最后解调出物体的高度信息。通过计算机仿真验证了方法的可行性。该方法具有在线、快速，非接触性等特点。     

Tunable transmission and enhanced emission in ordered metallic nanostructures having varying channel shape

Extraordinary transmission spectra for one-dimensional (1D) gratings and two-dimensional (2D) metallic hole arrays change with the hole channel shape. In this paper, a converging-diverging channel (CDC) design was introduced. The transmission spectra corresponding to CDC-embedded nanostructures of 1D grating, circular and rectangular holes (2D hole arrays) are analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) finite-element method. Tuning of optical transmission by changing the CDC structure has been investigated. In addition, a cavity composed of a CDC metallic grating and a 1D photonic crystal (PhC) can lead to an enhanced emission. Large coherence length of the emission can be achieved by exploiting coherent properties of surface waves in grating and PhC.     

Photorefractive properties of ion-implanted waveguides in strontium barium niobate crystals

0.61 Ba_0.39Nb₂O₆, SBN61), either by proton or helium ion implantation. Proton-implanted samples show a large increase of dark conductivity that reduces or even prevents the recording of refractive index gratings. For waveguides formed by helium implantation this effect is absent, and they can be used for efficient holographic recording. Photorefractive properties of the waveguides are investigated by two-beam coupling. After implantation with 2.0 MeV He⁺ and doses of (0.5-5)×10¹⁵ cm^-2, the samples have to be polarized again, because heating or charge effects at the crystals surface during the implantation process decreases or even reverses the effective electrooptic coefficients in the waveguiding layer. For repoled samples, we find logarithmic gain coefficients of up to 45 cm^-1 with time constants for the build-up of the purely π/2-shifted refractive index grating of the order of 1 ms for the blue lines of an Ar⁺ laser. Photoconductivity depends nonlinearly on light intensity with an exponent x≈0.55. With increasing implanted helium dose, both electronic and nuclear damage of the waveguiding layer grows, and the photorefractive properties of the waveguides are considerably degraded. Received: 20 February 1997/Revised version: 1 May 1997     

Designing 1D grating for extraordinary optical transmission for TM polarization

Due to their high brightness at resonance, 1D metallo-dielectric transmission gratings have been proposed as useful in a number of applications including Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM), flat-panel displays, spatial light modulators and optoelectronic devices. In this article, using the Fabry–Perot resonance condition and numerical optimization, we demonstrate a design methodology of 1D grating structure that provides resonance at a desired wavelength for Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarization. Depending on grating and substrate materials and target applications under consideration, our method provides optimum grating parameters, i.e. slit width, grating period and thickness adaptively. Application specific requirements such as the bandwidth around a resonance can be adjusted by setting appropriate constraint functions. Simulations results from modal analysis show that resonances are achieved at wavelengths for which grating parameters have been optimized.     

X-ray submicrometer phase contrast imaging with a Fresnel zone plate and a two dimensional grating interferometer

The application of a two dimensional (2D) grating interferometer-Fresnel zone plate combination for quantitative submicron phase contrast imaging is reported. The combination of the two optical elements allows quick recovery of the phase shift introduced by a sample in a hard X-ray beam, avoiding artifacts observed when using the one dimensional (1D) interferometer for a sample with features oriented in the unsensitive direction of the interferometer. The setup provides submicron resolution due to the optics magnification ratio and a fine sensitivity in both transverse orientations due to the 2D analysis gratings. The method opens up possibilities for sub-micro phase contrast tomography of microscopic objects made of light and/or homogeneous materials with randomly oriented features.     

Propagation and reflection of lower hybrid waves launched by slow waveguiding circuits

Using finite length, modified slow waveguiding circuits, cold lower hybrid waves can be made to propagate in one or two ways along the axial direction, corresponding to the π/2- or π-modes characteristic for these periodic structures. On reflection at a metal wall, phase reversal is demonstrated.     

变波长读出条件下光折变局域体全息光栅的衍射性质

利用二维耦合波理论,研究了用短波长记录全息光栅而用通讯波段内的长波长读出时,用于90°结构垂直读出平板型的光折变局域体全息光栅的衍射性质.讨论了局域体全息光栅的几何尺寸对其衍射效率及光栅布喇格选择性的影响.结果表明,随着光栅的纵向和横向尺寸的增加,光栅的衍射效率也逐渐增加.当光栅的纵向和横向尺寸发生改变但光栅的总面积不变时,光栅衍射效率保持不变.此外,随着光栅尺寸的增加光栅的布喇格选择性越好.在利用短波长记录全息光栅而用长波长读出的光学器件设计过程中,为了获得最佳的衍射效率及其布喇格选择特性,应当根据要求合理地设计光栅的几何尺寸.     

凹(平)面衍射光栅稳定共振腔的近似分析

本文从自洽的费涅耳衍射积分方程出发,利用费涅耳数近似趋于无穷,计算了凹(平)面锯齿形和截端锯齿形衍射光栅稳定共振腔的共振模特性。结果指出:当光栅槽很浅,满足光栅自准直条件,在一定的角度范围内,腔内的场振幅分布近似与光栅的闪耀角无关。垂直于光栅槽方向(x方向)的场分布由m阶厄米-高斯函数和微扰项(m+1阶和m-1阶厄米-高斯函数)表示。微扰项随光栅倾角的增大而增大。当微扰项可以忽略不计时,倾斜的光栅可以和垂直于光轴、曲率半径为Γ₁cos³θ(x方向)和Γ₁cosθ(y方向,平行于栅槽方向)的长条凹镜等效。文中给出了栅、镜面上的场分布、稳定性条件、频谱分布及输出场特性。 关键词：     

1D to 2D transitional structure of plasmonic crystals: fabrication and characterization

A very interesting structure that has not been explored previously is an array of “corrugated/wavy” lines; an intermediate structure between 1D grating and 2D arrays of plasmonic crystal. This novel structure is studied to fully understand the transitional effect from 1D line to 2D arrays. The changes in geometry will subsequently change the effective refractive index of the crystal hence alters the plasmonic coupling conditions. The azimuthal effect of this structure is also explored to control the SPP magnitude and propagation direction. Interference lithography (IL) technique is used to fabricate this structure. Some geometrical parameters can be controlled in order to optimize the coupling condition for SPP propagation. This will lead us to understand the fundamental geometrical contributions to the field enhancement. Comprehensive mathematical simulations that model these effects to the SPP coupling condition has been undertaken to understand the plasmonic coupling efficiency and the azimuthal angle dependence.     

A multichannel 2D photonic crystal fiber for gas detection

We show the possibility of identification of molecular gases with the help of a 2D photonic crystal fiber made of AR-Glass (Schott) and exhibiting waveguiding multichannel hollow cores fabricated by the stack and draw technology. The proposed approach consists of registration of specific features introduced by absorption of gas medium filling hollow channels on transmission spectra of the latter in the same spectral region. In the chosen working region between 5850 and 11 250 cm^?1, experimental transmission spectra of waveguiding channels of the sample fiber are similar in shape and represent curves with three characteristic peaks of transmission. Using model gaseous media as an example, we demonstrate the possibility of presenting the results of identification in the form of a multidigit binary code. The conditions for further development of the proposed approach are discussed.     

五维自由度衍射光栅精密测量系统（英文）

为了在保证结构简单的前提下,实现衍射光栅精密测量系统的大量程、高精度、多维度测量,设计了能够同时测量位移和角度的五维自由度衍射光栅精密测量系统。基于利特罗对称式光路结构,采用高刻线密度的一维衍射光栅以及外差干涉原理实现了沿光栅矢量方向和光栅法线方向的二维位移测量;通过引入高精度的位置灵敏探测器,结合±1级衍射光与光栅之间的角度变化关系实现了对光栅俯仰、偏摆和滚转三个维度的角度误差测量。实验结果表明:该衍射光栅精密测量系统能够实现分辨力优于4 nm的二维位移测量以及分辨力优于1″的三维角度测量,其位移测量范围只受限于光栅的尺寸,量程大大增加。该衍射光栅精密测量系统在精密测量领域有重要意义。