二元合金多层膜中的固态反应非晶化

本文报道在Fe-Ti和Fe-Si系中发生的固态反应非晶化,肯定了Ni-Ti系中非晶相的形成,认为这类新型非晶化主要是一种动力学相竞争的结果,并初步讨论了在固态反应中形成非晶相的动力学判据。 关键词：     

锗酸盐晶体压致非晶化的研究

高压拉曼散射研究表明．ＣｕＧｅＯ３，Ｌｉ２ＧｅＯ３和Ｌｉ６Ｇｅ２Ｏ７三种晶体分别在７，１２和１１ＧＰａ压力下转变为非晶。在高于起始转变压力以上一定范围压致非晶是可逆的，ＣｕＧｅＯ３，Ｌｉ２ＧｅＯ３和Ｌｉ６Ｇｅ２Ｏ７压致非晶的不可逆转变压力分别为１４．１，２０和２０ＧＰａ。压致非晶ＣｕＧｅＯ３的重新晶化温度在６００℃附近。锗酸及系列晶体的压致非晶化与它们的成份和结构有关，随着在这一系列晶体中Ｌｉ２Ｏ含量的增加，压致非晶化的压力趋于减小。     

硼酸锂系列晶体的高压拉曼散射研究

本文进行了硼酸锂系列晶体的高压拉曼散射及其压致相变的研究。对于三硼酸锂（ＬｉＢ３Ｏ５），我们发现在５．０ＧＰａ有一可逆的晶态到晶态的相变，在２７．０ＧＰａ有一不可逆的晶态到非晶态的相变。二硼酸锂（Ｌｉ２Ｂ４Ｏ７）不可逆压致非晶相变发生在３２．０ＧＰａ附近。对于一硼酸锂，我们研究了０—５５．８ＧＰａ范围内的高压拉曼光谱，只在２．０ＧＰａ发现了一个晶态到晶态的相变，但未发现不可逆压致非晶化现象。在硼酸锂系列晶体中，不可逆压致非晶化的压力随Ｌｉ２Ｏ的含量的增加而升高。硼酸锂晶体中Ｌｉ２Ｏ的含量越高，压致非晶化越不容易发生，这与熔体急冷法制备硼酸锂玻璃的规律是一致的。     

Surface modifications by swift heavy-ion irradiation of indium phosphide

InP (001) samples were irradiated with 200 MeV Au ions at different fluences. The surface nanotopographical changes due to increasing fluence of swift heavy ions were observed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), where the onset of a large increase in surface roughness for fluences sufficient to cause complete surface amorphization was observed. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used to observe bulk-ion tracks that formed in InP, and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) revealed that single-ion tracks might not be amorphous in nature. Surface-ion tracks were observed by AFM in the form of ill-defined pits (hollows) of ~12 nm in diameter (width). In addition, Rutherford backscattering was utilized to follow the formation of disorder to amorphization in the irradiated material. The interpretation of the large increase in surface roughness with the onset of amorphization can be attributed to the plastic phenomena induced by the change of states from crystalline to amorphous by ion irradiation. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Ni/a-Si多层膜中固相非晶化反应过程

采用原位X射线衍射法定量地分析研究了多晶Ni/非晶Si成分调制膜中的固相反应非晶化过程.提出了非晶Ni-Si相在Ni/a-Si多层膜固相非晶化反应中的生长模型.并对Ni晶界上的非晶化现象给予热力学和动力学上的解释. 关键词：     

Experimental evidence for a crossover between two distinct mechanisms of amorphization in ice Ih under pressure

We report neutron scattering data which reveal the central role of phonon softening leading to a negative melting line, solid-state amorphization, and negative thermal expansion of ice. We find that pressure-induced amorphization is due to mechanical melting at low temperatures, while at higher temperatures amorphization is governed by thermal melting (violations of Born's and Lindemann's criteria, respectively). This confirms earlier conjectures of a crossover between two distinct amorphization mechanisms and provides a natural explanation for the strong annealing observed in high-density amorphous ice.     

Amorphouslike diffraction pattern in solid metallic titanium

Amorphouslike diffraction patterns of solid elemental titanium have been detected under high pressure and high temperature using in situ energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction and a multianvil press. The onset pressure and the temperature of formation of amorphous titanium is found to be close to the alpha-beta-omega triple point in the P-T phase diagram. Amorphous Ti has been found to be thermally stable up to 1250 degrees C for at least 3 min at some pressures. By analyzing the conditions for producing amorphous elemental Zr and Ti, we observed a multi-phase-point amorphization phenomenon for preparing single-element bulk amorphous metals. The results reported may open a new way to preparing single-element bulk amorphous metals with a high thermal stability.     

Tribological properties of chromium implanted silicon nitride ceramics correlated with microstructure

3 N₄ ceramic after chromium implantation were investigated for the dependence on implantation energy between 200 keV and 3 MeV at a fixed fluence of 10¹⁷ ions/cm². The wear of the modified material is reduced for a load of 2 N independent of ion energy accompanied by a slight increase of the friction coefficient. At higher loads only high-energy implantations result in improved wear behaviour. Structural investigations show the absence of any new phases formed by ion implantation. All energies result in an amorphous layer. For lower energies this amorphous layer reaches up to the surface whereas at higher energies it is covered by still-crystalline but damaged material. The observed wear behaviour can be explained with the amorphization of the near surface region and the stress generated by the volume swelling of the amorphous layer. Received: 25 November 1996/Accepted: 29 April 1997     

等温退火对辐照诱发的非晶TiNiCu合金微观组织结构的影响

 TiNiCu记忆合金在美国Argonne国家实验室IVEM Tandem National Facility加速器产生的400keV Xe+离子辐照到0.4dpa时发生非晶化转变。通过电子显微镜研究了非晶化的TiNiCu合金的回复和再结晶过程。退火加热的速度是10℃/min。在280℃时非晶环附近出现电子衍射斑点以及明场像中出现少量析出相，表明回复和再结晶开始。退火到550℃出现多晶环，650℃时有片状马氏体变体生成，750℃时有很锐利的多晶环出现，表明再结晶过程基本完成。经标定再结晶晶粒仍然是TiNiCu记忆合金。再结晶组织与辐照前TiNiCu 合金的显微组织相比有较大差异。     

Slow amorphization of zeolites

The dynamics of amorphization in two zeolites with different densities is investigated using high-pressure Raman spectroscopy. Slow amorphization of the denser zeolite under pressure leads to the formation of a low-density amorphous (LDA) phase that transforms into a more disordered high-density amorphous (HDA) phase with a further increase in the pressure. It is revealed that the LDA-HDA transformation is a first order phase transition occurring with an increase in the silicon coordination.     

Laser glazing study of Co-based alloy and Ni-Nb-Cr alloy coating

ＬａｓｅｒｇｌａｚｉｎｇｓｔｕｄｙｏｆＣｏ－ｂａｓｅｄａｌｌｏｙａｎｄＮｉ－Ｎｂ－Ｃｒａｌｌｏｙｃｏａｔｉｎｇ￥ＴＩＡＮＮａｉｌｉａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＴｉａｎｊｉｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴ...     

Amorphization mechanism of icosahedral metal nanoclusters

The amorphization mechanism of icosahedral Pt nanoclusters is investigated by a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and density functional calculations. A general mechanism for amorphization, involving rosettelike structural transformations at fivefold vertices, is proposed. In the rosette, a fivefold vertex is transformed into a hexagonal ring. We show that, for icosahedral Pt nanoclusters, this transformation is associated with an energy gain, so that their most favorable structures have a low symmetry even at icosahedral magic numbers, and that the same mechanism underlies the formation of amorphous structures in gold.     

310 ℃和350 ℃下锆-4合金中沉淀相非晶化研究

用大束流加速器和透射电子显微镜研究了Zr-4合金在310 ℃和350 ℃下的质子辐照效应。当质子能量为2 MeV，在310 ℃和350 ℃下质子辐照产生原子离位损伤达5 dpa（注量率为8.5×1013 cm-2·s-1），辐照前后的明场像、高分辨相和电子衍射花样均表明:在310 ℃辐照产生原子损伤达到5 dpa，沉淀相Zr(Cr,Fe)2边缘5～10 nm的区域已经非晶化，而在350 ℃时质子辐照却没有非晶化发生。沉淀相Zr(Cr,Fe)2的元素分布图像和浓度分布表明，铁元素向基体扩散并且聚集在非晶化边界区域。     

Morphological transformations of vanadium oxide films during low-temperature reduction in hydrogen electron cyclotron resonance plasma

Morphological transformations of amorphous vanadium oxide films obtained by the sol-gel method and polycrystalline V₂O₅ films are studied during their low-temperature (295–623 K) reduction in a hydrogen electron cyclotron resonance plasma. The morphology of films is analyzed using atomic force microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy. It is found that a homogeneous amorphous film during the reduction process transforms to an island film and then bulk amorphous islands of a regular shape appear. These islands resemble microcrystals, and their concentration depends on the temperature and the reduction time. The low-temperature reduction of polycrystalline V₂O₅ films leads to their amorphization; however, the microcrystals in the polycrystalline film do not change their shape in this process. A mechanism of the reduction process is proposed. This mechanism explains the regularities of morphological transformations in amorphous sol-gel films of vanadium oxides based on the suggestion of a competition between the ion-stimulated nucleation and growth of nuclei of the crystalline phase and the amorphization of the growing nuclei.     

Mössbauer effect investigation of amorphous FeZr interlayers formed by solid state reaction

Recent investigations claimed the complete amorphization of elemental FeZr multilayer films by solid state reaction during vacuum annealing. In the present study it is established by⁵⁷Fe conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) that annealing under ultrahigh vacuum conditions does not lead to complete amorphization: only a maximum thickness of ≈14 Å interfacial α-Fe is transfered into the amorphous phase between 620–660 K. This thin amorphous layer apparently acts as a diffusion barrier and prohibits further growth of the amorphous phase. The average composition of the amorphous interfacial layer was determined from the Mössbauer spectral parameters.     

Structural Aspects of Deformational Amorphization of Ti<Subscript>50</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>25</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>25</Subscript> Crystalline Alloy under High Pressure Torsion

The evolution of the structure of the Ti50Ni25Cu25 crystalline alloy during high-pressure torsion at room temperature has been studied. The torsional moment variation curve as a function of the strain value was fixed in situ, which allowed directly observing the transition of the material from the crystalline state to the amorphous state during the HPT. It was found that the amorphization of the material in the course of the HPT begins on the grain boundaries and fragments of the crystalline phase. Amorphized boundaries form a “grain-boundary carcass” in the cells of which the high-defect nanocrystalline phase is formed. Growth of deformation leads to broadening of the “grain-boundary carcass,” loss of stability of the crystalline phase, and, as a consequence, to the phase transition “crystal → amorphous” state.     

Behavior of disordered boron carbide under stress

Gibbs free-energy calculations based on density functional theory have been used to determine the possible source of failure of boron carbide just above the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL). A range of B4C polytypes is found to be stable at room pressure. The energetic barrier for shock amorphization of boron carbide is by far the lowest for the B12(CCC) polytype, requiring only 6 GPa approximately = P(HEL) for collapse under hydrostatic conditions. The results clearly demonstrate that the collapse of the B12(CCC) phase leads to segregation of B12 and amorphous carbon in the form of 2-3 nm bands along the (113) lattice direction, in excellent agreement with recent transmission electron microscopy results.     

Generating Metallic Amorphous Core–Shell Nanoparticles by a Solid‐State Amorphization Process

Metallic crystalline/amorphous core–shell nanoparticles consisting of a crystalline Pd core (c‐Pd) surrounded by an amorphous Fe₂₅Sc₇₅ shell (a‐FeSc) are prepared by inert‐gas condensation. A phase transformation of the c‐Pd by a solid‐state diffusion process resulting in an amorphous core (a‐PdSc) surrounded by an amorphous FeSc shell is observed if the core–shell structure is irradiated at ambient temperature with 300 keV electrons. The amorphization process seems to involve the diffusion of irradiation‐induced defects and is presumably driven by the large negative heat of mixing of Pd and Sc, as well as by the excess enthalpy of the interfaces between the c‐Pd regions and the surrounding a‐FeSc. The structural transformation reported here opens a new way to producing metallic amorphous core–shell nanoparticles of different chemical compositions and probably novel properties.     

Solid-state amorphization reaction in the system zirconium hydride-cobalt

Crystalline multilayer films of zirconium hydride and cobalt were prepared by a dual ion-beam sputtering technique. The structure of the samples was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis at low and medium scattering angles and by Rutherford backscattering experiments. During suitable heat treatments a solid-state reaction occurs in ZrH_2+x /Co forming a two-phase amorphous Zr–Co–H alloy. The composition of the amorphous phases reveals similarities to the behaviour of crystalline Zr–Co compounds upon dissolution of hydrogen. At small modulation wavelengths and at temperatures above 300 K an in-situ amorphization reaction occurs during deposition, again leading to a compositionally modulated structure with two amorphous phases.     

CEMS investigation of laser melted Fe−Zr alloys

Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) studies are reported for as-cut and laser melted surfaces of Fe?Zr ingots in the 25–80 at.% Zr composition range. Disorder and amorphization was observed even on the as-cut surfaces due to the mechanical processing. Besides a significant enhancement of the non-crystalline fraction, surface melting by as laser pulses also results in the appearance of new metastable phases. Solidification via an extremely high cooling rate thus produces amorphous phase in composition ranges where its formation was previously assumed to be restricted to non melt-quenching methods only.