同轴反射三极管振荡器的数值模拟

 提出了一种新型的同轴反射三极管振荡器并对其进行了数值模拟研究。新模型在阴极底座处延伸出一定半径和长度的内导体到互作用区,使得互作用区有了一定的电场梯度,有助于电子在虚阴极和阴极之间来回反射。另外,阴极内导体的引入也使得该器件要求的电子束阻抗可以较高,阴阳极间距可以较大。在电子束电压和电流分别为590 kV和19.1 kA、输出区波导半径为5.6 cm、二极管阴阳极间距为2.5 cm时,通过参数优化,模拟得到输出频率、周期平均功率和效率分别为3.62 GHz,1.7 GW和15%的微波输出。对器件的物理机制进行了初步分析,结果表明反射电子的振荡对微波的产生起主要作用。     

虚阴极振荡激励高功率微波的数值模拟

模拟了轴对称虚阴极振荡器产生微波的过程。根据实验装置的特点,建立了理想的物理模型。从物理学的基本规律出发,用CIC方法编制了二维空间、三个动量分量的2 1/2维、全电磁、相对论性的数值模拟程序。选择柱状电子束进行模拟,获得了正确的计算结果和清晰的物理图象,并对计算结果作了分析。     

Numerical simulations of the reditron

The reflected-electrons discrimination microwave generator (reditron) is a high-power, narrow-band, and single-mode microwave generator that makes exclusive use of the oscillatory character of the virtual-cathode of a relativistic electron beam. The complex, nonlinear character of the virtual-cathode device necessitates particle-in-cell plasma simulation techniques. Investigations indicate two sources of the radiation: (1) the trapped electrons reflexing between the real and virtual cathodes, and (2) the oscillation of the virtual cathode. In the conventional design, the two mechanisms coexist and interfere with each other destructively, causing degradation of the efficiency of microwave generation. The authors have investigated a configuration with a slotted, thick anode and an external magnetic field, which effectively eliminates the reflexing electrons. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations showed that such a configuration exploits the oscillation of the virtual cathode exclusively, and it generates single-mode, narrow bandwidth, and high-power microwave radiation with a potential efficiency over 10%. It was found that further optimization could be achieved by the use of a density (current) modulated electron beam at appropriate frequencies     

Numerical study of chaotic oscillations in the electron beam with virtual cathode in the external non-uniform magnetic fields

In this Letter the results of theoretical investigations of the chaotic microwave oscillator based on the electron beam with a virtual cathode are presented. Nonlinear non-stationary processes in these electron systems are studied by means of numerical analysis of 2.5D model. It was discovered that the non-uniform external magnetic field value controls the dynamical regime of oscillations in the virtual cathode oscillator. The processes of the chaotization of output microwave radiation are described and interpreted from the point of view of the formation and interaction of electron structures (bunches) in the electron beams. The numerical results have shown that the investigated electron system with virtual cathode could be considered as a promising controlled source of wideband chaotic oscillations in the microwave range.     

相对论返波管振荡器齿状阴极

研究了一种齿状阴极的电子束产生传输过程以及对相对论返波管振荡器产生高功率微波的影响。基于SINUS881加速器,利用束流轰击金属靶观测齿状阴极产生电子束在不同轴向位置上的角向分布,并开展了基于环形阴极和齿状阴极的X波段相对论返波管振荡器的实验研究。对不同齿数及尺寸对电子束流特性、器件输出微波功率和脉冲宽度的影响进行了分析。实验结果表明:当阴极的齿数增加到一定数量时,电子束的横向运动使得电子束在径向逐渐趋于分布均匀;与均匀环形阴极的打靶结果近似,此时,电子束对于相对论返波管振荡器产生微波的功率和脉宽影响不大。     

相对论电子束虚阴极静电振荡的粒子模拟

本文运用有限大小粒子模型,用等离子体粒子模拟方法,对相对论电子束的虚阴极振荡作了一维静电粒子模拟。结果表明,在注入电流小于空间电荷极限电流时,电子束能稳定传输并能全部通过。当注入电流超过空间电荷极限电流时,传输是不稳定的,将有部分电子反射,部分通过。空间电荷形成的虚阴极的位置和电势周期性地振荡。电流越大,虚阴极位置越靠近注入面且变化范围越小,虚阴极电势越低且振幅越大,振荡频率越高且大于电子束等离子体频率。     

低阻无箔渡越辐射振荡器的初步实验

为实现低阻无箔运行,进一步增加现有高功率微波源输出功率和脉宽,给出了一种基于渡越辐射的低阻无箔高功率微波源的初步实验结果。主要对比分析了在铜介质片阴极和天鹅绒阴极以及不锈钢收集极和石墨收集极条件下器件的运行状况,分析了影响器件正常工作的可能原因,得出了在现有条件下天鹅绒阴极和石墨收集极最有利于器件运行的结论。初步的实验结果表明:降低强流相对论电子束的能量密度、选择更加合理的电子束收集方式,是实现该器件正常运行的重要手段。     

新型高功率虚阴极径向反射速调管振荡器

 提出了一种新型的高功率虚阴极径向反射速调管振荡器,它结合了虚阴极振荡器容易起振和速调管微波产生效率较高的特点。利用虚阴极反射电子束对调制腔的正反馈,可以减小起振电流和起振时间,而且提高了微波产生效率。它是一种结构简单、紧凑的器件。用2.5维PIC程序对这种器件进行了数值模拟研究。得到的数值模拟结果表明,输入电压620 kV,电流25 kA,输出微波周期平均功率为2.5 GW。虚阴极振荡频率被锁定,频率为1.25 GHz。     

同轴波导虚阴极振荡器二极管参数优化的研究

采用粒子模拟研究了同轴波导虚阴极振荡器二极管参数对微波效率和频率的影响,得到了由二极管参数改变引起的二极管阻抗变化及其对微波效率的影响规律. 借鉴具有慢波结构的高功率微波器件中微波模式特性阻抗的计算方法,给出同轴波导虚阴极振荡器中微波主模式特性阻抗的理论计算公式. 将理论计算结果与由粒子模拟对器件进行优化后得到的二极管阻抗进行比较,发现当反映电子束特性的二极管阻抗与微波主模式特性阻抗匹配时,虚阴极振荡器具有较高的束波功率转换效率. 进一步用特性阻抗对其他几种典型结构的虚阴极振荡器进行分析,验证了该方法的合理性,为设计高效率虚阴极振荡器提供了理论指导. 关键词： 虚阴极振荡器 同轴波导 二极管参数 特性阻抗     

Generation of high-power nanosecond pulses in a relativistic backward-wave oscillator in the regime of spatial accumulation of energy

We study the generation of electromagnetic pulses with a carrier frequency of 3.7 GHz in a relativistic backward-wave oscillator with a long slow-wave system in the superradiance regime of super-radiation for a magnetic induction of 0.2 T (below the cyclotron resonance). To decrease transverse velocities of the electrons, we use decompression of a hollow electron beam. Decompression in combination with a sharp leading edge of the high-voltage pulse (460 kV) applied to the explosive-emission cathode are used for increasing the cathode lifetime and improving the azimuthal uniformity of the beam. As a result, the achieved peak power of the microwave radiation amounts to 800 MW for a pulse duration of 2.5 ns and a repetition rate of 100 Hz. The uninterrupted operation in such a regime determined by the lifetime of the explosive-emission cathode is increased up to 10⁵–10⁶ pulses. The efficiency of conversion of the electron-beam power into the electromagnetic-wave power is increased up to 50%, The possibility of locking the electromagnetic oscillations phase by a sharp edge of the high-voltage pulse at the cathode was observed for the first time in such a relativistic generator. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 10, pp. 837–842, October 2006.     

Numerical simulation of ion beam generated in diode with anode plasma column

Ion beam generation in a high current diode with anode plasma slab has been studied. Ions are extracted from the anode plasma by a strong electric field of deep potential well (virtual cathode), arising after the propagation of relativistic electrons through the anode plasma slab. The movement of this potential well with the front part of the ion beam leads to a collective ion acceleration up to 10 MeV energy range.The authors wish to thank Dr. K. Jungwirth and Dr. J. Ullschmied for their interest and support and many helpful discussions.     

预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器数值模拟

提出一种高效率预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器,进行了数值模拟研究。研究表明:径向束流预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器利用在束-波互作用区加载金属圆环形成谐振腔,改变束-波互作用区的电场,对电子束进行调制。圆筒形金属形成的调制腔产生的电场既对电子束进行了调制,同时对微波频率进行了锁定,其谐振频率主要是由加载的金属圆筒的长度和两个圆筒之间的径向距离决定。经过优化设计,在600 kV,73 kA无外加引导磁场的条件下,预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器获得了平均功率6 GW,频率为2.575 GHz的微波输出,效率达到13.94%。     

The Electrostatic Trapping of an Intense Relativistic Electron Beam in a Magnetic Mirror

Observations of rapid axial oscillations of an intense relativistic electron beam in a magnetic mirror are reported. The mirror field primarily provides radial confinement of the relativistic electrons. The axial confinement was achieved by placing thin aluminized mylar foils at the conjugate mirror field maxima. The region between these foils was filled with a few Torr air to provide a beam induced plasma for charge and current neutralization. The regions outside these foils were maintained at ~10-4 Torr. One foil formed the anode of a space-charge limited relativistic electron diode which launched the beam into the mirror. When the beam passed through the second foil it was no longer charge neutralized. In a manner quite similar to the anode foil oscillations observed by others, a space-charge limited electrostatic well was established which stopped the electrons and re-accelerated them through the foil-thereby reflecting the beam. When the reflected electrons re-entered the diode, they were once again "electrostatically" reflected. This process continued until the oscillating beam was either lost through the "virtual cathodes" outside the foils, dissipated in the drift region or quenched in the diode plasma after gap closure.     

同轴虚阴极谐振效应研究

中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所的一些实验表明由阳极反射板、阳极网和阴极发射的电子束形成的环状虚阴极围成的准谐振腔是决定同轴虚阴极输出微波功率和传输模式的关键所在. 在二极管电压350kV，电流23kA条件下，获得了500MW的微波输出功率，能量转换效率约6.2％，工作频率3.3GHz，输出微波主要由TM₀₁模式和TE₁₁模式组成. 对同轴虚阴极的谐振效应进行了分析. 关键词： 高功率微波 同轴虚阴极 谐振腔 模式竞争     

Power of microwave generation in an ultrarelativistic electron beam in the regime of virtual cathode formation in an externally applied magnetic field

A numerical study of the output power characteristics of microwave radiation from a relativistic electron beam (REB) with a virtual cathode in the presence of externally applied longitudinal magnetic field is performed. Typical dependences of the output microwave power of the relativistic vircator system on the external magnetic field strength are obtained, showing a number of local maxima. It is found that the characteristic behavior of the radiation power is determined by the conditions and mechanisms of virtual cathode formation in the presence of external longitudinal magnetic field and a self-magnetic REB field.     

同轴虚阴极微波输出模式分析

 对不同透过率的阳极网进行实验研究，得到了主频为3.4 GHz和3.7 GHz的辐射微波，对同轴虚阴极内的电子束分布进行了分析。对同轴虚阴极内的本征模式进行了计算，并与实验结果进行比较。实验结果表明：网内电子束的分布对微波输出模式有重要影响；同轴虚阴极微波频率是阴阳极间距及谐振腔共同作用的结果；阳极网透过率对频率有显著影响，透过率越高，则微波频率相应提高。     

Effect of external magnetic field on critical current for the onset of virtual cathode oscillations in relativistic electron beams

In this Letter we research the space charge limiting current value at which the oscillating virtual cathode is formed in the relativistic electron beam as a function of the external magnetic field guiding the beam electrons. It is shown that the space charge limiting (critical) current decreases with growth of the external magnetic field, and that there is an optimal induction value of the magnetic field at which the critical current for the onset of virtual cathode oscillations in the electron beam is minimum. For the strong external magnetic field the space charge limiting current corresponds to the analytical relation derived under the assumption that the motion of the electron beam is one-dimensional [D.J. Sullivan, J.E. Walsh, E. Coutsias, in: V.L. Granatstein, I. Alexeff (Eds.), Virtual Cathode Oscillator (Vircator) Theory, in: High Power Microwave Sources, vol. 13, Artech House Microwave Library, 1987, Chapter 13]. Such behavior is explained by the characteristic features of the dynamics of electron space charge in the longitudinal and radial directions in the drift space at the different external magnetic fields.     

Chaotic wideband microwave oscillations in a hybrid system consisting of a traveling wave tube and a collector oscillator

A novel hybrid microwave device based on a wideband microwave amplifier, a traveling-wave tube, one component of which is a multistage collector oscillator is proposed and experimentally studied. The collector oscillator can form a virtual cathode via deceleration of electrons that exit from the interaction space of the traveling wave tube. It is shown that this device can generate and amplify centimeter-wave chaotic wideband signals. The characteristics of the chaotic signals (spectral composition and total power) generated in different operating modes of the hybrid device are determined. The issue of amplification of the chaotic wideband signal generated with a virtual cathode in the traveling wave tube amplifier is concisely addressed.     

新型径向三腔同轴虚阴极振荡器的模拟研究

 提出了一种新型的径向三腔同轴虚阴极振荡器，并对其进行了理论分析和数值模拟。这种虚阴极振荡器采用径向三腔结构，通过改变束-波互作用区的电场分布来提高电子束与TM₀₁模式的耦合效率，并通过采用准谐振腔的结构来进一步抑制模式竞争以获得较高的输出微波增益。同时采用能量同轴提取的方式进一步提高器件的功率和效率。粒子模拟结果表明，在二极管电压400 kV，束流50 kA的条件下，径向三腔同轴虚阴极振荡器在4.14 GHz处获得了平均功率约2.45 GW的微波输出，功率转换效率达到12％。输出微波模式纯度较高，频谱非常窄。