大柔性圆柱体两自由度涡激振动试验研究

基于模型试验研究了柔性圆柱体两自由度涡激振动问题, 研究了顺流向涡激振动和横向涡激振动的频率与振幅关系, 提出了考虑流固耦合的两自由度涡激振动非线性分析模型. 研究表明, 在不同的流速(雷诺数)范围, 柔性圆柱体顺流向涡激振动与横向涡激振动的频率比和幅值比是不同的; 在非锁定区, 圆柱体的顺流向振动频率与横向振动频率相同, 在锁定区, 圆柱体的顺流向振动频率是横向振动频率的两倍; 在非锁定区, 顺流向振幅与横向振幅比约为1, 而在锁定区, 顺流向振幅与横向振幅比约为1/3~2/3.      

绒毛控制圆柱涡激振动的风洞试验研究

利用绒毛对圆柱涡激振动抑制进行了风洞试验研究。通过改变附属绒毛无因次长度L/D比(L为绒毛长度,D为圆柱外径),研究L/D分别为0.6、1.2和1.8的模型在约化速度2~40的范围内对弹性支撑大质量阻尼系数圆柱涡激振动的抑制作用。试验采用激光位移传感器采集圆柱的横向(Y)和顺流向(X)位移,并用烟线测流场以揭示流动控制机理。结果表明,三种无因次长度的绒毛对大质量阻尼系数圆柱的涡激振动都有显著的抑制作用,随着L/D的增加,圆柱Y向无因次位移及功率谱密度幅值减弱,多达73.5%的无因次位移被抑制;且随着L/D的增加,圆柱附属绒毛频率比远离原始圆柱频率比。绒毛改变了圆柱的边界层分离点位置、抑制了边界层的相互作用并改变尾涡结构,从而抑制振动。     

近壁面柱体涡激振动的迟滞效应

柱体涡激振动是典型的流固耦合问题,其响应规律标识码在升速流动和远离壁面条件下获得的. 而自然环境流动通常不断经历升速和降速过程,近壁面柱体的涡激振动可呈现与远离标识码体不同的响应特征. 本研究结合大型波流水槽,设计了具有微结构阻尼的柱体涡激振动装置. 基于量纲分析,开展系列水槽标识码验,通过同步测量柱体涡激振动位移时程和绕流流场变化,研究了升降流速作用下柱体涡激振动触发和停振的临界速度(即上临标识码临界速度)变化规律,探究了近壁面柱体涡激振动迟滞效应. 采用自下向上激光扫射的 PIV 流场测量系统,对比分析了固定柱体标识码振动柱体的绕流特征. 实验观测表明,近壁面柱体涡激振动触发的临界速度呈现随壁面间距比减小而逐渐减小的变化趋势;但标识码速条件下的涡激振动停振所对应的下临界速度却明显小于升速时的涡激振动触发所对应的上临界速度. 采用上临界与下临界约标识码差值可定量表征涡激振动迟滞程度,研究发现该值随着柱体间距比减小呈线性增大趋势. 涡激振动迟滞现象通常伴随振幅阶跃标识码阶跃值则随着间距比减小而非线性减小.      

近壁面柱体涡激振动的迟滞效应

柱体涡激振动是典型的流固耦合问题,其响应规律大多是在升速流动和远离壁面条件下获得的.而自然环境流动通常不断经历升速和降速过程,近壁面柱体的涡激振动可呈现与远离壁面柱体不同的响应特征.本研究结合大型波流水槽,设计了具有微结构阻尼的柱体涡激振动装置.基于量纲分析,开展系列水槽模型实验,通过同步测量柱体涡激振动位移时程和绕流流场变化,研究了升降流速作用下柱体涡激振动触发和停振的临界速度(即上临界和下临界速度)变化规律,探究了近壁面柱体涡激振动迟滞效应.采用自下向上激光扫射的PIV流场测量系统,对比分析了固定柱体和涡激振动柱体的绕流特征.实验观测表明,近壁面柱体涡激振动触发的临界速度呈现随壁面间距比减小而逐渐减小的变化趋势;但流动降速条件下的涡激振动停振所对应的下临界速度却明显小于升速时的涡激振动触发所对应的上临界速度.采用上临界与下临界约减速度差值可定量表征涡激振动迟滞程度,研究发现该值随着柱体间距比减小呈线性增大趋势.涡激振动迟滞现象通常伴随振幅阶跃,振幅阶跃值则随着间距比减小而非线性减小.     

基于非线性吸能机理的涡激振动减振理论与实验研究

流致振动现象广泛存在于机械、航空、土木和石油等重要工程领域, 为防止工程结构因流致振动行为而造成疲劳破坏, 有必要对稳定性、动力学响应及其振动控制做深入研究. 本文提出了一种由弹簧和质量块构成的非线性吸能器(nonlinear targeted energy transfer, NTET), 研究了该非线性吸能器对弹性支承圆柱体涡激振动的被动控制影响机制. 基于能量法推导了圆柱体涡激振动非线性被动控制的耦合动力学方程, 通过设计非线性弹簧?质量块构型的NTET, 进一步开展了涡激振动控制的实验研究, 并与理论预测结果进行了较好的对比, 获得提升涡激振动控制效果的最佳参数值. 研究发现, NTET的质量、弹簧刚度以及弹簧预应力等参数会对涡激振动控制效果产生显著的影响. 本文研究结果表明, 该耦合系统中圆柱体和NTET均表现出周期性的稳态振动响应, NTET质量的改变会显著影响系统的耦合频率. 在无预应力状态下, NTET质量越大、刚度越小时, 有更好的减振效果. 当弹簧预应力逐渐增大时, NTET的非线性刚度逐渐变弱, 会降低涡激振动控制性能. 参数分析表明: 随着涡激振动控制性能的提升, 圆柱体的振幅逐渐较小, NTET的振幅逐渐增大, 能量传递效率逐渐提高. 研究结果可为工程中涡激振动控制策略的高效设计提供有用的理论支撑和实验数据.      

剪切流场中含内流立管横向涡激振动特性

立管是海洋工程中输送油气或其他矿产资源的必备结构, 外部洋流引起的立管涡激振动影响着立管的疲劳寿命, 危害深海资源开发. 本文基于欧拉?伯努利梁方程, 结合半经验时域水动力模型, 建立剪切流与内流耦合作用下海洋立管涡激振动预报模型, 运用有限元方法和Newmark-β逐步积分法求解方程, 首先将数值模拟结果与实验数据进行对比, 验证模型正确性. 然后, 运用此模型, 对剪切流作用下含内流的顶张立管在不同内流速度和密度下的横向涡激振动响应特性进行研究, 主要分析了立管的横向振动模态、振动频率以及均方根位移等涡激振动参数随内流速度和密度等参数的变化规律. 结果表明, 在剪切流场中, 含内流海洋立管在横向上表现出多模态多频率的涡激振动;立管横向振动的最大均方根位移随内流速度和密度的增大而增大, 特别是当内流速度较大时, 横向最大均方根位移增大明显;立管横向振动的主导频率随内流速度和密度的增大而减小, 并且内流密度的增大同样会引起模态转换和频率转换.      

两端铰接的细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应特性数值研究

目前细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应的研究方法主要包括实验方法、计算流体动力学方法以及半经验模型方法. 鉴于实验方法研究成本较高、计算流体动力学方法计算时间较长,本文基于尾流振子模型对线性剪切来流下两端铰接的细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应特性进行了半经验模型方法研究. 先建立了柔性圆柱体结构振子以及尾流振子之间的耦合模型,紧接着基于二阶精度中心差分格式对耦合模型先离散后迭代进行求解. 对不同剪切参数下柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应的振动波长、振动频率、振动位移以及响应频率随时间的变化特性等参数进行了分析. 分析结果表明:圆柱体的涡激振动响应由驻波和行波混合组成. 当无量纲弯曲刚度较小时,在圆柱体两端附近,驻波占主导;而在圆柱体中间段附近,行波占主导. 当无量纲弯曲刚度较大时,在圆柱体整个长度区间上均为驻波占主导. 随着剪切参数的增大,振动位移以及振动波长均逐渐减小,而振动频率和频率带宽均逐渐增大.      

两端铰接的细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应特性数值研究

目前细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应的研究方法主要包括实验方法、计算流体动力学方法以及半经验模型方法.鉴于实验方法研究成本较高、计算流体动力学方法计算时间较长,本文基于尾流振子模型对线性剪切来流下两端铰接的细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应特性进行了半经验模型方法研究.先建立了柔性圆柱体结构振子以及尾流振子之间的耦合模型,紧接着基于二阶精度中心差分格式对耦合模型先离散后迭代进行求解.对不同剪切参数下柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应的振动波长、振动频率、振动位移以及响应频率随时间的变化特性等参数进行了分析.分析结果表明:圆柱体的涡激振动响应由驻波和行波混合组成.当无量纲弯曲刚度较小时,在圆柱体两端附近,驻波占主导;而在圆柱体中间段附近,行波占主导.当无量纲弯曲刚度较大时,在圆柱体整个长度区间上均为驻波占主导.随着剪切参数的增大,振动位移以及振动波长均逐渐减小,而振动频率和频率带宽均逐渐增大.     

深海多立柱浮式平台涡激运动特性研究

基于不可压缩纳维-斯托克斯(Navier-Stokes)方程和改进的延迟脱体涡模拟方法(improved delayed detached edd ysimulation method,IDDES),数值研究了深海多立柱浮式平台在海流作用下的涡激运动响应特性.以张力腿平台为对象,计算了该平台在0°,22.5°和45°流向角下的横向和艏摇涡激运动响应,分析了涡激运动响应幅度、频率比随约化速度的变化规律,研究了涡激运动响应能量的分布趋势.数值预报结果与模型实验数据吻合良好,证实了数值模型的有效性;研究发现,当约化速度介于7.0和14.0之间时,横向运动发生锁频,运动幅值稳定在0.2D~0.4D(D为立柱宽)之间,而艏摇涡激运动和约化速度呈线性递增关系;在横向运动锁频区间内,由于艏摇激振力矩主要受升力主导,艏摇频率与横向运动频率相同;相对于0°来流,22.5°和45°流向下的涡激运动频率更高,但艏摇运动能量仅为0°流向角下的10%.基于计算结果,进一步分析了多立柱平台涡激运动中的三维流场结构.      

串列双圆柱绕流下游圆柱两自由度涡致振动研究

数值研究了串列双圆柱绕流下游圆柱两自由度涡致振动问题，研究发现：(1) 双自由度的圆柱振幅峰值及出现振峰的频率比都比单自由度的大；(2) 尾流圆柱中的升力远大于均匀来流的，而阻力却相反；(3) 下游圆柱的位移响应对于频率比的变化没有均匀来流中的"敏感"；(4) 尾流中，在频率比1.16和0.87之间，出现了明显的"拍"现象，即圆柱的振幅响应包含不同的频率，而在均匀来流中，并无明显的"拍"现象. 采用ALE方法，计算网格采用H-O非交错网格系统，结合分块耦合方法. N-S方程的对流项和扩散项分别采用三阶迎风紧致格式和四阶中心紧致格式离散. 圆柱振动采用弹簧柱体阻尼器模型，柱体的振动方程采用龙格-库塔法求解. 通过模拟柱体和流体之间的非线性耦合作用，成功地捕捉到了"拍"和"相位开关"等现象.     

不同剪切率来流作用下柔性圆柱涡激振动数值模拟

采用浸入边界法对细长柔性圆柱在线性剪切流条件下的涡激振动进行三维数值模拟。细长柔性圆柱振动采用三维索模型模拟,其两端铰接,质量比为6,长细比为50,无量纲顶张力为496。来流为线性剪切流,剪切率从0到0.024变化,最大雷诺数为250。研究发现:剪切流作用下柔性立管横流向振动表现为驻波模式,而顺流向振动表现为行波-驻波混合模式。随着剪切率增大,振动频谱呈现多频响应,振动能量逐渐向低频转移。阻力系数平均值随着展向变化,脉动阻力系数和升力系数的均方根值均表现为“双峰”模式。流固能量传递系数沿立管轴向的分布表明,振动激励区集中于高流速区,而振动阻尼区多位于低流速区。剪切率较小时,圆柱的泻涡为平行交叉模式;剪切率较大时,圆柱的泻涡为倾斜泻涡模式,且由于泻涡频率沿立管轴向变化,尾流发生涡裂现象,形成泻涡频率不同的胞格结构。      

The ‘void’ structure in the wake of a self-oscillating flexible circular cylinder

We discuss the experimental vortex wake of a flexible circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration at low Reynolds number and a large cylinder aspect ratio. Hydrogen bubbles formed on the cylinder track the von Karman vortex cores. They show a characteristic ‘void’ structure. We propose a vortex skeleton model that includes a pinch-off of opposite-signed cores. Voids occurred at a node in streamwise vibration when close to an antinode in transverse cylinder vibration. A vibration model predicts the ratio of shedding frequency to natural cylinder vibration frequency necessary for void formation at specific spanwise locations.     

VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS OF AN ELASTIC CIRCULAR CYLINDER

A numerical study of a uniform flow past an elastic circular cylinder using the discrete vortex method incorporating the vortex-in-cell (VIC) technique has been undertaken. The Reynolds number is kept at 200 for all calculations and the cylinder motion is modelled by a spring–damper–mass system. The fluid motion and the structural responses are solved in an iterative way so that the interactions between the fluid and the structure can be accounted for properly. Analyses of the cylinder responses, the damping, the induced forces, the vortex shedding frequency and the vortex structure in the wake have been carried out. The results show that fluid damping is responsible for a limit-cycle oscillation behaviour even when the system natural frequency is close to the vortex-shedding frequency. Reasonable agreement with previous experimental data and computational results is obtained in the comparison of the amplitude of the limit-cycle oscillations. The results further show that the cylinder oscillations could be as large as 0·57 diameter under certain flow conditions and structural properties. Finally, it is shown that a one-degree-of-freedom structural model yields results that are only in qualitative agreement with a two-degree-of-freedom model. In other words, the streamwise oscillations also have a substantial effect on the transverse vibrations and their characteristics.     

Active vortex-induced vibration control of a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers using an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller

An adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control (AFSMC) scheme is applied to actively suppress the two-dimensional vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of an elastically mounted circular cylinder, free to move in in-line and cross-flow directions. Laminar flow regime at Re=90, low non-dimensional mass with equal natural frequencies in both directions, and zero structural damping coefficients, are considered. The natural oscillator frequency is matched with the vortex shedding frequency of a stationary cylinder at Re=100. The strongly coupled unsteady fluid/cylinder interactions are captured by implementing the moving mesh technology through integration of an in-house developed User Define Function (UDF) into the main code of the commercial CFD solver Fluent. The AFSMC approach comprises of a fuzzy system designed to mimic an ideal sliding-mode controller, and a robust controller intended to compensate for the difference between the fuzzy controller and the ideal one. The fuzzy system parameters as well as the uncertainty bound of the robust controller are adaptively tuned online. A collaborative simulation scheme is realized by coupling the control model implemented in Matlab/Simulink to the plant model constructed in Fluent, aiming at determination of the transverse control force required for complete suppression of the cylinder streamwise and cross-flow oscillations. The simulation results demonstrate the high performance and effectiveness of the adopted control algorithm in attenuating the 2D-VIV of the elastic cylinder over a certain flow velocity range. Also, the enhanced transient performance of the AFSM control strategy in comparison with a conventional PID control law is demonstrated. Furthermore, the effect of control action on the time evolution of vortex shedding from the cylinder is discussed. In particular, it is observed that the coalesced vortices in the far wake region of the uncontrolled cylinder, featuring the C(2S)-type vortex shedding characteristic mode, are ultimately forced to switch to the classical von Kármán vortex street of 2S-type mode, displaying wake vortices of moderately weaker strengths very similar to those of the stationary cylinder. Lastly, robustness of AFSMC is verified against relatively large structural uncertainties as well as with respect to a moderate deviation in the uniform inlet flow velocity.     

Mode competition in streamwise-only vortex induced vibrations

Time-resolved Particle-Image Velocimetry (PIV) has been used to study mode competition and transient behaviour in the wake of a cylinder experiencing Vortex-Induced Vibrations (VIV) in the streamwise direction. The cylinder response regime contained two branches, occurring above and below the onset of synchronisation between the wake and the cylinder motion (lock-in). During the first branch, the wake exhibited both the S-I mode (in which two vortices are shed simultaneously per vibration cycle) and the alternate A-II mode (similar to the well known von Kármán vortex street). An extended PIV data set acquired in this region revealed mode switching between the S-I and A-II modes. A criterion based on Proper-Orthogonal Decomposition was developed to identify which mode was dominant as a function of time. The A-II mode was found to be dominant for over 90% of the instantaneous fields examined, while the S-I mode appeared to be more unstable.Symmetrically shed vortices were found to rearrange downstream into an alternate structure in which the wake was no longer synchronised to the cylinder motion. The dominant frequency of transverse velocity fluctuations was measured throughout the wake in order to study the effects of this breakdown in more detail. For the majority of the wake, the fluctuations occurred at the Strouhal frequency, while in a region in the near wake the fluctuations occurred at the frequency of the cylinder motion. It is thought that during the first response branch vortices are formed at the cylinder response frequency, but tend to quickly rearrange downstream into an alternate structure which is no longer synchronised to the cylinder motion. As a result, the fluctuating drag will be synchronised to the structural motion, and is capable of providing positive energy transfer in the apparent absence of lock-in. Finally, the spatial dependence of the frequency of velocity fluctuations throughout the wake is used to explain some of the conflicting results in the literature regarding streamwise VIV, and the implications for the general study of VIV are discussed.     

Flow-induced oscillation of two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at low Re

Results are presented for flow-induced vibrations of a pair of equal-sized circular cylinders of low nondimensional mass (m^*=10) in a tandem arrangement. The cylinders are free to oscillate both in streamwise and transverse directions. The Reynolds number, based on the free-stream speed and the diameter of the cylinders, D is 100 and the centre-to-centre distance between the cylinders is 5.5D. The computations are carried out for reduced velocities in the range 2≤U^*≤15. The structural damping is set to zero for enabling maximum amplitudes of oscillation. A stabilized finite element method is utilized to carry out the computations in two dimensions. Even though the response of the upstream cylinder is found to be qualitatively similar to that of an isolated cylinder, the presence of a downstream cylinder is found to have significant effect on the behaviour of the upstream cylinder. The downstream cylinder undergoes very large amplitude of oscillations in both transverse and streamwise directions. The maximum amplitude of transverse response of the downstream cylinder is quite similar to that of a single cylinder at higher Re beyond the laminar regime. Lock-in and hysteresis are observed for both upstream and downstream cylinders. The downstream cylinder undergoes large amplitude oscillations even beyond the lock-in state. The phase between transverse oscillations and lift force suffers a 180 jump for both the cylinders almost in the middle of the synchronization regime. The phase between the transverse response of the two cylinders is also studied. Complex flow patterns are observed in the wake of the freely vibrating cylinders. Based on the phase difference and the flow patterns, the entire flow range is divided into five sub-regions.     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION OF TWO CYLINDERS IN TANDEM ARRANGEMENTS AND ITS COUPLING MECHANISMS

对雷诺数Re= 100 条件下串列双圆柱的流致振动进行了数值模拟. 圆柱的质量比m^*均为2.0,间距比L/D 为2.0 5.0. 考虑两种工况:(a) 上游圆柱固定,下游圆柱可沿横流向自由振动;(b) 上、下游圆柱均可沿横流向自由振动. 结果表明:无论上游圆柱静止或者振动,下游圆柱横向振幅明显大于单圆柱的. 工况(b) 的下游圆柱最大振幅要大于工况(a) 的,这是由于两圆柱均振动时,两圆柱之间耦合作用增强,上游圆柱的尾流和下游圆柱的振动之间“相互调节” 作用显著. 对工况(b) 的下游圆柱振动和间隙流之间的作用机制进行了详细的研究,发现当上游圆柱脱落的自由剪切层重新附着于下游圆柱上并且完全从间隙之间通过时,下游圆柱的振幅最大.     

串列双圆柱流致振动的数值模拟及其耦合机制

对雷诺数Re= 100 条件下串列双圆柱的流致振动进行了数值模拟. 圆柱的质量比m*均为2.0,间距比L/D 为2.0 5.0. 考虑两种工况:(a) 上游圆柱固定,下游圆柱可沿横流向自由振动;(b) 上、下游圆柱均可沿横流向自由振动. 结果表明:无论上游圆柱静止或者振动,下游圆柱横向振幅明显大于单圆柱的. 工况(b) 的下游圆柱最大振幅要大于工况(a) 的,这是由于两圆柱均振动时,两圆柱之间耦合作用增强,上游圆柱的尾流和下游圆柱的振动之间“相互调节” 作用显著. 对工况(b) 的下游圆柱振动和间隙流之间的作用机制进行了详细的研究,发现当上游圆柱脱落的自由剪切层重新附着于下游圆柱上并且完全从间隙之间通过时,下游圆柱的振幅最大.      

低雷诺数串列双方柱流致振动质量比效应的数值研究

为澄清串列双方柱流致振动的质量比效应, 采用数值模拟方法, 在雷诺数为150时, 研究了质量比($m^{\ast }=3$, 10, 20)对下游方柱振动响应特性的影响规律, 分析了下游方柱尾流模态的演变过程, 探讨了导致下游方柱振动的流固耦合机制. 结果表明: 质量比对下游方柱的流致振动有重要影响, 低质量比($m^{\ast }=3$)时下游方柱的振动响应更为复杂, 随着折减速度的增大, 下游方柱并未出现传统“锁定”现象(即振动频率比$f_{y}$/$f_{\rm n} \approx1$的锁定), 而发生了“弱锁定”现象(即$f_{y}/f_{\rm n}<1$的锁定); 随着质量比的增加($m^{\ast }=10$和20), “弱锁定”现象消失, 而出现传统“锁定”现象, 且下游方柱横流向最大振幅减小. 质量比对串列双方柱的柱心间距有明显影响, 低质量比($m^{\ast }=3$)时的柱间距在振动锁定区内会急剧减小, 而较高质量比($m^{\ast }=10$和20)下的柱间距则变化不大. 此外, 质量比对串列双方柱的尾流模态和流固耦合机制也有显著影响, 其中低质量比($m^{\ast }=3$)下的情况更为多样.      

On the response and wake modes of a cylinder undergoing streamwise vortex-induced vibration

This brief communication elaborates on aspects of the free response and wake modes of a flexibly-supported cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration in the streamwise direction only in view of some recent studies in the literature. It discusses the meaning of the term ‘lock-in’ employed in the context of forced excitation and free response studies, the influence of added mass on the response frequency, the competition between alternating and symmetrical modes and associated excitation mechanisms, and the drop in amplitude in the range separating the two response branches. A few similarities between single-degree-of-freedom streamwise and transverse vibrations are brought to light. Finally, attention is drawn to some discrepancies between published results which call for further understanding of the complicated nature of vortex-induced vibration.