不稳定性对爆轰波楔面马赫反射的影响规律研究

采用一种两步化学反应模型对胞格爆轰波的楔面马赫反射过程进行了数值研究,从而澄清和解释胞格不稳定性对马赫反射发展模式和自相似性的影响。考虑到反应欧拉方程源项的刚性问题,本文采用附加RungeKutta方法耦合非刚性对流项和刚性反应源项,对流项的离散采用五阶精度的WENO格式。计算结果表明,对于稳定胞格爆轰波而言,其马赫反射过程本质上与ZND爆轰波的马赫反射是一致的,整体上不存在自相似性,胞格不稳定性只是造成了三波点轨迹线局部小振幅的波动。在楔面顶点附近,由于马赫杆是强过驱的,爆轰波的马赫反射过程是自相似的。在远场,爆轰波马赫反射的三波点轨迹线渐近的趋向于一条直线,说明重新获得了自相似性。对于不稳定的爆轰波,由于自身的不稳定性可以与马赫反射的强度相匹配,定义其三波点的轨迹是困难的,进行自相似性分析没有意义。     

氢氧混合气体爆轰波的真实化学反应模型数值模拟

采用高精度的ENO格式和基于基元化学反应的真实化学反应模型求解氢氧混合气体一维爆轰波的精细结构。采用直接起爆方法得到稳定传播的爆轰波 ,计算的爆轰波阵面参数和实验相当符合。对爆轰波反应区化学反应的研究表明 ,参与反应的不同组分具有不同类型的变化特征。网格尺寸影响的研究表明 ,计算结果的精度随着网格尺寸的增加而增加 ,并能保持较好的收敛性。移动网格研究结果表明 ,网格运动速度和爆轰速度接近时 ,两者的相互作用对计算结果产生一定影响。     

气相爆轰胞格结构和马赫反射数值模拟

采用简化二阶段化学反应模型和改进的高精度时空守恒方法 (CE/SE)对二维可燃气体DDT过程和爆轰波在楔面上的马赫反射进行了数值模拟 ,计算和实验结果的比较令人满意。     

气相爆轰波在收缩管道中的传播

详细介绍了对气相爆轰波沿收缩管道传播时发生Ｍａｃｈ反射的系统研究。管道中安装了不同楔角的楔块，采用了多种气体组分按不同的初压分组进行实验。在烟薰玻璃片上记录到了爆轰波Ｍａｃｈ反射的三波点迹线，其两侧胞格尺寸和密度的变化清晰可见。推算了爆轰波从Ｍａｃｈ反射向规则反射转变的临界角。压力传感器记录了Ｍａｃｈ反射时楔面上压力和速度的变化。上述参数与空气激波Ｍａｃｈ反射作了比较。编制了爆轰波Ｍａｃｈ反射计算程序，检验了ＣＣＷ理论对于爆轰波传播的可用程度，理论值和实验值在楔角不大于３０时相当吻合。     

氢氧爆轰波在变截面扩张管道中传播的数值模拟

采用二阶精度频散控制耗散格式(DCD)和8组分20个方程的基元反应模型,对轴对称变截面管道中氢氧爆轰波传播进行数值模拟。结果表明,爆轰波传播至突变截面扩张管道时,由于稀疏波的作用可能会使爆轰波局部熄爆甚至完全熄爆,对于某些敏感度高的反应气体爆轰波可以二次起爆。而在渐变截面扩张管道爆轰波相对不易熄爆。     

旋转爆轰的三维结构和侧向稀疏波的影响

基于带化学反应的三维Euler方程,采用氢气-空气的9组分19步基元反应简化模型,对圆环形燃 烧室内的旋转爆轰进行了数值模拟,讨论了旋转爆轰波的三维结构及侧向稀疏波对旋转爆轰波阵面的影响。 数值结果表明,爆轰波能够以旋转方式沿预混气层稳定传播。在侧向稀疏波作用下,爆轰波阵面发生变形。 与理想的C-J爆轰相比,爆轰波强度和爆轰参数都有所下降。     

正向爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞的数值模拟

对充满氢氧可燃气体、带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞进行了数值模拟。计算采用了欧拉方程,频散可控耗散差分格式（DCD）和改进的二阶段化学反应模型。在扩容腔附近采用二维轴对称计算模型,而在驱动段和被驱动段的直管道部分则采用一维计算模型。本文分析了爆轰波在管道中的传播、反射和绕射过程。计算结果表明扩容腔的尺寸对爆轰波的传播、反射、汇聚等起着决定性的作用;带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞能够得到平稳的持续时间较长的气流,提高了实验的精确度和可重复性。     

爆轰波在突扩通道中传播的数值模拟研究

建立了描述甲烷 空气混合物爆轰波传播的单步化学反应爆轰模型 ,通过数值模拟研究了在二维突扩通道中爆轰波的强度变化和各种波行为。结果表明 :爆轰波在进入突扩通道初始阶段的衍射使爆轰波局部向爆燃转变 ;爆炸波在壁面发生马赫反射形成的高温高压区域将直接诱导自持爆轰波的重新形成。     

流动系统中爆轰波传播特性的数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,采用氢气/空气的9组分19步基元反应简化模型,对充有当量 比的氢气/空气预混气体的矩形爆轰流场中爆轰波的传播过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了均匀来流对爆轰波传 播的影响。数值结果表明,在均匀来流的影响下,上游方向上的燃烧强度大于C-J爆速,下游方向上的燃烧强 度小于C-J爆速;上游方向传播的爆轰波的阵面压力大于下游方向传播的爆轰波的阵面压力。所以,经典的 C-J爆轰理论并不适用于流动系统中爆轰波传播特性的研究。     

气相爆轰波在障碍物上Mach反射的实验验证

本文公布了气相爆轰波沿收缩管道传播时发生Mach反射的实验证据。在爆轰波通过的管道中安装不同楔角的楔块,形成管道的收缩。爆轰波在通过楔块时会发生Mach反射。利用烟熏玻璃片记录到了爆轰波Mach反射时形成的三波点迹线及其两侧胞格尺寸和密度的变化。据我们掌握的资料,这是首次用胞格结构变化的记录证实,气相爆轰波与无化学反应的空气中的冲击波一样,在一定的入射条件下会发生Mach反射。这一实验结果可使我们更深入了解爆轰波的本质,也为数值模拟气相爆轰波在障碍物上Mach反射现象提供了可对比的依据。     

On the influence of low initial pressure and detonation stochastic nature on Mach reflection of gaseous detonation waves

The two-dimensional, time-dependent and reactive Navier–Stokes equations were solved to obtain an insight into Mach reflection of gaseous detonation in a stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixture diluted by 25 % argon. This mixture generates a mode-7 detonation wave under an initial pressure of 8.00 kPa. Chemical kinetics was simulated by an eight-species, forty-eight-reaction mechanism. It was found that a Mach reflection mode always occurs for a planar detonation wave or planar air shock wave sweeping over wedges with apex angles ranging from \(5^\circ \) to \(50^\circ \) . However, for cellular detonation waves, regular reflection always occurs first, which then transforms into Mach reflection. This phenomenon is more evident for detonations ignited under low initial pressure. Low initial pressure may lead to a curved wave front, that determines the reflection mode. The stochastic nature of boundary shape and transition distance, during deflagration-to-detonation transition, leads to relative disorder of detonation cell location and cell shape. Consequently, when a detonation wave hits the wedge apex, there appears a stochastic variation of triple point origin and variation of the angle between the triple point trajectory and the wedge surface. As the wedge apex angle increases, the distance between the triple point trajectory origin and the wedge apex increases, and the angle between the triple point trajectory and the wedge surface decreases exponentially.     

Numerical simulation of Mach reflection of cellular detonations

The Mach reflection of cellular detonation waves on a wedge is investigated numerically in an attempt to elucidate the effect of cellular instabilities on Mach reflection, the dependence of self-similarity on the thickness of a detonation wave, and the initial development of the Mach stem near the wedge apex. A two-step chain-branching reaction model is used to give a thermally neutral induction zone followed by a chemical reaction zone for the detonation wave. A sufficiently large distance of travel of the Mach stem is computed to observe the asymptotic behavior in the far field. Depending on the scale at which the Mach reflection process occurs, it is found that the Mach reflection of a cellular detonation behaves essentially in the same way as a planar ZND detonation wave. The cellular instabilities, however, cause the triple-point trajectory to fluctuate. The fluctuations are due to interactions of the triple point of the Mach stem with the transverse waves of cellular instabilities. In the vicinity of the wedge apex, the Mach reflection is found to be self-similar and corresponds to that of a shock wave of the same strength, since the Mach stem is highly overdriven initially. In the far field, the triple-point trajectory approaches a straight line, indicating that the Mach reflection becomes self-similar asymptotically. The distance of the approach to self-similarity is found to decrease rapidly with decreasing thickness of the detonation front.     

Conical Mach reflection of moving shock waves, Part 2: Physical and CFD experimentation

Analytical consideration of Mach reflections over cones using the ray-shock theory showed that they differ from those of the two-dimensional Mach reflection over wedges. Conical configurations include both self-similar and non-self-similar cases. However, even when self-similar, the conical configurations exhibit triple-point locus trajectory angles with values which, for any given reflection angle, differ from those of self-similar, wedge cases. Additionally, within the range of possible conical configurations, different values of self-similar triple-point locus angles exist for any given reflection angle depending on the geometry of the particular reflection process. While the ray-shock theory, as discussed in a previous paper on this research, provides a useful guide and a means of readily identifying these variations, verification using both shock tube and numerical simulations is required and is now available. Results of experimentation for both self-similar and non-self-similar axisym metric cases using these techniques are reported here and comparisons are made with the previous analysis. These support the calculations of the ray-shock theory over much of the reflection angle, Mach number range as well as highlighting some limitations of the theory. Received 15 October 1996 / Accepted 14 April 1997     

The structure and evolution of a two-dimensional H2/O2/Ar cellular detonation

This paper reports on two-dimensional numerical simulation of cellular detonation wave in a / / mixture with low initial pressure using a detailed chemical reaction model and high order WENO scheme. Before the final equilibrium structure is produced, a fairly regular but still non-equilibrium mode is observed during the early stage of structure formation process. The numerically tracked detonation cells show that the cell size always adapts to the channel height such that the cell ratio is fairly independent of the grid sizes and initial and boundary conditions. During the structural evolution in a detonation cell, even as the simulated detonation wave characteristics suggest the presence of an ordinary detonation, the evolving instantaneous detonation state indicates a mainly underdriven state. As a considerable region of the gas mixture in a cell is observed to be ignited by the incident wave and transverse wave, it is further suggested that these two said waves play an essential role in the detonation propagation.Received: 16 September 2003, Accepted: 14 June 2004, Published online: 20 August 2004[/PUBLISHED]PACS: 47.40.-x, 82.40.Fp, 82.33.Vx, 83.85.PtX.Y. Hu: Correspondence to Current address: Institut für Strömungsmechanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Deutschland     

气相爆轰在T形管中传播新现象的实验研究

对2H2/O2/Ar系统爆轰波在T形管(截面为40mm×40mm)中传播现象进行了实验研究.用烟迹片记录了T形管中爆轰波的胞格结构,用压电传感器记录了分叉口附近指定点压力时间曲线,得到了爆轰波在分叉口附近的平均速度和胞格图案演变.结果表明:初压P0≥2.67kPa,在水平和垂直支管下游区域(距离分叉口约3.5—6倍方管截面边长),分叉口影响消失,爆轰波恢复稳定,且强度基本保持不变.在分叉口绕射过程中,爆轰波在膨胀区中衰减,诱导激波阵面弯曲.两个支管中发生马赫反射,三波点迹线清晰可见.该传播特性是爆轰波的诱导激波和横波共同作用的结果.分叉口附近的胞格结构先消失再恢复,在无胞格和平衡胞格之间的区域存在细密胞格的过渡区,表征了在诱导激波与化学反应阵面分离后的区域中出现二次点火.P0=2.00kPa,水平支管中稳定自持爆轰能重建,垂直支管中爆轰熄灭.P0<2.00kPa,分叉口上游已不能形成稳定爆轰.还对胞格结构中的几个特征参数进行了测量,并初步分析了P0对这些参数的影响.     

A numerical simulation of reflection processes of a detonation wave on a wedge

Abstract. A two dimensional numerical simulation has been performed to study reflection processes of detonation waves on a wedge. The numerical scheme adopted is the flux corrected transport scheme and a two-step chemical reaction is assumed for a stoichiometric oxyhydrogen mixture diluted with argon. Transverse wave structures of the detonation are produced by artificial disturbances situated in front of a one-dimensional Chapman-Jouguet detonation wave. Numerical grids are generated by solving a Laplace equation. Results show that in the case where Mach reflection occurs, the cells in the Mach stem are smaller than those in the incident wave and are distorted in shape. There is also an initiating stage during which the cells in the Mach stem are created. The critical angle beyond which Mach reflection cannot occur is discussed. Received 15 October 1999 / Accepted 27 March 2000     

Wave dynamic processes in cellular detonation reflection from wedges

When the cell width of the incident detonation wave (IDW) is comparable to or larger than the Mach stem height, self-similarity will fail during IDW reflection from a wedge surface. In this paper, the detonation reflection from wedges is investigated for the wave dynamic processes occurring in the wave front, including transverse shock motion and detonation cell variations behind the Mach stem. A detailed reaction model is implemented to simulate two-dimensional cellular detonations in stoichiometric mixtures of H ₂/O ₂ diluted by Argon. The numerical results show that the transverse waves, which cross the triple point trajectory of Mach reflection, travel along the Mach stem and reflect back from the wedge surface, control the size of the cells in the region swept by the Mach stem. It is the energy carried by these transverse waves that sustains the triple-wave-collision with a higher frequency within the over-driven Mach stem. In some cases, local wave dynamic processes and wave structures play a dominant role in determining the pattern of cellular record, leading to the fact that the cellular patterns after the Mach stem exhibit some peculiar modes. The English text was polished by Yumming Chen.     

Dynamic characteristics of spherically converging detonation waves

The spherically converging detonation wave was numerically investigated by solving the one-dimensional multi-component Euler equations in spherical coordinates with a dispersion-controlled dissipative scheme. Finite rate and detailed chemical reaction models were used and numerical solutions were obtained for both a spherical by converging detonation in a stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixture and a spherically focusing shock in air. The results showed that the post-shock pressure approximately arises to the same amplitude in vicinity of the focal point for the two cases, but the post-shock temperature level mainly depends on chemical reactions and molecular dissociations of a gas mixture. While the chemical reaction heat plays an important role in the early stage of detonation wave propagation, gas dissociations dramatically affect the post-shock flow states near the focal point. The maximum pressure and temperature, non-dimensionalized by their initial value, are approximately scaled to the propagation radius over the initial detonation diameter. The post-shock pressure is proportional to the initial pressure of the detonable mixture, and the post-shock temperature is also increased with the initial pressure, but in a much lower rate than that of the post-shock pressure. Zonglin Jiang is presently a visiting professor at McGill University, Canada.