常压微波等离子体炬装置的模拟与设计

 介绍了一台低成本的常压微波等离子体炬设备,给出了该设备构造及喷嘴的设计思路,分析了各种气体的非磁化微波等离子体的击穿电场强度,数值求解了设备中矩形TE103谐振腔中的电磁场分布,应用高频电磁场模拟分析软件HFSS优化了喷嘴在波导中的具体位置,并对优化后喷嘴周围的电场分布进行了模拟。模拟结果表明：微波输入有效功率为500 W,喷嘴伸出矩形波导1 mm时,喷嘴尖端处的电场强度在1.2×10⁶ V·m^-1以上,远大于氩气的击穿电场强度,更易于等离子体炬的激发。实验结果证明了模拟结果的正确性和装置的有效性。     

一种准光反射聚焦微波放电大气等离子体装置

设计了一种准光反射聚焦方式的微波放电大气等离子体实验装置,装置包括大气环境模拟室和微波辐射聚焦系统。辐射微波在腔室中心形成kV/cm量级的非均匀强场,击穿大气产生等离子体。通过仿真计算了腔室内的空间辐射场分布,并利用小信号传递的方式进行测量,测量结果与仿真相符,形成的等离子体形态与辐射场分布强弱一致。电磁场在聚焦区域形成驻波,等离子体出现明显分层现象。实验通过拍照记录了不同参数条件下的等离子体图样,等离子体形态随气压升高而收缩,放电区域受场强和气压共同影响。对实验结果进行分析,验证了该装置的能力。     

常压微波等离子体炬的模拟及硫化氢处理

对常压微波等离子体炬装置及H2S废气的处理进行了研究。介绍了一种具有特殊喷嘴结构的微波等离子体炬装置,模拟了不同喷嘴结构下谐振腔中微波电场的强度及分布,在此基础上,进行了H2S废气处理的实验研究。结果表明:采用新型喷嘴结构在喷嘴尖端产生的电场强度和分布更利于等离子体炬的激发,微波功率为500 W时,喷嘴尖端处的电场强度在1.5×106 V/m以上,远大于氩气的击穿电场强度,能有效地激发等离子体炬;当H2S气体与Ar气体流量比为10∶90,总流量为1000mL/min,微波功率为1000 W时,H2S的转化率最大达91.32%;大气微波等离子体炬能有效地处理H2S废气。实验结果证明了模拟结果的正确性和装置的有效性。     

高功率微波窗内外表面闪络击穿流体模拟研究

建立理论模型,将电磁场时域有限差分方法与等离子体流体模型结合,编制一维电磁场与等离子流体耦合程序,数值研究了3 GHz高功率微波窗内外表面闪络击穿的不同物理过程.研究结果表明:外表面闪络击穿中,输出微波脉宽缩短(未完全截止),窗体前均方根场强呈驻波分布,波节与波腹位置不变,窗体外表面形成有一层高密(约10~(21)·m~(-3)量级)极薄(约mm量级)等离子体(扩散缓慢),入射波可部分透过该薄层等离子体,脉宽缩短主要源于等离子体吸收效应;降低初始等离子体密度、厚度、入射波场强及缩短入射波脉宽等方式,可不同程度地改善输出脉宽缩短效应.内表面闪络击穿中,窗体前均方根场强亦出现驻波分布f但波节与波腹位置随时间变化),等离子体向波源方向运动;强释气下,输出脉宽缩短(未完全截止),形成多丝状高密(约10~(21)·m~(-3)量级)极薄(约mm量级)等离子体区域(扩散缓慢),间距1/4微波波长,脉宽缩短主要源于等离子体吸收效应;弱释气、低场强下,脉宽缩短有所改善(但最终截止),形成多带状致密(约10~(18)·m~(-3)量级)略厚(mm-cm量级)等离子体区域(扩散较快),间距1/4波长,脉宽缩短主要源于等离子体吸收效应;弱释气、高场强下,脉宽缩短严重(很快截止),形成块状高密(约10~(21)·m~(-3)量级)较厚(约cm量级)等离子体区域(扩散迅速),脉宽缩短主要源于等离子体反射效应.     

Multipoint Ignition of a Gas Mixture by a Microwave Subcritical Discharge with an Extended Streamer Structure

The results of experimental studies on using an electrical discharge with an extended streamer structure in a quasioptical microwave beam in the multipoint ignition of a propane–air mixture have been reported. The pulsed microwave discharge was initiated at the interior surface of a quartz tube that was filled with the mentioned flammable mixture and introduced into a microwave beam with a subbreakdown initial field. Gas breakdown was initiated by an electromagnetic vibrator. The dependence of the type of discharge on the microwave field strength was examined, the lower concentration threshold of ignition of the propane–air mixture by the studied discharge was determined, and the dynamics of combustion of the flammable mixture with local and multipoint ignition were compared.     

Criterion for microwave breakdown of gases

An analytical criterion is obtained for microwave breakdown of gases that takes into account the different diffusion coefficients of electrons along and perpendicular to the direction of the electric field. Discharge ignition without electron attachment to the gas molecules and in electronegative gases is examined, along with microwave discharge ignition when a weak dc electric field is applied. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 25–29 (November 1999)     

SiC光导开关衬底与电极界面场强仿真与优化设计

研究电极结构、SiC与电极连接结构对界面场强的影响,通过电极边缘以及SiC晶体结构的优化降低界面处的电场增强,并通过高压试验测试优化电极结构的击穿电压。结果表明,优化电极倒角以及SiC晶体与电极的界面下埋可有效降低电场增强,在电极为圆倒角及界面使用焊料连接的结构下,使用介质环的器件在电压22 kV时击穿。     

Discharge Characteristics of Microwave Plasma in Ethanol Solution

An apparatus was designed for generating plasma in ethanol solution. The plasma was generated on the top of the electrode by applying microwave radiation of 2.45 GHz. The results showed that ignition power decreased with increasing temperature of ethanol solution. However, ignition power increased with increasing pressure and point electrode radius of curvature. Plasma and bubbles were generated periodically in the same manner. The electron temperature of the plasma increased with increasing power, while it decreased with increasing pressure. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

电极表面光滑程度对水介质高电压击穿的影响

 采用水介质同轴实验装置,改变电极表面的光滑程度,在μs级充电时进行水介质击穿实验,并对实验结果进行了分析和解释。结果表明：抛光电极表面可有效提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力;表面粗糙度为0.4～0.8 μm的抛光电极表面的击穿场强比表面粗糙度为1.6～3.2 μm的粗糙抛光电极表面,更符合Martin公式。电极表面光滑程度的改善,使阴极场致发射电流减弱进而击穿延迟时间变长,气泡也更难以附着在光滑的电极表面,从而可以提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力。     

大气压微波等离子体射流装置放电特性研究

基于同轴传输线结构设计了两种不同喷嘴结构的大气压微波等离子体射流(MW-APPJ)装置,其工作频率2.45 GHz,工作气体为氩气,分别研究了两种不同喷嘴结构对等离子体放电特性产生的影响。仿真结果表明,MW-APPJ在气体喷嘴处会产生高强度的电场,经过优化结构,实现在频率2.45 GHz下,喷嘴处的场强满足氩气电离的击穿场强阈值要求。同时,利用多物理场耦合仿真软件对装置的气流分布进行了稳态模拟,并通过实验对比分析了两种喷嘴结构下大气压氩等离子体射流的基本特性。实验结果表明,不同的喷嘴结构会影响等离子体装置的反射系数随输入功率的变化规律,但并不影响等离子体射流长度随输入功率的变化规律和反射功率随进气流量的变化规律;同时,在大气压下,稳态微波等离子体射流呈现出类金属性,等离子体中的电子只能在很薄的区域中吸收微波能量,因而造成微波的反射功率较大。     

Microwave breakdown in slots

The properties of microwave-induced breakdown of air in narrow metallic slots are investigated, both theoretically and experimentally, with emphasis on factors important for protection against transmission of incident high-power microwave radiation. The key factors investigated are breakdown power threshold, breakdown time, peak-leakage power, and total transmitted energy, as functions of incident pulse shape and power density. The theoretical investigation includes estimates of the electric field intensification in narrow slots and basic breakdown plasma modeling. New results important for application to the high-power microwave field, such as the influence of pulse shape on breakdown time and peak-leakage power, are presented. The experimental investigation comprises a set of slot breakdown experiments at atmospheric pressure, which are analyzed to extract key parameters, such as transmission cross section, breakdown time, peak leakage power, and transmitted energy. The experimental data is compared and shown to be in good agreement with results obtained in the theoretical investigation.     

喇叭有效口径渐变法测量高功率微波天线近场气体击穿

 设计了喇叭有效口径渐变法测量高功率微波气体击穿的实验方案,通过连续改变喇叭的有效口径改变天线近场的电场强度,使微波传输达到气体击穿的条件。介绍了实验原理及诊断方法,进行了L波段的高功率微波天线近场空气击穿实验,分析了实验中得到的典型波形。结果显示:脉宽30 ns、L波段的微波在0.4×105 Pa空气中击穿阈值为33.9 kV/cm。实验现象与设计吻合,验证了该方案研究微波气体击穿的可行性。     

Theory of sonoluminescence in single bubbles: Flexoelectric energy contribution

An equation of motion for a cavitating gas bubble immersed in a liquid is introduced which includes a flexoelectric energy term. This energy is deduced from the electric field produced by the bubble wall acceleration (pressure gradient) in the fluid (the flexoelectric effect). We show that under conditions of sonoluminescence, this electric field reaches values typical of the electric breakdown field in water. Our theoretical results are consistent with the duration of light emission, minimum bubble radius, and energy release as measured in sonoluminescence experiments in water. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 68, No. 6, 442–448 (25 September 1998)     

Gridded Cross Field Tube

A triode crossed field tube has been operated as a high voltage on-off switch tube. A third, partially transparent (grid) electrode is interposed between the anode and cathode and electrically tied to the cathode by a grid leak resistor. High voltage is first applied to the anode and cathode; the magnetic field is then raised to the conduction level (~ 0.01 Tesla). Ignition does not occur because the magnetic field is too low in the grid-anode gap and the electric field is zero in the cathode-grid gap. Pulsing the grid positive relative to the cathode (~ 1 kV) then results in breakdown of the cathode-grid gap; plasma comunication between the two gaps then fully ignites the tube and closes the main power circuit. Grid ignition has been achieved at 50 kV as well as grid ignition followed by current interruption against 10 kV. These levels were limited by the use of a modified, laboratory tube and not by the physics of the technique.     

Dielectric breakdown phenomena in Al2O3 filled DGEBA/MDA/SN composite system

Dielectric breakdown phenomena by electrical treeing deterioration was investigated in the new epoxy resin system DGEBA/MDA/SN filled with Al₂O₃. As the filler content increased, the maximum electric field at breakdown increased and then decreased with increase of defects such as voids, impurities and delamination or peeling between filler and matrix. As the electrode separation increased, the breakdown voltage increased, but the breakdown strength decreased and then saturated to 17 kV/mm. Also, the maximum electric field at the tip when the system was failed increased. The electrical tree initiated from the side of the needle electrode was not from the tip where the reinforced field is the highest. The electrical tree was blocked by the filler. The interface condition of filler and polymer matrix played an important role in the electrical treeing resistance. The final breakdown phenomena showed fan-type crack as observed in the non-filled system.     

Influence of wire mesh electrodes on the volume and surface characteristics of dielectric barrier discharge of atmospheric pressure helium

The dielectric barrier discharge of helium in a 6 mm gap at atmospheric pressure was studied. In this paper, the influence of electric field distribution on the uniformity of DBD is analyzed theoretically and verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the mesh electrode produces a local enhancement effect by affecting the electric field and then produces corona discharge, which provides seed electrons for the subsequent discharge process. The effects of mesh diameter and size on discharge uniformity and stability are analyzed, the electrode structure parameters are optimized, the method of a segmented electrode is proposed, and the discharge process and charge distribution are studied. The electrical diagnosis results of plasma technology show that the segmented mesh electrode reduces the breakdown voltage of DBD and increases the charge deposition.     

Window breakdown caused by high-power microwaves

Physical mechanisms leading to microwave breakdown on windows are investigated for power levels on the order of 100 MW at 2.85 GHz. The test stand uses a 3-MW magnetron coupled to an S-band traveling wave resonator. Various configurations of dielectric windows are investigated. In a standard pillbox geometry with a pressure of less than 10^-6 Pa, surface discharges on an alumina window and multipactor-like discharges starting at the waveguide edges occur simultaneously. To clarify physical mechanisms, window breakdown with purely tangential electrical microwave fields is investigated for special geometries. Diagnostics include the measurement of incident/reflected power, measurement of local microwave fields, discharge luminosity, and X-ray emission. All quantities are recorded with 0.21-ns resolution. In addition, a framing camera with gating times of 5 ns is used. The breakdown processes for the case with a purely tangential electric field is similar to DC flashover across insulators, and similar methods to increase the flashover field are expected to be applicable     

A One‐Dimensional Particle‐in‐Cell Model of Plasma Build‐Up in Vacuum Arcs

Understanding the mechanism of plasma build‐up in vacuum arcs is essential in many fields of physics. A one‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell computer simulation model is presented, which models the plasma developing from a field emitter tip under electrical breakdown conditions, taking into account the relevant physical phenomena. As a starting point, only an external electric field and an initial enhancement factor of the tip are assumed. General requirements for plasma formation have been identified and formulated in terms of the initial local field and a critical neutral density. The dependence of plasma build‐up on tip melting current, the evaporation rate of neutrals and external circuit time constant has been investigated for copper and simulations imply that arcing involves melting currents around 0.5–1 A/μm², evaporation of neutrals to electron field emission ratios in the regime 0.01 – 0.05, plasma build‐up timescales in the order of ～ 1 – 10 ns and two different regimes depending on initial conditions, one producing an arc plasma, the other one not. Also the influence of the initial field enhancement factor and the external electric field required for ignition has been explored, and results are consistent with the experimentally measured local field value of ～ 10 GV/m for copper (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

介质表面附近微波大气击穿的理论研究

将麦克斯韦方程组和简化等离子体方程耦合求解, 对介质表面附近大气击穿形成等离子体的过程进行了理论研究. 分别使用一维、二维模型对等离子体的形成过程及等离子体对电磁波的反射、吸收过程进行了模拟研究. 一维计算结果发现在n_e = 0, j = 0两种边界条件下, 虽然形成的等离子体密度分布相差较大, 但二者得到的微波反射、吸收、透射波形彼此相差不大. 初始电子数密度厚度为20 mm的条件下, 得到界面附近的等离子体密度大于5 mm厚度的情况. 二维计算结果发现, 由于TE10模在波导中心位置处的微波电场最强, 电子碰撞电离首先在中心位置处形成等离子体, 当等离子体密度达到一定值(临界密度附近)时, 波导中心介质表面处微波场强减小, 等离子体区域沿着介质表面向两侧移动. TE10模在波导边缘处微波电场强度小于击穿阈值, 因此等离子体区域不可能移动到波导边缘附近.     

加工工艺对微波窗材料介电性能的影响

聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、有机玻璃等介质材料因其良好的透波性能和优异的机械性能被广泛用作高功率微波的输出窗口,但关于窗口加工处理工艺对材料介电性能的影响却少有研究。利用高压电桥及高阻计对不同介质材料不同工艺下的基本介电参数进行了测量,利用静电感应法对不同介质材料表面0.8~0.9 eV浅能级的电子陷阱密度分布进行了测试,利用波导口开展了S波段800 MW、百ns微波脉冲作用下的介质击穿实验,考察了材料表面粗糙度、划痕对介质窗表面击穿的影响。结果表明:烘烤工艺在一定程度上降低了材料的耐击穿性能,增加了介质损耗;平行于电场方向的划痕形成了材料表面击穿的通道,而该通道的存在又进一步加剧了击穿的发生。