Anion-tri-s-triazine bonding: a case for anion recognition

An ab initio study of the possible interaction between several anions (F(-), Cl(-), N(3)(-), N(4)(-), and N(5)(-)) and tri-s-triazine molecule, an electron-deficient aromatic ring, has been carried out at the B3LYP and MP2 levels of theory. Minima are located corresponding to hydrogen bonding, pi-pi stacking, and reactive complexes. This novel mode of bonding suggests the development of new cyclophane-type receptors for the recognition of anions.     

Morphology controlled self-assembled nanostructures of sandwich mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) europium triple-deckers. Effect of hydrogen bonding on tuning the intermolecular interaction

A series of five novel sandwich-type mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) europium triple-decker complexes with different numbers of hydroxyl groups at the meso-substituted phenyl groups of porphyrin ligand 1-5 have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Their self-assembly properties, in particular the effects of the number and positions of hydroxyl groups on the morphology of self-assembled nanostructures of these triple-decker complexes, have been comparatively and systematically studied. Competition and cooperation between the intermolecular pi-pi interaction and hydrogen bonding in the direction perpendicular to the pi-pi interaction direction for different compounds were revealed to result in nanostructures with a different morphology from nanoleafs for 1, nanoribbons for 2, nanosheets for 3, and curved nanosheets for 4 and to spherical shapes for 5. The IR and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that, in the nanostructures of triple-decker 2 as well as 3-5, a dimeric supramolecular structure was formed through an intermolecular hydrogen bond between two triple-decker molecules, which as the building block self-assembles into the target nanostructures. Electronic absorption spectroscopic results on the self-assembled nanostructures reveal the H-aggregate nature in the nanoleafs and nanoribbons formed from triple-deckers 1 and 2 due to the dominant pi-pi intermolecular interaction between triple-decker molecules, but the J-aggregate nature in the curved nanosheets and spherical shapes of 4 and 5 depending on the dominant hydrogen bonding interaction in cooperation with pi-pi interaction among the triple-decker molecules. Electronic absorption and XRD investigation clearly reveal the decrease in the pi-pi interaction and increase in the hydrogen bonding interaction among triple-decker molecules in the nanostructures along with the increase of hydroxyl number in the order of 1-5. The present result appears to represent the first effort toward realization of controlling and tuning the morphology of self-assembled nanostructures of sandwich tetrapyrrole rare earth complexes through molecular design and synthesis.     

The binding orientation of a norindenoisoquinoline in the topoisomerase I-DNA cleavage complex is primarily governed by pi-pi stacking interactions

High level ab initio quantum chemical studies have shown that the binding orientations of topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitors such as camptothecins and indenoisoquinolines are primarily governed by pi-pi stacking. However, a recently discovered norindenoisoquinoline antitumor compound was observed by X-ray crystallography to adopt a "flipped" orientation (relative to indenoisoquinolines), which facilitates the formation of a characteristic hydrogen bond with the Arg364 of top1 in its binding with the top1-DNA complex. This observation raises the possibility that hydrogen bonding between the norindenoisoquinoline nitrogen and the Arg364 side chain of top1 might be responsible for the "flip". It also brings into question whether pi-pi stacking, as opposed to hydrogen bonding, is primarily responsible for the binding orientations of indenoisoquinolines and norindenoisoquinolines. In this study, the forces responsible for the binding orientation of a norindenoisoquinoline in the DNA cleavage site were systematically investigated using MP2 methods. The theoretical calculation of the preferred binding orientation based solely on pi-pi stacking was completely consistent with the actual orientation observed by X-ray crystallography, indicating that the binding of the norindenoisoquinoline in the top1-DNA complex is mainly governed by pi-pi stacking forces and that the "flip" can occur independently from hydrogen bonding.     

Silver(I) coordination polymers containing heteroditopic ureidopyridine ligands: the role of ligand isomerism, hydrogen bonding, and stacking interactions

New silver (I) coordination polymers has been successfully designed and synthesized using heteroditopic ureidopyridine ligands 1 and 2 via a combination of coordinations bonds, hydrogen bonding, and pi-pi stacking interactions. This study shows an example of the orientation of the pyridine nitrogen relative to the urea moiety (4-substituted, 1, or 3-substituted, 2), used to control the packing of resulting crystalline coordination polymers. The ureidopyridine ligands present some flexibility because of the conformational rotation around the central urea moiety. The co-complexation of the silver(I) cation by two pyridine moieties and of the PF(6)(-) counteranion by the urea moiety results in the formation of discrete [1(2)Ag](+)PF(6)(-), (3) and [2(2)Ag](+)PF(6)(-), (4) complexes presenting restricted rotation around the central urea functionality. The geometrical information contained in the structures of ligands 1 and 2 and the heteroditopic complexation of silver hexafluorophosphate are fully exploited in an independent manner resulting in the emergence of quasi-rigidly preorganized linear and angular building blocks of 3 and 4, respectively. Additional pi-pi stacking contacts involving interactions between the pi-donor benzene and the pi-acceptor pyridine systems reinforce and direct the self-assembly of the above-described combined structural motifs in the solid state. Accordingly, linear and tubular arrays of pi-pi stacked architectures are generated in the solid state by synergistic and sequential metal ion complexation, hydrogen bonding, and pi-pi stacking interactions.     

Structures and energetics of hydrated oxygen anion clusters

Hydration of the atomic oxygen radical anion is studied with computational electronic structure methods, considering (O(-))(H(2)O)(n) clusters and related proton-transferred (OH(-))(OH)(H(2)O)(n)(-)(1) clusters having n = 1-5. A total of 67 distinct local-minimum structures having various interesting hydrogen bonding motifs are obtained and analyzed. On the basis of the most stable form of each type, (O(-))(H(2)O)(n)) clusters are energetically favored, although for n > or = 3, there is considerable overlap in energy between other members of the (O(-))(H(2)O)(n) family and various members of the (OH(-))(OH)(H(2)O)(n)(-)(1) family. In the lower-energy (O(-))(H(2)O)(n) clusters, the hydrogen bonding arrangement about the oxygen anion center tends to be planar, leaving the oxygen anion p-like orbital containing the unpaired electron uninvolved in hydrogen bonding with any water molecule. In (OH(-))(OH)(H(2)O)(n)(-)(1) clusters, on the other hand, nonplanar arrangements are the rule about the anionic oxygen center that accepts hydrogen bonds. No instances are found of OH(-) acting as a hydrogen bond donor. Those OH bonds that form hydrogen bonds to an anionic O(-) or OH(-) center are significantly stretched from their equilibrium value in isolated water or hydroxyl. A quantitative inverse correlation is established for all hydrogen bonds between the amount of the OH bond stretch and the distance to the other oxygen involved in the hydrogen bond.     

手性卟啉化合物聚集体与DNA 的相互作用: 电子吸收光谱 和圆二色光谱研究

使用电子吸收光和圆二色(circulardichroism,CD)光谱研究了手性氨基酸卟啉锌配合物(Thr---TPPZN)聚集体与DNA之间的相互作用,这种螺旋结构的手性卟啉聚集体能与DNA结合,L－Thr----TPPZN聚集体与DNA作用量是通过氨基酸残基与DNA的磷酸链形成氢键,结合模式为外部结合,而D----Thr--TPPZN聚集体与DNA作用除了存在以上这种氢键作用之外,卟啉单元还能部分地插入DNA中,与DNA的碱基对形成π-π堆积作用。L--Thr---TPPZN和D--Thr--TPPZn聚集体与DNA结合模式不同是由于L-------Thr----TPPZn聚集体的左手螺旋结构与DNA的右手螺旋结构不匹配,而右手螺旋结构的D--Thr-----TPPZN聚集体能嵌入同样是右手螺旋结构的DNA中。     

Interaction of vanadyl (VO2+) with ligands containing serine, tyrosine, and threonine

Reaction of vanadyl sulfate with an aldehyde (2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (nap); 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde = o-vanillin (van)) and an amino acid carrying an OH group (L-tyrosine (L-tyr); L-serine (L-ser), L-threonine (L-thr)) yielded the complexes [VO(nap-D-Tyr)(H2O)] 1a, [VO(van-D,L-Tyr)(H2O)] 1c, [VO(nap-Ser)(H2O)] 2a, [VO(van-D,L-Ser)(H2O)] 2b, [VO(nap-Thr)(H2O)] 3a, and [VO(van-Thr)(H2O)] 3b. [VO(nap-L-tyr(H2O)], 1b, was obtained from the reaction between [VO(nap)(2)] and l-TyrOMe. The crystal and molecular structures of 1a.CH3OH, 1b.CH3OH, 1c.H2O, 2b.2H2O, and the Schiff base nap-D,L-TyrOMe (4) are reported. The ligands coordinate in a tridentate manner through the phenolate component of nap or van, the imine nitrogen, and the carboxylate of the amino acid. Direct coordination of the (deprotonated) OH amino acid functionality is not observed in these complexes. Instead, the OH groups are involved in hydrogen bonding, leading, along with pi-pi stacking, to extended one- and three-dimensional supramolecular networks. The relevance for the interaction between oxovanadium(IV,V) and proteins having serine, threonine, or tyrosine at their reactive sites is addressed.     

Synthesis and Conformational Behavior of Rhodium(I) Metallohosts Derived from Diphenylglycoluril

The design and synthesis of molecules containing both a substrate-binding cavity and a nearby catalytically active metal center is a useful approach to the development of synthetic systems that function according to the principles of enzymes. To this end the receptor molecule 2a, derived from diphenylglycoluril, was functionalized with triaryl phosphite ligands to give the receptor ligand 2d. Exchange reactions of 2d with (diketonate)Rh(CO)(2), (diketone = acetylacetone, dibenzoylmethane, or dipivaloylmethane) led to the formation of the metallohosts 3a-c, respectively. The properties and conformational behavior of these metal complexes were studied by NMR techniques. Reaction of compounds 3 with H(2) in the presence of a small excess of additional triphenyl phosphite yields the rhodium(I) hydride complex 5. The metallohosts are capable of binding dihydroxybenzene guests in their cavities by hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking interactions. On binding a substrate the conformational behavior of hosts 3a-c was affected considerably.     

Crystalline-state guest-exchange and gas-adsorption phenomenon for a "soft" supramolecular porous framework stacking by a rigid linear coordination polymer

A 1D rigid, linear coordination polymer, (4,4'-bipyridine)(2-pyridylsulfonate)copper, has been applied for the controlled-assembly of a new porous host that generates 1D channels by an interdigitated packing through the recognition of hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking interactions. The porous structure is architecturally robust when it reversibly uptakes water molecules and exchanges guest small molecules (MeOH, i-PrOH) from solution as determined by single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation studies. Moreover, the open-channel solid displays irreversible benzene and toluene vapor sorption behaviors attributed to a widening of the channel cross-section that fetters the larger guest molecules, resulting from the dynamic, "soft" supramolecular framework.     

Towards tuning the packing and entanglement of zigzag coordination chains by terminal ligands

Solvothermal reactions of trans-stilbene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (H(2)STDC) and zinc(ii) acetate in the presence of systematically varied terminal ligands afforded a series of supramolecular architectures with formula [Zn(STDC)(py)(2)].py (1), [Zn(STDC)(bipy)(H(2)O)].0.5py.H(2)O (2), [Zn(STDC)(biql)] (3), [Zn(STDC)(phen)].solv (solv = DMSO, 4a; DMF, 4b), where py = pyridine, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, biql = 2,2'-biquinoline, phen = 1,10-phenathroline. X-Ray analyses revealed that all the compounds consist of infinite 1D zigzag polymer chains. Investigations based on intermolecular interactions illustrate that the chelate terminal ligands play a critical role in determining the packing/entangling modes of the chains and the porosity of the final three-dimensional architectures. In compounds 1 and 2, the weak hydrogen bonding and/or pi-pi stacking interactions assemble the parallel chains into diamond nets with four- and two-fold interpenetration, respectively. In compound 3, the hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking interactions collaborate to arrange the chains in two different directions, generating a 3D supramolecular architecture with high catenation. The most interesting packing occurs in 4. Extensive pi-pi stacking interactions involving the terminal and bridging ligands arrange the chains in four different directions, and the chains are hierarchically entangled to produce an unprecedented 3D microporous framework with high stability. Based on comparative investigations, the effects of the terminal and bridging ligands on the packing of zigzag chains have been discussed. The reversible guest inclusion properties of 2 and 4 have also been demonstrated.     

Ion‐Pair Recognition by a Heteroditopic Triazole‐Containing Receptor

A new heteroditopic calix[4]diquinone triazole containing receptor capable of recognising both cations and anions through Lewis base and C? H hydrogen‐bonding modes, respectively, of the triazole motif has been prepared. This ion‐pair receptor cooperatively binds halide/monovalent‐cation combinations in an aqueous mixture, with selectivity trends being established by ¹H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Cation binding by the calix[4]diquinone oxygen and triazole nitrogen donors enhances the strength of the halide complexation at the isophthalamide recognition site of the receptor. Conversely, anions bound in the receptor’s isophthalamide cavity enhance cation recognition. ¹H NMR investigations in solution suggest that the receptor’s triazole motifs are capable of coordinating simultaneously to both cation and anion guest species. Solid‐state X‐ray crystallographic structural analysis of a variety of receptor ion‐pair adducts further demonstrates the dual cation–anion binding role of the triazole group.     

New chromogenic and fluorescent probes for anion detection: formation of a [2 + 2] supramolecular complex on addition of fluoride with positive homotropic cooperativity

Two new chromogenic and fluorescent probes for anions have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. These probes contain multiple hydrogen bonding donors including hydrazine, hydrazone, and hydroxyl functional groups for potential anion interacting sites. Despite the possible flexible structural framework due to the presence of sp3 carbon linkage, X-ray structure analysis of probe 2 displayed an essentially planar conformation in the solid state owing to strong crystal packing interactions comprising a combination of favorable pi-pi stacking effect and hydrogen bonding to cocrystallized CH3OH molecules. Both probes 1 and 2 display orange color in DMSO solution and show fairly weak fluorescence at room temperature. Binding studies revealed that both probes 1 and 2 show noticeable colorimetric and fluorescent responses only to F-, OAc-, and H2PO4- among the nine anions tested (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, OAc-, H2PO4-, HSO4-, ClO4-, and NO3-). The general trend of the sensitivity to anions follows the order of F- > OAc- > H2PO4- > Cl- > Br- approximately I- approximately HSO4- approximately ClO4- approximately NO3-. A 1:2 (probe to anion) binding stoichiometry was found for probe 1 with OAc- and H2PO4- and probe 2 with F-, OAc-, and H2PO4-. The binding isotherm of probe 1 to F- was found to be complicated with apparent multiple equilibria occurring in solution. The formation of an aggregated supramolecular complex upon addition of fluoride is proposed to rationalize the observed optical responses and is supported by ESI mass spectrometry and pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopy. Data analysis suggests that the binding of probe 1 to F- shows positive homotropic cooperativity.     

Importance of the C-H...N weak hydrogen bonding on the coordination structures of manganese(III) porphyrin complexes

The reactions between Mn(Por)Cl and Bu(4)N(+)CN(-) have been examined in various solvents by UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, where Por's are dianions of meso-tetraisopropylporphyrin (T(i)PrP), meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), meso-tetrakis(p-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)porphyrin (p-CF(3)-TPP), meso-tetramesitylporphyrin (TMP), and meso-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin (2,6-Cl(2)-TPP). Population ratios of the reaction products, Mn(Por)(CN) and [Mn(Por)(CN)(2)](-), have been sensitively affected by the solvents used. In the case of Mn(T(i)PrP)Cl, the following results are obtained: (i) The bis-adduct is preferentially formed in dipolar aprotic solvents such as DMSO, DMF, and acetonitrile. (ii) Both the mono- and bis-adduct are formed in the less polar solvents such as CH(2)Cl(2) and benzene though the complete conversion to the bis-adduct is achieved with much smaller amount of the ligand in benzene solution. (iii) Only the mono-adduct is formed in CHCl(3) solution even in the presence of a large excess of cyanide. (iv) Neither the mono- nor the bis-adduct is obtained in methanol solution. The results mentioned above have been explained in terms of the C-H.N and O-H.N hydrogen bonding in chloroform and methanol solutions, respectively, between the solvent molecules and cyanide ligand; hydrogen bonding weakens the coordination ability of cyanide and reduces the population of the bis-adduct. The importance of the C-H.N weak hydrogen bonding is most explicitly shown in the following fact: while the starting complex is completely converted to the bis-adduct in CH(2)Cl(2) solution, the conversion from the mono- to the bis-adduct is not observed even in the presence of 7000 equiv of Bu(4)N(+)CN(-) in CHCl(3) solution. The effective magnetic moments of the bis-adduct has been determined by the Evans method to be 3.2 micro(B) at 25 degrees C, suggesting that the complex adopts the usual (d(xy))(2)(d(xz), d(yz))(2) electron configuration despite the highly ruffled porphyrin core expected for [Mn(T(i)PrP)(CN)(2)](-). The spin densities of [Mn(T(i)PrP)(CN)(2)](-) centered on the pi MO have been determined on the basis of the (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts. Estimated spin densities are as follows: meso-carbon, -0.0014; alpha-pyrrole carbon, -0.0011; beta-pyrrole carbon, +0.0066; pyrrole nitrogen, -0.022. The spin densities at the pyrrole carbon and meso nitrogen atoms are much smaller than those of the corresponding [Mn(TPP)(CN)(2)](-), which is ascribed to the nonplanar porphyrin ring of [Mn(T(i)PrP)(CN)(2)](-). This study has revealed that the C-H.N weak hydrogen bonding is playing an important role in determining the stability of the manganese(III) complexes.     

Hydrogen bonding effects on the wavenumbers and absorption intensities of the OH fundamental and the first, second, and third overtones of phenol and 2,6-dihalogenated phenols studied by visible/near-infrared/infrared spectroscopy

Visible, near-infrared (NIR) and IR spectra in the 15600-2500 cm(-1) region were measured for phenol and 2,6-difluorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, and 2,6-dibromophenol in n-hexane, CCl(4), CHCl(3) and CH(2)Cl(2) to study hydrogen bonding effects and solvent dependences of wavenumbers and absorption intensities of the fundamental and the first, second, and third overtones of OH stretching vibrations. A band shift of the OH stretching vibrations from a gas state to a solution state (solvent shift) was plotted versus vibrational quantum number (v = 0, 1, 2 and 3), and it was found that there is a linear relation between the solvent shift and the vibrational quantum number. The slope of solvent shift decreases in the order of phenol, 2,6-difluorophenol and 2,6-dichlorophenol. For all of the solute molecules, the slope becomes larger with the increase in the dielectric constant of the solvents. The relative intensities of the OH stretching vibrations of phenol in CCl(4), CHCl(3), and CH(2)Cl(2) against the intensity of the corresponding OH vibration in n-hexane increase in the fundamental and the second overtone but decrease in the first and third overtones; the relative intensities show so-called "parity". The parity is more prominent for phenol that has an intermolecular hydrogen bonding than for 2,6-dihalogenated phenols that have an intramolecular hydrogen bond. These observations suggest that the intermolecular hydrogen bond between the OH group and the Cl atom plays a key role for the parity and that the intermolecular interaction between the solutes and the solvents (solvent effects) does not have a significant role in the parity.     

exTTF as a building block for fullerene receptors. unexpected solvent-dependent positive homotropic cooperativity

The first exTTF-based receptor for molecular recognition of fullerene is described. Unexpectedly, the receptor shows completely different binding modes in chlorobenzene and CHCl3/CS2 mixtures. In the aromatic solvent, the receptor binds C60 in a noncooperative fashion (nH = 1) with a Kassoc = (2.98 +/- 0.12) x 103 M-1, whereas in CHCl3/CS2 mixtures, it shows a marked positive homotropic cooperative effect (nH = 2.7) toward binding of C60, with an apparent binding constant of (3.56 +/- 0.16) x 103 M-1. The unique solvent-switchable behavior of our receptor might find use in the controlled self-assembly of exTTF-C60 donor-acceptor ensembles.     

Surface-functionalized CdS clusters with recognition sites near the interface: selective luminescence response to lipophilic phenols

A series of water-soluble cadmium sulfide clusters bearing an alkyl-chain layer between the inorganic core and the outer PEG layer were synthesized by the ligand-exchange reaction of Cd(10)S(4)(SPh)(12) with thiols functionalized by an N-(ω-PEGylated alkyl) amide moiety. The photoluminescence titration experiments in aqueous media revealed that clusters with a sufficiently hydrophobic inner environment exhibit definite emission enhancements upon the addition of bisphenol A or 4-nonylphenol. The dramatic effect of the alkyl chain length on the emission responses demonstrated that the hydrophobic layer around the inorganic surface serves as guest binding sites to facilitate the access of the lipophilic phenols near the organic-inorganic interface. A marked preference for the lipophilic phenols over related compounds, such as methylated bisphenol A, long-chain n-alkanol, and nonlipophilic phenols, was observed in the emission responses of the "hydrophobic" cluster, suggesting that not only the hydrophobic interaction but also the attractive force involving the phenolic OH group contributes to the positive responses. The results of control experiments and IR studies indicated that the hydrogen bonding interaction between the phenolic OH group and the amide group in the surface organic units is responsible for the positive emission responses. The present work shows that the precise tuning of the molecular recognition environments near the organic-inorganic interface is useful for developing guest-specific functions.     

Head‐to‐Tail Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding of OH and NH Groups with Fluoride

To explore the anion‐recognition ability of the phenolic hydroxyl group and the amino hydrogen, we synthesized three different acridinedione (ADD) based anion receptors, 1 , 2 and 3 , having OH, NH, and combination of OH and NH groups, respectively. Absorption, emission and ¹H NMR spectral studies revealed that receptor 1 , having only a phenolic OH group, shows selective deprotonation of the hydroxyl proton towards F^?, which results in an “ON–OFF”‐type signal in the fluorescence spectral studies. Receptor 2 , which only has an amino hydrogen, also shows deprotonation of the amino hydrogen with F^?, whereas receptor 3 (having both OH and NH groups) shows head‐to‐tail intermolecular hydrogen bonding of OH and NH groups with F^? prior to deprotonation. The observation of hydrogen bonding of the OH and NH groups in a combined solution of 1 and 2 with F^? in a head‐to‐tail hetero‐intermolecular fashion, and the absence of head‐to‐head and tail‐to‐tail intermolecular hydrogen bonding in 1 and 2 with F^?, prove that the difference in the acidity of the OH and NH protons leads to the formation of an intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding complex with F^? prior to deprotonation. The presence of this hydrogen‐bonding complex was confirmed by absorption spectroscopy, 3D emission contour studies, and ¹H NMR titration.     

Engineering the structure and magnetic properties of crystalline solids via the metal-directed self-assembly of a versatile molecular building unit

We report the supramolecular chemistry of several metal complexes of N-(4-pyridyl)benzamide (NPBA) with the general formula [Ma(NPBA)2AbSc], where M = Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ag+; A = NO3-, OAc-; S = MeOH, H2O; a = 0, 1, 2; b = 0, 1, 2, 4; and c = 0, 2. NPBA contains structural features that can engage in three modes of intermolecular interactions: (1) metal-ligand coordination, (2) hydrogen bonding, and (3) pi-pi stacking. NPBA forms one-dimensional (1-D) chains governed by hydrogen bonding, but when reacted with metal ions, it generates a wide variety of supramolecular scaffolds that control the arrangement of periodic nanostructures and form 1- (2-4), 2- (5), or 3-D (6-10) solid-state networks of hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking interactions in the crystal. Isostructural 7-9 exhibit a 2-D hydrogen bonding network that promotes topotaxial growth of single crystals of their isostructural family and generates crystal composites with two (11) and three (12) different components. Furthermore, 7-9 can also form crystalline solid solutions (M,M')(NPBA)2(NO3)2(MeOH)2 (M, M' = Co2+, Ni2+, or Zn2+, 13-16), where mixtures of Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ share the same crystal lattice in different proportions to allow the formation of materials with modulated magnetic moments. Finally, we report the effects that multidimensional noncovalent networks exert on the magnetic moments between 2 and 300 K of 1-D (4), 2-D (5), and 3-D (7, 8, 10, and 13-16) paramagnetic networks.     

Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption behavior of aniline modified polystyrene resin for phenol in hexane and in aqueous solution

Macroporous crosslinked poly(p-vinylbenzylaniline) (PVBA) was synthesized and its adsorption isotherms for phenol in hexane and in aqueous solution were comparatively measured. It was shown that the adsorption isotherms in hexane were straight lines and passed through the origin, whereas those in aqueous solution could be simulated by Freundlich isotherms. Adsorption enthalpies of phenol onto PVBA were calculated, and the results indicated that the adsorption was an exothermic process. Comparison of the adsorption behaviors of PVBA, poly(p-vinylbenzylmethylamine) (PVBMA), and poly(p-vinylbenzyl-p-nitroaniline) (PVBNA) for phenol in hexane suggested that hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking were primarily responsible for the adsorption, the nitrogen atom and benzene ring of PVBA acted as hydrogen bonding acceptors and formed hydrogen bonding with the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group of phenol. Investigation of the adsorption mechanism in aqueous solution revealed that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction were the main driving forces.     

Selective recognition of cyanide anion via formation of multipoint NH and phenyl CH hydrogen bonding with acyclic ruthenium bipyridine imidazole receptors in water

Five imidazole-based anion receptors A-E are designed for cyanide anion recognition via hydrogen bonding interaction in water. Only receptors A [Ru(bpy)(2)(mpipH)](ClO(4))(2) (bpy is bipyridine and mpipH is 2-(4-methylphenyl)-imidazo[4,5-f]-1,10-phenanthroline) and E [Ru(2)(bpy)(4)(mbpibH(2))](ClO(4))(4) (mbpibH(2) is 1,3-bis([1,10]-phenanthroline-[5,6-d]imidazol-2-yl)benzene) selectively recognize CN(-) from OAc(-), F(-), Cl(-), Br(-), I(-), NO(3)(-), HSO(4)(-), ClO(4)(-), H(2)PO(4)(-), HCO(3)(-), N(3)(-), and SCN(-) anions in water (without organic solvent) at physiological conditions via formation of multiple hydrogen bonding interaction with binding constants of K(A(H2O)) = 345 ± 21 and K(E(H2O)) = 878 ± 41, respectively. The detection limits of A and E toward CN(-) in water are 100 and 5 μM, respectively. Receptor E has an appropriate pK(a2)* value (8.75) of N-H proton and a C-shape cavity structure with three-point hydrogen bonding, consisting of two NH and one cooperative phenyl CH hydrogen bonds. Appropriate acidity of N-H proton and multipoint hydrogen bonding are both important in enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity toward CN(-) in water. The phenyl CH···CN(-) hydrogen bonding interaction is observed by the HMBC NMR technique for the first time, which provides an efficient approach to directly probe the binding site of the receptor toward CN(-). Moreover, CN(-) induced emission lifetime change of the receptor has been exploited in water for the first time. The energy-optimized structure of E-CN adduct is also proposed on the basis of theoretical calculations.