机载C波段全极化SAR海面风矢量反演理论研究及实验验证

机载全极化SAR海面风矢量反演研究对于近海岸复杂气象条件下风矢量探测具有重要意义. 本文从极化散射理论出发,通过分析全极化SAR探测数据与海面风矢量的关系, 设计了全极化SAR海面风矢量反演方案.依据机载SAR高机动性和全极化两个探测特点, 针对VV极化探测数据,提出了基于最大似然估计的海面风矢量反演方法,并设计了飞行实验方案; 针对VH极化探测数据,提出了通过带约束最优拟合的VH极化海面散射模型反演风速, 再利用CMOD5地球物理模型函数计算风向的海面风矢量反演方法. 利用机载全极化SAR探测的台风'海葵'边缘数据,开展了海面风矢量反演实验研究. 研究结果表明,两种风矢量反演方法均可不借助辅助信息,反演复杂气象条件下的海面风矢量. 前者反演风向、风速的均方根误差分别为18.0°, 1.8 m/s, 后者反演风向、风速的均方根误差分别为9.3°, 1.2 m/s,后者的反演精度优于前者. 这是因为VH极化归一化雷达截面与风向和雷达入射角无关,仅与风速密切相关, 更适合复杂气象条件下的海面风矢量反演. 关键词： 机载全极化SAR 海面风矢量 理论研究 实验验证     

Polarimetric observations and laboratory simulations of asteroidal surfaces: The case of 21 Lutetia

The Rosetta spacecraft flew by 21 Lutetia on July 2010. This event provides a unique opportunity to enhance our knowledge of solar system small bodies, by comparing the surface properties measured in situ and the properties deduced from the linear polarization of scattered light, and prepare future observations. The linear polarization is studied as a function of the phase angle at different wavelengths and compared to phase curves of M-type and C-type asteroids. In a second part of the work, 21 Lutetia's polarization phase curves are compared to phase curves measured in the laboratory for powdered carbonaceous chondrites suggested as eventual analogs by spectroscopic studies. The importance of the variation of the linear polarization as a function of the wavelength is emphasized. CV3-class meteorite is found to be the best polarimetric laboratory analog with an average size of regolith grain lower than 50 μm.     

星载极化相关型全极化微波辐射计天线交叉极化校正技术(I): 天线温度方程推导

星载极化相关型全极化微波辐射计是一种新型空间被动微波遥感仪器, 为海面风场等海洋大气环境参数的遥感探测提供了重要技术途径. 天线交叉极化校正是其数据预处理算法的重要环节. 本文针对星载极化相关型全极化微波辐射计天线交叉极化校正需求, 以极化相干检测理论为基础, 结合Stokes参数的定义, 自主推导了其适用的全极化天线温度方程. 该方程针对四个Stokes参数天线温度, 引入了Stokes参数之间交叉极化的振幅和相位, 并考虑了极化旋转角对天线方向图计算的影响. 最后, 建立了天线扫描波束与地球场景的几何对应关系, 对天线温度方程中各参数的确定方法进行了探讨. 全极化天线温度方程的建立为进一步开展星载极化相关型全极化微波辐射计天线交叉极化校正奠定了基础. 关键词： 全极化微波辐射计 天线交叉极化 天线温度方程 相干检测     

伪装涂层材料的二向偏振散射研究

目标的偏振散射特征研究是偏振遥感应用的基础。在不同的条件下测量了伪装涂层的偏振参数,研究了入射角、观测方位角对涂层偏振散射特征的影响。研究发现,伪装涂层的面散射会产生较大的偏振度,而体散射具有消偏振效应;深色涂层因为面散射起主要作用而具有较大的偏振度;涂层散射光的偏振度与入射角成正比,在观测方位角接近镜面反射方向时最大,随着方位角的增加而迅速减小;草地的偏振度很小,与伪装涂层形成鲜明对比。利用偏振遥感可以有效地识别草地背景中的伪装目标,偏振测量在遥感和目标识别方面具有重要意义。     

偏振光谱的土壤湿度遥感方法实验研究

偏振探测作为一种新型遥感技术,是对传统光谱遥感探测的有益补充,为目标遥感探测提供更丰富的信息。用地物偏振光谱仪实验测量,分析土壤湿度与偏振光谱的相关性,同时研究不同观测角下的土壤表面反射光偏振光谱特性。结果表明：在土壤湿度较高的情况下,偏振光谱与土壤湿度具有一定的相关性,尤其在500～700 nm波段,湿度与偏振度呈正比关系;低湿度的情况下,偏振光谱与土壤湿度相关性不明显;此外,不同观测角对偏振光谱也有影响,如入射角固定为50°,观测角在20°～60°区间测量时,偏振度随观测角增大而增大,且观测角愈大,偏振度随湿度的变化愈显著。     

The temporal Mueller matrix solution for polarimetric scattering from a layer of random non-spherical scatterers

The Mueller matrix solution of the vector radiative transfer equation with time dependence is derived in this paper. It is applied to simulation of polarimetric bistatic scattering from a layer of non-uniformly oriented, random non-spherical scatterers when a Gaussian plane pulse is incident upon. Co-polarized and cross-polarized bistatic scattering are numerically calculated. The pulse echoes are compared with the incidence, and demonstrate its functional dependence on the physical parameters of random medium, such as spatial orientation and fractional volume of scatterers, incidence angle and polarization, the layer depth and others.     

随机非球形粒子全极化散射的时间相关Mueller矩阵解

从与时间相关的矢量辐射传输方程推导一阶Mueller矩阵解,用来模拟Gauss型平面脉冲波入射下,一层随机、非均匀取向非球形粒子的全极化双站散射.数值计算了同极化和去极化脉冲响应,与入射脉冲进行了比较,说明了随机介质的物理参数,如粒子的取向和占空比、入射角、极化以及层厚等对脉冲响应的影响 关键词： 平面脉冲波 非球形粒子 Mueller矩阵     

基于长电偶极子和大磁圆环的新型电磁矢量传感器双基地多输入多输出雷达角度和极化参数联合估计

针对常规双基地电磁矢量传感器多输入多输出(multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO)雷达中短电偶极子(L/λ<0.1)和小磁环(2π(R/λ)<0.1)辐射效率不足问题,本文根据实际应用中电磁矢量传感器的有效长度来设计新型的发射电磁矢量传感器阵列和接收电磁矢量传感器阵列.首先,通过平行因子算法来实现对双基地MIMO雷达阵列接收数据空时特性的充分利用.这种处理过程能够实现发射俯仰角和接收俯仰角的自动参数配对.然后,针对归一化坡印亭矢量估计器在长电偶极子和大磁圆环约束下无法实现角度和极化参数有效测量的问题,对于利用平行因子算法得到的发射和接收加载矩阵采用新的盲估计算法来实现对角度参数和极化参数的高精度估计.所提出的盲估计算法在不需要电偶极子长度和磁环周长的先验信息的情况下能够有效地实现发射四维参数和接收四维参数的精确估计,且该算法估计得到的八维参数满足自动参数配对特性.最后,详细推导了长电偶极子和大磁圆环约束下双基地MIMO雷达中角度和极化参数估计性能的克拉美罗界.仿真实验表明,对于实际中长电偶极子和大磁圆环组成的新型电磁矢量传感器,本文所提算法具有良好的参数估计性能.通过理论分析和仿真实验结果可以发现,本文的研究工作能够进一步促进电磁矢量传感器在双基地MIMO雷达中的应用.     

The rotation of the polarization in low birefringence monomode optical fibres due to geometric effects

Monomode optical fibres of very low intrinsic linear and circular birefringence have been developed for use in polarimetric optical fibre sensors, most notably the fibre optic current sensor. The polarization of light travelling along such fibres is known to be modified by external stress applied to the fibre. In this paper it is shown that the polarization state may also be rotated if the path of the fibre is bent in a nonplanar curve. A theory is developed which enables the effect to be quantified and the results are shown to agree with some measurements on a fibre bent into a helix.     

Instantaneous coherent polarization and coherent polarimetric spectra

The statistics of polarization in electromagnetic waves or target vector has been studied deeply, generally using Stokes parameters. Unfortunately, all the data-processing includes the assumption that the sampling data are independent of time, without a consideration of the time coherence of the polarization data, such as instantaneous Stokes parameters. In this paper, the definitions of the instantaneous coherent polarization function and polarimetric spectrum are presented for the first time, which shows the coherences of the instantaneous Stokes parameters in both time and frequency domain, even in spatial coherence. The new formula of definition can be extended to spatial propagation coherence, both in free space or any linear medium.     

The impact of signal–noise ratio on degree of linear polarization measurement

The radiometric measurement is the basics of polarimetric measurement. This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the degree of linear polarization errors caused by the radiometric measurement uncertainty. According to the measurement principle of polarization CCD camera, we deduce the relation of the degree of linear polarization error to the signal–noise ratio and the polarization state (polarization angle or degree of linear polarization) of the incident light. It clearly shows that polarimetric accuracy of polarization CCD camera could deteriorate due to the low signal–noise ratio; The degree of linear polarization error has also been influenced by the polarization state of the incident light except the signal–noise ratio, and the large degree of linear polarization of the incident beams often contribute to the bigger measured degree of linear polarization errors for a fixed signal–noise ratio.     

Three-dimensional polarimetric integral imaging

A three-dimensional (3D) polarimetric image sensing and display technique based on integral imaging is proposed. Three-dimensional polarization distribution of reflected light from a 3D object can be measured as elemental image arrays by a rotating linear polarizer. After the measurement of the polarization of the 3D object, the 3D polarimetric object can be reconstructed optically by displaying the polarization-selected elemental images in spatial light modulators with two quarter-wave plates. Experimental demonstration of 3D polarimetric imaging of a 3D object attached to two orthogonal linear polarizers is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on 3D polarimetric sensing imaging and 3D optical reconstruction by integral imaging.     

新型光谱调制偏振测量技术研究

光谱调制偏振测量技术是一种新型的偏振调制技术,通过由消色差/4波片、多级相位延迟器和偏振器组成的调制模块,能够把入射光的偏振信息调制到光波的光谱维上,得到线偏振度和线偏振角呈规律变化的正弦曲线。设计解调算法对偏振调制后的光谱进行解调,可以得到目标不同波长处的线偏振度、线偏振角、光谱及辐射信息。文中阐述了光谱调制偏振测量技术的基本原理,给出具体实现方案。设计解调算法,搭建实验平台并进行实验验证。实验结果表明该技术的正确性及实际应用的可行性。相对于传统的偏振调制方案,该方案无运动、电控部件,具有体积小、重量轻的优点,一次测量即可得到目标的偏振信息,而不是测得Stokes矢量后再经进一步计算。本研究为新型空间偏振探测遥感器的开发提供一种新的技术途径。     

一种高精度偏振遥感探测方式的精度分析

检偏器的角度误差是影响偏振遥感探测精度的重要因素之一,是许多高精度定量化偏振遥感需要考虑的一个问题。在检偏器(0°,60°,120°)放置的测量系统中,当入射光偏振角接近于0°或180°时偏振测量易产生最大误差值,而偏振角接近30°,90°和150°时,偏振度的测量具有很高的精度;在检偏器(0°,45°,90°)放置方式中,偏振角接近45°的光束测量易具有最大误差值,而偏振角接近于0°,90°和135°时,角度误差对偏振度测量精度的影响很小。除了个别偏振角外,对高偏振度入射光束的偏振测量通常具有较大的偏振测量误差。因此,引进线偏振光的平均偏振度测量精度描述偏振测量装置的优劣,结果表明检偏器(0°,60°,120°)放置方式优于检偏器(0°,45°,90°)放置方式。     

偏振光谱BRDF建模与仿真

在偏振光条件下,物体的表面反射受到折射率、表面粗糙度、入射角等多种因素的影响。针对粗糙物体表面在不同波段光照下表现出不同的偏振反射特性,提出一种基于Kirchhof理论的偏振光谱BRDF模型。利用已知材质在不同波长下的复折射率,对其折射率和消光系数部分分别反演出的对应光谱模型,进而得到复折射率的光谱模型;同借鉴经典的表面粗糙度测量方法,结合菲涅耳反射公式,推导出表面粗糙度的光谱模型,将得到的复折射率和粗糙度光谱模型与BRDF模型相结合,推导出偏振光谱BRDF建模。模型分别在折射率随波长变化、粗糙度为常量,折射率、粗糙度均随波长变化以及原模型三种情况下进行仿真对比实验,并将所得到的数据与其他资料进行对比。其结果表明,该模型能够较为准确的反映物体表面的偏振反射特性,并且能够描述偏振度随波长变化趋势的光谱特征,能够为偏振遥感、物质分类等方面的应用提供可靠依据。     

The impact of the orientation angles uncertainty of instrument polarizers on polarization measurement accuracy

Improving the polarimetric measurement accuracy of the polarization CCD camera is a fundamental task in the remote sensing of the earth. This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the degree of polarization errors caused by the orientation angles uncertainty of the instrument polarizers. We show that the measured degree of polarization error for a certain orientation angle of the instrument polarizers in the same spectral band depends on the polarization state (polarization angle or degree of polarization) of the incident light. In order to evaluate the polarimetric measurement performance of the instrument, the average degree of polarization error is defined based on the assumption that the incident light beams have equal polarization angle probability. The simulated test showed that the average degree of polarization errors of the 3 polarized spectral bands in the airborne polarization CCD camera is nearly equal because of the same orientation angles uncertainty of the instrument polarizers, though the instrument polarizers in the 3 polarized spectral bands are equipped a little differently; the instrument often encounters a large average degree of polarization errors for the large degree of polarization of the incident beams.     

静态傅里叶变换超光谱全偏振成像技术

光谱偏振成像技术是成像光谱技术与偏振成像技术的有机融合, 是当前空间光学遥感技术研究的热点和前沿. 针对目前光谱偏振成像技术受测量原理、探测模式的限制, 普遍需要运动、电控调制等部件, 导致体积大, 结构复杂, 加工装调困难, 抗振能力差等问题, 我们于2010年在国际上首先提出了一种多信息融合的静态傅里叶变换超光谱全偏振成像方法. 本文在此基础上, 阐述了新方法的基本原理, 给出了具体实现方案. 新方案无需运动、电控调制部件, 可实现目标图像、光谱、全偏振信息的一体获取. 推导出了新方案的调制干涉强度数据表达式及Stokes矢量解调公式, 分析了新方法实现光谱、全偏振探测的物理过程. 对新方案进行了计算机数值模拟验证, 研制了原理验证样机开展了室内、室外验证实验, 首次获得了室外推扫光谱图像数据立方体和全色全偏振度图像, 模拟及实验结果均表明新方案原理正确, 技术可行. 上述研究为新型空间遥感器的开发提供了基础理论及实践支持. 关键词： 成像光谱 偏振成像 Stokes矢量     

偏振控制光强调制型点阵SPR传感器研究

介绍了一种偏振控制光强调制型点阵表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器,分析了入射角度、金膜厚度、起偏器设置、光源波长及数据处理方式对传感器灵敏度和线性范围的影响,并对632.8 nm与740 nm两种光源传感器系统进行了实验测试与分析.结果表明,偏振控制光强调制型点阵SPR传感器可将光经过表面等离子体共振所产生的偏振态变化...     

On the effect of tilted roof reflectors in Martin-Puplett spectrometers

In this paper we analyze theoretically and experimentally the effect of tilt of the roof mirrors in a double pendulum Martin-Puplett Polarizing Interferometer (MPI), focusing on the polarization of the interfering beams. In principle, the tilt affects the efficiency and polarimetric properties of the interferometer. The case of a moderate resolution spectrometer is analysed in detail. Using the Stokes formalism we recover the analytical expressions for the orientation angle and the ellipticity of the beam reflected from a metallic surface, and we compute these quantities for the roof-mirror of a MPI. We find that the polarization rotation and depolarization are small. Using the Jones formalism we propagate their effect on the measured interferogram and spectrum, and demonstrate that the performance degradation is small compared to other systematic effects.     

基于谐振环的太赫兹宽带偏振转换器件研究

提出了一个基于谐振环结构的宽带且高效的太赫兹线偏振转换器.该结构由金属-电介质-金属三层构成,位于顶层的是基于开口谐振环的超表面,中间为介质层,底部为金属板.实验结果表明,该结构可以在0.59-1.24 THz频率范围内将线偏振的太赫兹波偏振方向旋转90°,转换率超过80%.通过计算该结构在所研究的频率范围内反射光的偏振角和椭圆角,证实了该结构可以在较宽的频率范围内实现高效的线偏振转换.对该结构在偏振转换率高的频率下表面电流和电场进行仿真,分析了高偏振转换率和宽带的机理.同时,研究了该结构的偏振转换率对入射角以及偏振角的依赖性,结果表明该结构在0°-30°入射角范围内、-10°-10°偏振角范围内均有很好的偏振转换性能.