化学模拟唯铁氢化酶研究进展

氢化酶(hydrogenase,简称H2ase)是一类存在于微生物体内的重要生物酶,它可以催化氢的氧化反应,也可以催化还原质子产生氢气.根据氢化酶活性中心金属的不同,可以大致分为三类:Fe-Fe氢化酶,Ni-Fe氢化酶和不含金属的氢化酶.本文主要介绍近年来唯铁(Fe-Fe)氢化酶的结构研究和化学模拟最新进展.     

一类受生物启发的双膦双硒镍配合物的合成及其电催化产氢性能

自然界中,[NiFeSe]氢化酶比[NiFe]氢化酶具有更高的催化产氢活性和特殊的耐氧性。其较高的催化活性机制被认为跟[NiFeSe]氢化酶上所取代的硒(Se)原子密切相关。因此,[NiFeSe]氢化酶的特殊结构、性质及催化机制强烈激发科学家们设计并合成各种模拟[NiFeSe]氢化酶活性中心的镍铁硒或镍硒配合物(也即受生物启发的模拟物)。本论文工作首先合成及结构表征了六个基于双硒配体与含二茂铁的双膦配体的镍硒配合物(2a–2c,3a–3b,4);然后将这些镍硒配合物用作[NiFeSe]氢化酶的功能模型物,利用电化学方法,以三氟乙酸为质子给体测定了相应的电催化产氢活性。在相同实验条件下,分别研究了双硒配体上不同的取代基团,及含二茂铁的双膦配体上不同取代基等结构修饰方式对镍硒配合物催化产氢性能的影响。结果表明:这些镍硒配合物的催化产氢活性跟双硒配体及双膦配体的结构有很大关系,对应的催化转化频率(TOF)分别为12182 s^?1(2a),15385 s^?1(2b),20359 s^?1(2c),106 s^?1(3a),794 s^?1(3b),13580 s^?1(4)。其中,1,2-二硒-4,5-二甲基和1,1’-双(二苯膦)二茂铁配体与镍离子配位形成的镍硒配合物2c具有最好的电催化活性(TOF=20359 s^?1),其产氢性能已大大超过先前我们课题组所报道的由1,2-苯二硒、1,1’-双(二苯膦)二茂铁所配位形成的镍硒配合物1(TOF=7838 s^?1)。     

钌分子氢配合物催化烯烃的离子氢化

在氢气压力下，钌配合物[^MeCnRuCl(dppe)](O3SCF3)与AgO3SC3在CH2Cl2中反应生成分子氢配合物[^MeCnRu(H2)(dppe)](O3SCF3)2，该分子氢配合物具有催化烯烃离子氢化的活性。原位高压核磁共振研究显示，这种催化离子氢化反应可能是由分子氢配合物向烯烃转移氢质子形成碳正离子引起的。     

金属/金属氧化物纳米粒子在不对称氢化和氢转移反应中的应用研究进展

近年来,金属/金属氧化物纳米粒子催化的不对称氢化和氢转移反应已经成为催化领域的前沿和研究热点之一. 金属/金属氧化物纳米粒子的催化模式类似于“纳米反应器”,底物可以通过有机包覆层扩散至催化中心,局部的高催化剂浓度通常可以极大地提高催化反应转换数（TON）和转化频率（TOF）. 在以纳米金属为催化活性中心方面,Orito纳米铂体系获得最多的关注,科学家们从手性修饰剂的结构改造、催化剂载体的选择、不同的反应介质、纳米催化剂的形貌和催化反应机理等方面开展了较为系统的研究,并取得重要进展. 此外,纳米钯、铑、钌、铱和铁等金属纳米催化剂也在烯烃、酮和亚胺等化合物的不对称氢化和氢转移反应中表现出良好的催化性能,特别是纳米铱和铁催化剂已获得95%以上的对映选择性. 在金属/金氧化物纳米粒子为催化剂载体方面,其催化不对称氢化及氢转移反应的效率及对映选择性可与均相催化剂相媲美,同时还解决了均相催化剂难于回收再循环的缺陷. 本文简要介绍了近年来手性金属纳米催化剂在不对称氢化和氢转移反应领域的研究进展,讨论了相关反应的催化机理,并对该领域仍存在的问题和未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

镍铁双金属系列电催化材料的研究进展

氢能源由于其成本低、可再生、绿色环保等优点,成为世界上公认的清洁能源之一.电解水则是目前最有潜力的提供氢燃料的方案之一,镍铁双金属电催化剂由于其来源丰富、成本低、清洁无污染且有较强的催化性能,得到了人们的广泛关注.本文主要综述了近些年来双金属镍铁氧化物和镍铁合金方面的发展与研究,对他们的合成方法,性能及其稳定性进行了深入探讨.     

单环戊二烯基镍化合物催化α－硅氢加成反应

单环戊二烯基镍化合物催化α－硅氢加成反应娄兆文（湖北大学化学系，武汉４３００６２）张伦（武汉大学化学系，武汉４３００７２）关键词有机镍化合物，催化，硅氢化加成。１．前言硅氢化合物对烯烃的加成反应通常必需使用氯铂酸等铂、钯、铑化合物作催化剂［１，２］，...     

单铁氢化酶活性中心的仿生模拟研究进展

单铁氢化酶的活性中心能在自然环境条件下催化异裂氢分子并且选择性还原特定底物。自从20世纪90年代,其第一次被分离出来后,科学家一直在努力模拟单铁氢化酶活性中心的结构及功能,期望通过仿生手段,实现类似自然界温和利用氢气的功能,来解决当今氢能在使用中贵金属催化剂等问题。仿生单铁氢化酶活性中心模型化合物被不断合成研究,促进了对酶活性中心几何结构和电子特性的认知。红外光谱特征、催化禁阻特性、质子化特性、密度泛函分析(DFT)以及催化机理探索等为未来研究提供了理论基础。本篇综述主要总结了近些年单铁氢化酶的分离表征、晶体结构、活性中心的仿生模拟、催化机理探索方面研究进展。     

松香催化加氢过程中树脂酸组成变化的跟踪分析

利用自行改进的DEAE-Sephadex离子交换色谱和气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用(GC-MS-DS)技术研究了在Raney Ni 存在下脂松香催化加氢反应过程中各类树脂酸组成的变化。证实在本实验条件下松香催化加氢过程中的主体反应是树脂酸的二氢化,只伴随少量的四氢化和极少量的脱氢反应。发现在二氢海松酸/异海松酸型树脂酸的分子间存在因双键移位而引起的异构现象。在整个跟踪分析过程中,共检出7种二氢枞酸型树脂酸、5种二氢海松酸/异海松酸型树脂酸及3种四氢树脂酸。     

富勒烯材料的催化作用研究进展

介绍了富勒烯材料（富勒烯和富勒烯衍生物）的催化作用研究进展,特别是催化有机反应方面,包括催化氢转移和硅氢化反应、烷烃裂解反应、氢氘互换反应、耦合和烷基转移反应等.这种新材料还可以催化产生单线态氧（1O2）的化学反应、催化非金属固氮反应、催化石墨合成金刚石的反应,同时还可催化高能燃料的燃烧过程,具有广泛的应用前景.     

亮点介绍

铱催化3,4-二取代异喹啉的不对称氢化Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2012,51,8286～8289手性四氢异喹啉骨架是生物碱和手性药物分子中的重要结构单元.对异喹啉化合物进行不对称氢化是得到手性四氢异喹啉化合物最直接有效的途径.但是由于存在底物活性低和底物和氢化产物对催化剂具有抑制作用,异喹啉的不对称氢化是一个未能很好解决的难题.     

Control of the Transition between Ni‐C and Ni‐SIa States by the Redox State of the Proximal Fe?S Cluster in the Catalytic Cycle of [NiFe] Hydrogenase

[NiFe] hydrogenase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of H₂. The electrons produced by the H₂ cleavage pass through three Fe–S clusters in [NiFe] hydrogenase to its redox partner. It has been reported that the Ni‐SI_a, Ni‐C, and Ni‐R states of [NiFe] hydrogenase are involved in the catalytic cycle, although the mechanism and regulation of the transition between the Ni‐C and Ni‐SI_a states remain unrevealed. In this study, the FT‐IR spectra under light irradiation at 138–198 K show that the Ni‐L state of [NiFe] hydrogenase is an intermediate between the transition of the Ni‐C and Ni‐SI_a states. The transition of the Ni‐C state to the Ni‐SI_a state occurred when the proximal [Fe₄S₄]_p^2+/+ cluster was oxidized, but not when it was reduced. These results show that the catalytic cycle of [NiFe] hydrogenase is controlled by the redox state of its [Fe₄S₄]_p^2+/+ cluster, which may function as a gate for the electron flow from the NiFe active site to the redox partner.     

Control of the Transition between Ni‐C and Ni‐SIa States by the Redox State of the Proximal FeS Cluster in the Catalytic Cycle of [NiFe] Hydrogenase

[NiFe] hydrogenase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of H₂. The electrons produced by the H₂ cleavage pass through three Fe–S clusters in [NiFe] hydrogenase to its redox partner. It has been reported that the Ni‐SI_a, Ni‐C, and Ni‐R states of [NiFe] hydrogenase are involved in the catalytic cycle, although the mechanism and regulation of the transition between the Ni‐C and Ni‐SI_a states remain unrevealed. In this study, the FT‐IR spectra under light irradiation at 138–198 K show that the Ni‐L state of [NiFe] hydrogenase is an intermediate between the transition of the Ni‐C and Ni‐SI_a states. The transition of the Ni‐C state to the Ni‐SI_a state occurred when the proximal [Fe₄S₄]_p^2+/+ cluster was oxidized, but not when it was reduced. These results show that the catalytic cycle of [NiFe] hydrogenase is controlled by the redox state of its [Fe₄S₄]_p^2+/+ cluster, which may function as a gate for the electron flow from the NiFe active site to the redox partner.     

X‐ray Crystallography and Vibrational Spectroscopy Reveal the Key Determinants of Biocatalytic Dihydrogen Cycling by [NiFe] Hydrogenases

[NiFe] hydrogenases are complex model enzymes for the reversible cleavage of dihydrogen (H₂). However, structural determinants of efficient H₂ binding to their [NiFe] active site are not properly understood. Here, we present crystallographic and vibrational‐spectroscopic insights into the unexplored structure of the H₂‐binding [NiFe] intermediate. Using an F₄₂₀‐reducing [NiFe]‐hydrogenase from Methanosarcina barkeri as a model enzyme, we show that the protein backbone provides a strained chelating scaffold that tunes the [NiFe] active site for efficient H₂ binding and conversion. The protein matrix also directs H₂ diffusion to the [NiFe] site via two gas channels and allows the distribution of electrons between functional protomers through a subunit‐bridging FeS cluster. Our findings emphasize the relevance of an atypical Ni coordination, thereby providing a blueprint for the design of bio‐inspired H₂‐conversion catalysts.     

The crystalline state as a dynamic system: IR microspectroscopy under electrochemical control for a [NiFe] hydrogenase

Controlled formation of catalytically-relevant states within crystals of complex metalloenzymes represents a significant challenge to structure–function studies. Here we show how electrochemical control over single crystals of [NiFe] hydrogenase 1 (Hyd1) from Escherichia coli makes it possible to navigate through the full array of active site states previously observed in solution. Electrochemical control is combined with synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy, which enables us to measure high signal-to-noise IR spectra in situ from a small area of crystal. The output reports on active site speciation via the vibrational stretching band positions of the endogenous CO and CN⁻ ligands at the hydrogenase active site. Variation of pH further demonstrates how equilibria between catalytically-relevant protonation states can be deliberately perturbed in the crystals, generating a map of electrochemical potential and pH conditions which lead to enrichment of specific states. Comparison of in crystallo redox titrations with measurements in solution or of electrode-immobilised Hyd1 confirms the integrity of the proton transfer and redox environment around the active site of the enzyme in crystals. Slowed proton-transfer equilibria in the hydrogenase in crystallo reveals transitions which are only usually observable by ultrafast methods in solution. This study therefore demonstrates the possibilities of electrochemical control over single metalloenzyme crystals in stabilising specific states for further study, and extends mechanistic understanding of proton transfer during the [NiFe] hydrogenase catalytic cycle.

Electrochemically-coupled IR microspectroscopy of single crystals provides insight into proton-coupled electron transfer in [NiFe] hydrogenase.     

Dithiolato-bridged dinuclear iron-nickel complexes [Fe(CO)2(CN)2(mu-SCH2CH2CH2S)Ni(S2CNR2)]- modeling the active site of [NiFe] hydrogenase

[NiFe] hydrogenase, the enzyme of which catalyzes the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen to protons and electrons, contains a unique heterodinuclear thiolate-bridged Ni-Fe complex in which the iron center is coordinated by CO and CN. We have synthesized dithiolate-bridged Ni-Fe complexes bearing CO and CN ligands to model the active center of [NiFe] hydrogenase. The Ni-Fe complexes containing a [(CN)2(CO)2Fe(mu-S2)NiS2] framework are the closest yet structural models of [NiFe] hydrogenase.     

An S‐Oxygenated [NiFe] Complex Modelling Sulfenate Intermediates of an O2‐Tolerant Hydrogenase

To understand the molecular details of O₂‐tolerant hydrogen cycling by a soluble NAD⁺‐reducing [NiFe] hydrogenase, we herein present the first bioinspired heterobimetallic S‐oxygenated [NiFe] complex as a structural and vibrational spectroscopic model for the oxygen‐inhibited [NiFe] active site. This compound and its non‐S‐oxygenated congener were fully characterized, and their electronic structures were elucidated in a combined experimental and theoretical study with emphasis on the bridging sulfenato moiety. Based on the vibrational spectroscopic properties of these complexes, we also propose novel strategies for exploring S‐oxygenated intermediates in hydrogenases and similar enzymes.     

Insights into the structure of the active site of the O2-tolerant membrane bound [NiFe] hydrogenase of R. eutropha H16 by molecular modelling

Structural models for the Ni-B state of the wild-type and C81S protein variant of the membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenase from Ralstonia eutropha H16 were derived by applying the homology model technique combined with molecular simulations and a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical approach. The active site structure was assessed by comparing calculated and experimental IR spectra, confirming the view that the active site structure is very similar to those of anaerobic standard hydrogenases. In addition, the data suggest the presence of a water molecule in the second coordination sphere of the active centre.     

Structural studies of the carbon monoxide complex of [NiFe]hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F: suggestion for the initial activation site for dihydrogen

The carbon monoxide complex of [NiFe]hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F has been characterized by X-ray crystallography and absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Nine crystal structures of the [NiFe]hydrogenase in the CO-bound and CO-liberated forms were determined at 1.2-1.4 A resolution. The exogenously added CO was assigned to be bound to the Ni atom at the Ni-Fe active site. The CO was not replaced with H(2) in the dark at 100 K, but was liberated by illumination with a strong white light. The Ni-C distances and Ni-C-O angles were about 1.77 A and 160 degrees, respectively, except for one case (1.72 A and 135 degrees ), in which an additional electron density peak between the CO and Sgamma(Cys546) was recognized. Distinct changes were observed in the electron density distribution of the Ni and Sgamma(Cys546) atoms between the CO-bound and CO-liberated structures for all the crystals tested. The novel structural features found near the Ni and Sgamma(Cys546) atoms suggest that these two atoms at the Ni-Fe active site play a role during the initial H(2)-binding process. Anaerobic addition of CO to dithionite-reduced [NiFe]hydrogenase led to a new absorption band at about 470 nm ( approximately 3000 M(-1)cm(-1)). Resonance Raman spectra (excitation at 476.5 nm) of the CO complex revealed CO-isotope-sensitive bands at 375/393 and 430 cm(-1) (368 and 413 cm(-1) for (13)C(18)O). The frequencies and relative intensities of the CO-related Raman bands indicated that the exogenous CO is bound to the Ni atom with a bent Ni-C-O structure in solution, in agreement with the refined structure determined by X-ray crystallography.     

A third type of hydrogenase catalyzing H2 activation

The activation of molecular hydrogen is of interest both from a chemical and biological viewpoint. The covalent bond of H(2) is strong (436 kJ mol(-1)). Its cleavage is catalyzed by metals or metal complexes in chemical hydrogenation reactions and by metalloenzymes named hydrogenases in microorganisms. Until recently only two types of hydrogenases are known, the [FeFe[-hydrogenases and [NiFe[-hydrogenases. Both types, which are phylogenetically unrelated, harbor in their active site a dinuclear metal center with intrinsic CO and cyanide ligands and contain iron-sulfur clusters for electron transport as revealed by their crystal structures. Fifteen years ago a third type of phylogenetically unrelated hydrogenase was discovered, which has a mononuclear iron active site and is devoid of iron-sulfur clusters. It was initially referred to as "metal free" hydrogenase, but was later renamed iron-sulfur cluster-free hydrogenase or [Fe[-hydrogenase. In this review, we introduce first the [FeFe[-hydrogenases and [NiFe[-hydrogenases, and then focus on the structure and function of the iron-sulfur cluster-free hydrogenase (Hmd) and show that this enzyme contains an iron-containing cofactor. The low-spin iron is complexed by two intrinsic CO-, one sulfur- and one or two N/O ligands and has one open coordination site, which is proposed to be the location of H(2) binding.