电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铸造用硅砂中的Fe2O3、Al2O3、CaO、MgO、TiO2、K2O、Na2O

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铸造用硅砂中Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、CaO、MgO、TiO_2、K_2O、Na_2O的方法。研究了溶样方法的选择优化,采用硝酸、氢氟酸溶样,冒高氯酸处理,通过元素分析线的选择,基体和共存元素影响的消除,在最佳的仪器分析条件下得出了方法的线性范围、相关系数及检出限。用硅砂3个梯度含量的标准物质的分析结果评价方法的准确度和精密度。方法的检出限Fe为0.012μg/mL、Al为0.032μg/mL、Ca为0.27μg/mL、Mg为0.003 2μg/mL、Ti为0.002 1μg/mL、K为0.16μg/mL,Na为0.000 44μg/mL。5次数据的相对标准偏差说明方法稳定性较好。方法适用于铸造用硅砂中Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、CaO、MgO、TiO_2、K_2O、Na_2O含量的测定。     

Nitroformonitrile oxide

Two methods for the generation of nitroformonitrile oxide (NFNO) were proposed, namely, by dehydration of dinitromethane and by nitration of 2-methyl-1-nitro-1-propene. NFNO was identified as its cyclodimerization product, dinitrofuroxan.Deceased.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 722–726, April, 1995.     

整体式三氧化钨/氧化石墨烯气凝胶增强可见光光催化氧化NO性能（英文）

近年来,光催化技术在去除以NO为代表的诸多室内气体污染物方面展现出巨大的潜力.单质铋和铋系氧化物,非金属氧化物以及钙钛矿等众多半导体光催化材料均具有优异的NO降解效率,但很难控制氧化产物.因而会生成大量毒性更强的中间产物NO2造成二次污染.因此,寻求一种清洁、高效,且具有良好选择性的光催化材料成为了亟待解决的问题.六方相三氧化钨(h-WO_3)的价带位置较正,氧化电位较高,具有很强的氧化能力,是一种良好的氧化性光催化半导体材料.然而,WO_3催化材料多为粉末状,不仅容易团聚,难以回收利用并且会堵塞检测气路.同时,WO_3本身存在的电子-空穴复合率高,弱的可见光响应性等问题使其光催化活性较低.因而,制备具有良好可见光响应,高电子-空穴分离效率的一体化WO_3材料是其广泛应用前急需解决的问题.而石墨烯气凝胶是理想的催化剂载体,其较高的比表面积以及多孔状结构可有效地增加催化剂的暴露面积,提升催化剂利用率;更重要的是,氧化石墨烯(GO)具有极高的导电率,可作为电子受体加速电子-空穴对的分离而提升光催化活性.因此,以GO作为基体材料,构建WO_3/GO气凝胶一体化材料有良好的应用前景.然而,现在还鲜见有关宏观WO_3/GO气凝胶光催化降解NO的报道.本文以偏钨酸铵为钨源,利用体积分数为25%的冰醋酸在180ⅹC条件下制备六方相三氧化钨.通过机械搅拌以及冷冻干燥法制备WO_3/GO气凝胶.经光催化氧化NO测试发现其可见光下降解率可达51%,是WO_3粉体的3.3倍,并且NO_2生成率仅为0.5%,远远低于其他相关光催化材料.采用了X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),紫外-漫反射分光光度计(UV-DRS),傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和荧光光谱(PL)等手段研究了其光催化性能提高的原因.XRD测试显示,复合材料主体为h-WO_3,说明GO的引入并未破坏材料晶体结构;TEM和BET测试发现,在加入GO之后h-WO_3分散性变好,比表面积变大,从而可暴露更多的光催化活性位点.UV-DRS吸收光谱可以看到WO_3/GO气凝胶材料的吸收边发生了显著的红移,其禁带宽度从3.44 eV减小到3.16 eV,这可能是GO影响了WO_3的能带结构所致.同时PL结果表明,引入了GO之后,气凝胶材料的非辐射跃迁程度明显减小表明其电子-空穴对的复合得到了显著抑制,电子迁移显著加强.综合以上结果,可以得到WO_3/GO光催化性能提升以及良好的产物选择性的原因.首先,三维气凝胶材料的结构提升了催化剂的有效利用率,较大的比表面积暴露了更多的活性位点.其次,GO的引入减小了复合材料的禁带宽度,并使其吸光性能有所改善,产生了更多的光生电子和空穴.最后,GO本身极高的导电性,使光生电子-空穴对得以有效的分离,一方面,电子通过GO迅速转移到材料表面来参与光催化反应;另一方面,电子的快速转移抑制了电子-空穴对的复合,进而提高光催化性能,而且较正的价带位置保证了NO较为彻底的氧化为NO3–.因此,相比传统粉末WO_3催化材料,一体化的WO_3/GO气凝胶不仅显著提升了NO降解率,同时严格抑制了毒副产物NO2的生成,同时更具有容易回收利用,不存在二次污染的优点.综上所述,WO_3/GO一体化气凝胶光催化材料有望在环境净化与能源领域表现出良好的应用前景.     

Versatile PEG-derivatized phosphine oxide ligands for water-dispersible metal oxide nanocrystals

We report the simple synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-derivatized phosphine oxide ligands for water-dispersible metal oxide nanocrystals.     

Copper oxide nanocrystals

It is well-known that inorganic nanocrystals are a benchmark model for nanotechnology, given that the tunability of optical properties and the stabilization of specific phases are uniquely possible at the nanoscale. Copper (I) oxide (Cu(2)O) is a metal oxide semiconductor with promising applications in solar energy conversion and catalysis. To understand the Cu/Cu(2)O/CuO system at the nanoscale, we have developed a method for preparing highly uniform monodisperse nanocrystals of Cu(2)O. The procedure also serves to demonstrate our development of a generalized method for the synthesis of transition metal oxide nanocrystals. Cu nanocrystals are initially formed and subsequently oxidized to form highly crystalline Cu(2)O. The volume change during phase transformation can induce crystal twinning. Absorption in the visible region of the spectrum gave evidence for the presence of a thin, epitaxial layer of CuO, which is blue-shifted, and appears to increase in energy as a function of decreasing particle size. XPS confirmed the thin layer of CuO, calculated to have a thickness of approximately 5 A. We note that the copper (I) oxide phase is surprisingly well-stabilized at this length scale.     

Pristine graphite oxide

Graphite oxide (GO) is a lamellar substance with an ambiguous structure due to material complexity. Recently published GO-related studies employ only one out of several existing models to interpret the experimental data. Because the models are different, this leads to confusion in understanding the nature of the observed phenomena. Lessening the structural ambiguity would lead to further developments in functionalization and use of GO. Here, we show that the structure and properties of GO depend significantly on the quenching and purification procedures, rather than, as is commonly thought, on the type of graphite used or oxidation protocol. We introduce a new purification protocol that produces a product that we refer to as pristine GO (pGO) in contrast to the commonly known material that we will refer to as conventional GO (cGO). We explain the differences between pGO and cGO by transformations caused by reaction with water. We produce ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and scanning electron microscopic analytical evidence for the structure of pGO. This work provides a new explanation for the acidity of GO solutions and allows us to add critical details to existing GO models.     

Graphene oxide nanocolloids

Graphene oxide (GO) nanocolloids-sheets with lateral dimension smaller than 100 nm-were synthesized by chemical exfoliation of graphite nanofibers, in which the graphene planes are coin-stacked along the length of the nanofibers. Since the upper size limit is predetermined by the diameter of the nanofiber precursor, the size distribution of the GO nanosheets is much more uniform than that of common GO synthesized from graphite powders. The size can be further tuned by the oxidation time. Compared to the micrometer-sized, regular GO sheets, nano GO has very similar spectroscopic characteristics and chemical properties but very different solution properties, such as surface activity and colloidal stability. Due to higher charge density originating from their higher edge-to-area ratios, aqueous GO nanocolloids are significantly more stable. Dispersions of GO nanocolloids can sustain high-speed centrifugation and remain stable even after chemical reduction, which would result in aggregates for regular GO. Therefore, nano GO can act as a better dispersing agent for insoluble materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes) in water, creating a more stable colloidal dispersion.     

The molecular structures of gaseous cyclopentene oxide,cyclohexene oxide and cycloheptene oxide as determined by electron diffraction

The molecular structures of gaseous cyclopentene oxide, cyclohexene oxide and cycloheptene oxide are investigated by electron diffraction. The boat conformation of cyclopentene oxide is confirmed, while a half-chair conformer is determined for cyclohexene oxide. Cycloheptene oxide is found to exist in a 66(2):34(2) conformational mixture of two chair forms.     

The effect of aluminium oxide on the reduction of cobalt oxide and thermostabillity of cobalt and cobalt oxide

During precipitation and calcination at 200°C nanocrystalline Co₃O₄ was obtained with average size crystallites of 13 nm and a well developed specific surface area of 44 m² g^?1. A small addition of a structural promoter, e.g. Al₂O₃, increases the specific surface area of the cobalt oxide (54 m² g^?1) and decreases the average size of crystallites (7 nm). Al₂O₃ inhibits the reduction process of Co₃O₄ by hydrogen. Reduction of cobalt oxide with aluminium oxide addition runs by equilibrium state at all the respective temperatures. The apparent activation energy of the recrystallization process of the nanocrystalline cobalt promoted by the aluminium oxide is 85 kJ mol^?1. Aluminium oxide improves the thermostability of both cobalt oxide and the cobalt obtained as a result of oxide phase reduction.      

Solubilities of zinc oxide and cadmium oxide in KCl-LiCl eutectic melts

ZnO solubility (pP = 4.77 ± 0.1) and CdO solubility (pP = 1.46 ± 0.1) in KCl-LiCl melts at 700°C are determined using the sequential additions method with the potentiometric control of the equilibrium oxide ion concentration. Cadmium oxide is a strong base; it fully dissociates in unsaturated solutions. Zinc oxide is a weak base (pK _ZnO = 2.89 ± 0.15). As the acidic properties of an ionic solvent strengthen with a fixed anionic composition, the solubilities of the oxides increase in correlation with their basicity index; the surface energy at the interface between the solid oxide and ionic melt decreases in association.     

The reaction between nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide over magnesium oxide

The title reaction was carried out with the help of the transient response method over MgO. It was concluded that no catalyst reduction occurred over this catalyst and the reaction proceeded through the reaction between adsorbed nitrous oxide and adsorbed carbon monoxide without participation of MgO oxygen.

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MgO. , - MgO.

     

Inorganic electrochromic materials based on tungsten oxide and nickel oxide nanostructures

Electrochromic devices, which dynamically change color under applied potentials, are widely studied for use in energy-efficient smart windows. The operation of electrochromic materials and devices involves the gain or loss of electrons and simultaneous insertion/extraction of ions with opposite charges to balance the internal electric fields. The performance is therefore limited by kinetics of charge transport in the electrochromic materials as well as ion migration in the electrolyte, materials and at their interfaces. Nanostructured electrochromic materials have an extremely short charge transport distance facilitating charge transport in electrochromic devices and large specific surface area for interaction with electrolytes, and thus may provide fast charge and ions transport, high electrochemical activities and remarkable enhancement of electrochromic properties. The recent progress in application of nanostructures, including nanoparticles, 1D and 2D nanostructures, in metal oxide electrochromic materials and devices is reviewed. A perspective on the development trends in electrochromic materials and devices is also proposed.     

Characterization and demulsification of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers

Four poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers with different molecular weights and PPO/PEO composition ratios were synthesized. The characterization of the PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers was studied by surface tension measurement, UV-vis spectra, and surface pressure method. These results clearly showed that the CMC of PEO-PPO-PEO was not a certain value but a concentration range, in contrast to classical surfactant, and two breaks around CMC were reflected in both surface tension isotherm curves and UV-vis absorption spectra. The range of CMC became wider with increasing PPO/PEO composition ratio. Surface pressure Pi-A curves revealed that the amphiphilic triblock copolymer PEO-PPO-PEO molecule was flexible at the air/water interface. We found that the minimum area per molecule at the air/water interface increased with the proportion of PEO chains. The copolymers with the same mass fractions of PEO had similar slopes in the isotherm of the Pi-A curve. From the demulsification experiments a conclusion had been drawn that the dehydration speed increased with decreased content of PEO, but the final dehydration rate of four demulsifiers was approximate. We determined that the coalescence of water drops resulted in the breaking of crude oil emulsions from the micrograph.     

Discovery and characterization of novel oxide anodes for solid oxide fuel cells

The search for alternative anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has been reviewed in the light of structure, stability, conductivity, chemical and thermal compatibility with electrolyte YSZ. In this review, we have presented the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional Ni-YSZ anode for SOFCs. The development of alternative anode for SOFCs with fluorite, rutile, tungsten bronze, pyrochlore, perovskite and spinel structures has been reviewed and discussed in detail. Among the reported materials systems, materials with perovskite structure are promising particularly where two ions with complimentary function are present on the B-site at high concentration. We have recently found a good redox stable anode (La(0.75)Sr(0.25))(1-x)Cr(0.5)Mn(0.5)O(3) (0 相似文献   

Titanium-supported nickel-copper oxide catalysts for oxidation of carbon(II) oxide

Nickel-copper compositions for catalytic oxidation of carbon(II) oxide to carbon(IV) oxide were prepared by impregnation of oxide films on titanium surface, obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation followed by annealing. Plasma electrolysis oxide coatings with a layer thickness of 5 to 50 μm were generated using different electrolytes. The compositions were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray spectral analysis, and electron microscopy, and moisture absorption of the initial plasma electrolytic structures was estimated. A linear correlation was found between the overall concentration of nickel and copper (4 to 25 mol %) in the surface layer of ∼2–5-μm compositions and their catalytic activity. The overall concentration of nickel and copper was found to increase in parallel with the moisture absorption of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings. Nickel-copper compositions based on plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings generated in a silicate electrolyte displayed the best catalytic, mechanical, and adhesion properties.