Highly stereoselective biocatalytic reduction of alpha-halo ketones

The use of recombinant carbonyl reductase biocatalysts for the reduction of alpha-halo ketone intermediates to their corresponding alpha-halo alcohols has been investigated. The alpha-halo alcohol is obtained in good yield from the corresponding ketone in a stereoselective manner.     

DABCO-catalyzed reaction of alpha-halo carbonyl compounds with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate: a novel method for the preparation of polysubstituted furans and highly functionalized 2H-pyrans

[Chemical reaction: see text] Polysubstituted furans and highly functionalized 2H-pyrans were prepared in good yields by DABCO-catalyzed reactions of alpha-halo carbonyl compounds with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) at room temperature.     

Indium-catalyzed Barbier allylation reaction

Barbier allylation reaction of carbonyl compounds with allyl bromide was investigated using a catalytic amount of indium (0), indium (I) or indium (III) salts in the presence of a reducer and chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl). The Mn/TMSCl couple turned out to be the most efficient system to regenerate active indium in the allylation reaction of various carbonyl compounds including α- and β-oxygenated aldehydes.     

Phenyl tributylstannyl selenide as a promising reagent for introduction [corrected] of the phenylseleno group

A new synthetic method of organoselenium compounds has been developed. When phenyl tributylstannyl selenide (PhSeSnBu(3)) was allowed to react with acyl or aroyl chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of a palladium complex such as Pd(PPh(3))(4), Se-phenyl selenol esters were obtained in moderate to good yields. Similarly, the palladium complex catalyzed the reaction of PhSeSnBu(3) with alpha-halo carbonyl compounds to afford the corresponding alpha-phenyseleno carbonyl compounds in moderate yields.     

Tin mediated Barbier type allylation in ionic liquids

The Barbier type allylation of carbonyl compounds is a useful organic transformation as the resultant homoallylic alcohols are important building blocks for many biologically active molecules. Tin mediated Barbier allylation of different carbonyl compounds in room temperature ionic liquid, [BMIM][BF₄] afforded the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in good to excellent yields. The ionic liquid was successfully recycled and reused in allylation reactions.     

结构新颖的金属双核烯丙基试剂的合成及其芳香醛烯丙基化反应

报道了一个简捷的芳香醛的烯丙基化反应的新体系. 通过使用新型的金属双核烯丙基锡试剂(含有Sn—M键, M=Mn或Fe)与醛在二氯甲烷中反应, 无需使用任何辅助试剂, 直接得到较高产率(42％~98％)的高烯丙基醇. 实验结果证明过渡金属基团及M—Sn键具有相当高的活化锡原子上的烯丙基基团的作用.     

Radical alkenylation of alpha-halo carbonyl compounds with alkenylindiums

Alkenylation reaction of alpha-halo carbonyl compounds with alkenylindiums proceeded via a radical process in the presence of triethylborane. Unactivated alkene moieties as well as a styryl group could be introduced by this method. The geometry of the carbon-carbon double bonds of the alkenylindiums was retained. Preparation of an alkenylindium via a hydroindation of 1-alkyne followed by radical alkenylation established an efficient one-pot strategy. [reaction: see text]     

Silyl-substituted 1,3-butadienes for Diels-Alder reaction, ene reaction and allylation reaction

Silyl-substituted 1,3-butadienes are useful building blocks and are readily applied in several types of reactions such as Diels-Alder reaction, ene reaction and allylation. They can also participate in different tandem reactions such as Diels-Alder/allylation, ene/allylation, ene/allylation/Diels-Alder reaction, ene/allylation/ene reaction and ene/allylation/Diels-Alder/allylation reaction. This feature article reviews the synthesis of silyl-substituted 1,3-butadienes, and their applications in the reaction types mentioned above, involving a tandem Diels-Alder/ene/allylation process. This article also introduces some reactions of alkenylsilanes and allylsilanes for comparison and discussion about the tandem reaction. The tandem reactions described in this article are a powerful tool to construct complicated multicyclic compounds with high selectivity and high efficiency.     

Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds Mediated by Aluminum/Fluoride Salts in Water

A novel mediator (Al/KF) has been developed and employed in the Barbier‐type alkylations of various aldehydes and ketones with alkyl halide in water. The carbonyl compounds could be effectively converted into corresponding homoallylic alcohol in good yields only when allyl bromides or substituted allyl bromides were used as halides. Aromatic aldehydes could afford homoallylic alcohols in high yields, unfortunately, the allylation of aromatic aldehyde substituted by nitro‐ or amino‐group could not proceed smoothly, and the allylation yields of ketones and aliphatic carbonyl compounds were lower under the same condition. The diastereoselectivity and regioseletivity of the reaction have also been studied, the predominant products preferred the erythro‐ or anti‐isomer in dominant γ‐adduct by using Al/KF mediated allylation of benzaldehydes with cinnamyl bromide and ethyl 4‐bromo‐2‐butenoate in water.     

An insight into copper catalyzed allylation of alkyl zinc halides. Comparison of reactivity profiles for catalytic and stoichiometric alkylzinc-copper reagents

The γ-selective allylation of catalytic and stoichiometric alkylzinc-cuprates have been kinetically studied. The reactivity profiles generated by allylation reactions of n-butylzinc chloride catalyzed by CuX compounds (X = I, Br, Cl, CN, SCN) and also catalyzed by n-butylzinc-copper reagents and di n-butylzinc-copper reagents were evaluated. Reactivity profiles for allylation of stoichiometric n-butylzinc-copper reagents and di n-butylzinc-copper reagents were also prepared. All CuX compounds have been screened for the preparation of Grignard reagent derived n-butylzinc-copper reagents and di n-butylzinc-copper reagents.The evaluation of the profiles indicates that the active catalyst might be RCu(X)ZnCl and also to some degree, R₂CuZnCl · ZnClX, which both could favor formation of γ-product. All data supports the reductive elimination of σ-allyl Cu (III) complex formed at vinylic terminal to give γ-allylated product with a quite slow isomerization to σ-allyl Cu (III) complex formed at allylic terminal to give α-allylated product. In the allylation mechanism of zinc cuprates, the role of counter ion, ZnCl⁺ has been discussed.     

Is an iodine atom almighty as a leaving group for Bu(3)SnH-mediated radical cyclization? The effect of a halogen atom on the 5-endo-trig radical cyclization of N-vinyl-alpha-halo amides

The effect of a halogen atom as a leaving group on Bu(3)SnH-mediated 5-endo-trig radical cyclization of N-(cyclohex-1-enyl) alpha-halo amides was examined. The cyclization of alpha-chloro amides occurred with a high degree of efficiency, whereas the corresponding alpha-iodo congeners gave only limited quantities of cyclization products. A detailed study revealed that these phenomena could be attributed to the initial conformations of alpha-halo amides. The cyclizing ability of alpha-iodo amides can be restored with Bu(3)SnCl or Bu(3)SnF as an additive. The cyclization of an alpha-iodo amide in the presence of Bu(3)SnF could be applied to a short-step synthesis of lycoranes featuring sequential 5-endo-trig and 6-endo-trig radical cyclizations.     

Barbier-type reaction mediated with tin nano-particles in water

Tin nano-particles are employed in the Barbier-type allylation reaction of carbonyl compounds in water to afford the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in good yields. The in situ generated allylation intermediates, allyltin(II) bromide and diallyltin dibromide, have been directly observed by using ¹H NMR. A mechanism is proposed based on this observation.     

Aromatic allylation via diazotization: variation of the allylic moiety and a short route to a benzazepine derivative

A continued study of the recently discovered diazotizative allylation (DiazAll) reaction of aniline derivatives is reported. Several allyl reagents, commonly used in radical allylation reactions, were evaluated, and some of these reagents resulted in allylation when used in the DiazAll reaction. The best result was obtained with allyl bromide. Substituted allylic bromides gave the corresponding allyl aromatic compounds in poor to excellent yields. In comparison with an established method for aromatic allylation, the DiazAll reaction performed well and was superior when a more complex allylic bromide was used. Finally, a new allylation-bromocyclization reaction was demonstrated and used in the synthesis of a known inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of adrenaline.     

Synthesis of Aryl- and Alkyl-Containing 3-Methylene-5-hydroxy Esters via a Barbier Allylation Reaction

The formation of C−C bonds via the allylation of carbonyl compounds has been widely applied in total syntheses. Amongst the many possible strategies, the Barbier-type allylation in aqueous media has received only moderate attention over the last decades despite its mild reaction conditions. In this study, we investigated the indium (In⁰) and zinc (Zn⁰) mediated Barbier allylation reaction to efficiently synthesize base-labile 3-methylene-5-hydroxy containing building blocks for natural product total synthesis. As model study we selected the allylation of lipidic undecanal with ethyl 3-(bromomethyl)but-3-enoate in the presence of either Zn⁰ or In⁰ and investigated the effects of additives on yields and selectivities. We then applied the optimized reaction conditions to sterically demanding allyl bromides and functionalized aromatic aldehydes yielding eleven new homoallylic alcohols, one of which was further transformed via oxidation and reduction sequences.     

An efficient route for the allylation of arylaldehydes to give enantiopure homoallylic alcohols

An efficient asymmetric synthesis of homoallylic alcohols is described by the allylation of carbonyl compounds using organocatalysts as chiral directors in the presence of tin metal. The effect of chiral environment is also studied on the allylation reactions. This method allows us to obtain two different enantiomers of homoallylic alcohol in the presence of the corresponding chiral compound. The protocol is applied to various aldehydes to obtain high yields and excellent enantioselectivities for the corresponding homoallylic alcohols.     

Green Synthesis and Regioselective Control of Sn/I2 Mediated Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Crotyl Halide in Water

Barbier-type carbonyl allylation is particularly useful due to ease of operation and the availability and tractability of allylic substrates,[1] Metals such as indium, zinc and tin are often used as the mediator. Here we present a green approach toward the synthesis, that is, Sn/I2 mediated allylation of carbonyl compounds with crotyl halide in water.     

Benzylation and Allylation of Naphthols Using Amberlyst-15

A simple and efficient method has been developed for benzylation and allylation of naphthols by treatment of the compounds with benzylic and allylic alcohols, respectively, in the presence of amberlyst-15. Several heterogeneous catalysts were screened for the reaction, and amberlyst-15 was found to be most effective.     

Direct preparation of allylic indium(III) reagents from allylic alcohols via a reductive transmetalation of pi-allylnickel(II) with indium(I) iodide

InI-mediated direct allylation of carbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols proceeded smoothly with catalytic amounts of Ni(acac)(2) and PPh(3) to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in high yields. Allylindium compounds were shown to be the real allylating agents in the present system. Substituted allylic alcohols gave branched homoallylic alcohols with syn-selectivity irrespective of the geometry of the starting allylic alcohols, whereas high anti-selectivity was observed when a bulky substituent is present in the allylic alcohols. The outcome of the diastereoselectivity is discussed on the basis of the reaction mechanism, comparing with the corresponding Pd-catalyzed version. Another distinct behavior between the Ni- and Pd-catalyzed allylation was demonstrated in the reaction of hex-1,5-diene-3,4-diol derivatives: the Pd catalyst did not give any coupling product, whereas the Ni-catalyzed InI-mediated reaction with benzaldehyde afforded the 1:1 and 1:2 adduct diols selectively depending on the reaction conditions.     

Asymmetric synthesis of aziridines by reduction of N-tert-butanesulfinyl alpha-chloro imines

Reduction of (RS)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl alpha-halo imines afforded chiral aziridines in good to excellent yields. Upon reduction of (RS)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl alpha-halo imines with NaBH4 in THF, in the presence of 10 equiv of MeOH, (RS,S)-beta-halo sulfinamides were formed in excellent yield (up to 98%) with very good stereoselectivity (>98:2). Simple treatment of the latter (RS,S)-beta-halo-tert-butanesulfinamides with KOH afforded the corresponding (RS,S)-N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)aziridines in quantitative yields. On the contrary, its epimer, (RS,R)-N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)aziridine was synthesized by switchover of the reducing agent from NaBH4 to LiBHEt3. (RS,R)-N-(tert-Butylsulfinyl)aziridines were synthesized in good yields (up to 85%) and diastereoselectivity (up to 92:8) by reduction of (RS)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl alpha-halo imines with LiBHEt3 in dry THF and subsequent treatment with KOH. All chiral aziridines were obtained as a single diastereomer after recrystallization (overall yield up to 91%) or after flash chromatography.     

Palladium-catalyzed reactions of hypophosphorous compounds with allenes, dienes, and allylic electrophiles: methodology for the synthesis of allylic h-phosphinates

Hypophosphorous compounds (MOP(O)H(2), M = H, R(3)NH) effectively participate in metal-catalyzed C-P bond-forming reactions with allenes, dienes, and activated allylic electrophiles under mild conditions. The catalytic system Pd(2)dba(3)/xantphos is crucial to avoid or minimize the competitive reductive transfer-hydrogenation pathway available to hypophosphorous acid derivatives. Further investigation into the allylation mechanism provided access to the analogy allylic acetate-allylic phosphinate, which then led to the development of a Pd-catalyzed rearrangement of preformed allylic phosphinates esters and, ultimately, to a catalytic dehydrative allylation of hypophosphorous acid with allylic alcohols. The reactions disclosed herein constitute efficient synthetic approaches, not only to prepare allylic H-phosphinic acids but also their esters via one-pot tandem processes. In addition, the potential of H-phosphinates as useful synthons for the preparation of other organophosphorus compounds is demonstrated.