实现超分辨率的微变焦法

光电成象系统对目标欠抽样成象时,高频细节不但无法分辨,还将混淆低频成分.介绍一种新的实现光电成象系统超分辨率的方法——微变焦法,即利用放大率可变光学系统,获得多帧不同抽样频率下的混淆图象,然后重建成一帧混淆减少、分辨率提高的图象.计算机模拟和实验结果都表明了微变焦方法能够简便、有效地提高光电成象系统的分辨率 关键词： 超分辨率 微变焦法 混淆 光电成象系统 焦平面阵列     

正则化处理在层析成象光谱技术中的应用

本文首先介绍了层析成象光谱技术的基本原理和奇异值分解法在层析成象光谱技术中的一般应用。其次,为了改善层析成象系统的病态性,在硬件上,可通过设计光栅各衍射级数的衍射效率从而降低投影矩阵的谱条件数;在软件上,通过引入正则化处理,改善了层析成象系统的稳定性,降低了噪音对重建的光谱图象的影响。最后,我们通过计算机模拟试验进一步证实了理论的合理性和准确性。     

一种新的闪光照相图象边界检测方法

介绍了一种用于闪光X光照相图象的边界检测方法,称为计算对比法.对于投影成象,由于成象系统的非理想特性,实际照相特性的边界与理想成象图象的边界之间往往存在一位置差,我们称之为边界退化量.模糊图象的边界检测问题主要就是边界退化量的检测问题.本文提出的计算对比法根据闪光X光照相图象的退化模型进行计算模拟成象,用从模拟图象上得出的边界退化量对实际成象图象的位置进行校正.从而达到精确检测实际图象的目的.用这种方法对多幅模拟成象图象进行了处理.     

一种显示器投影成象系统的彩色图象几何畸变校正方法

显示器投影成象系统是解决数字图象输出的一种设备,它可将显示器荧屏上的图象(可来自数码相机、光盘、计算机等)扩印在普通彩色相纸上.由于光学镜头会产生几何畸变,加之显示器表面有一定弧度,因此成象在相纸上的图象存在着非线性的畸变.本文主要介绍了如何用数字图象处理的方法对显示器投影成象系统的图象进行几何畸变校正,并对其软件实现进行了简单的讨论.     

光学CT图象重建的数值模拟研究─Kosenbrock坐标轮换法

时间分辨光学CT技术因其对生物组织体的无损性,在生物成象领域引起了广泛的兴趣和研究,已提出许多方案,意在克服由于生物组织体中的多光散射效应所造成的成象障碍.本文简述了基于扩散方程近似的光学CT正向问题有限元解法,提出采用直接搜索优化算法-Rosenbrock坐标轮换法求解时间分辨光学CT中的图象重建问题,给出了基于积分光强和光子平均飞行时间及其加权组合的二维图象重建问题的数值模拟结果,证实了该方法的可行性.     

基于Hartley变换的磁共振成象

许多磁共振成象的应用场合需要利用正交双通道来采集一个具有时间和空间分辨力的对象序列。传统的基于Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换的成象方法，一方面，图象序列的重建时各帧图象是独立地进行重建的，因而图象序列的时间分辨力受到编码的限制；另一方面，来自两个通道之间的Ｆａｒｔｌｅｙ变换的磁共振成象技术。     

X-波段电子自旋成象

报道了自行设计研制的X-波段ESR成象装置并用之对典型样品作了ESR成象测定;用解卷积和分析图象重建中卷积滤波法对自旋样品体系进行了二维的图象重建,获取了能反映真实自旋分布的二维自旋密度图象.     

光学CT图象重建的数值模拟研究─Kosenbrock坐标轮换法

时间分辨光学 ＣＴ技术因其对生物组织体的无损性，在生物成象领域引起了广泛的兴趣和研究，已提出许多方案，意在克服由于生物组织体中的多光散射效应所造成的成象障碍．本文简述了基于扩散方程近似的光学ＣＴ正向问题有限元解法，提出采用直接搜索优化算法一Ｒｏｓｅｎｂｒｏｃｋ坐标轮换法求解时间分辨光学 ＣＴ中的图象重建问题，给出了基于积分光强和光子平均飞行时间及其加权组合的二维图象重建问题的数值模拟结果，证实了该方法的可行性．     

X－波段电子自旋成象

报道了自行设计研制的Ｘ－波段ＥＳＲ成象装置并用之对典型样品作了ＥＳＲ成象测定；用解卷积和分析图象重建中卷积滤波法对自旋样品体系进行了二维的图象重建，获取了能反映真实自旋分布的二维自旋密度图象．     

求解光学CT图象重建问题的广义脉冲谱技术研究

间接法是目前实现医学诊断用近红外光三维成象(光CT)的最有潜力的手段之一.该方法基于以下假设,即给定分别对应于不同点激励源作用下成象组织体表面各点的传输光测量.在组织体内存在着与上述检测量相对应的、唯一的光学参数三维分布.由此,图象重建变成了特定光子传输模型的逆问题.本文提出采用广义脉冲谱技术(Generalized Pulse Spectrum Technique,GPST)进行光学CT图象重建逆问题的求解.给出了GPST在扩散方程光子传输模型逆问题求解中的具体实现,数值实验结果表明,通过选择合适的复频率点,采用GPST算法的图象重建结果优于其它现有算法,且响应时间合理.最后,本文还初步讨论了吸收和散射系数重建中复频率点选择的一些基本原则。     

Automatic 3D tracking of cardiac material markers using slice-following and harmonic-phase MRI

A method to track a grid of cardiac material points in three dimensions using slice-following (SF) tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and harmonic-phase MRI is presented. A three-dimensional grid of material points on the lines of intersections of short-axis (SA) and long-axis (LA) planes is automatically tracked by combining two-dimensional pathlines that are computed on both SA and LA image planes. This process yields the true three-dimensional motion of points originating on the image plane intersections. Experimental data from normal volunteers, each obtained in four short breath-holds using the SF harmonic phase MRI pulse sequence, is presented. A validation of two-dimensional in-plane tracks using this pulse sequence on a moving phantom is also presented.     

磁共振成像谱仪梯度波形分析

梯度是磁共振成像（MRI）的关键环节.通过采集谱仪梯度波形信号并进行分析,提取出各通道波形的特征点,从而有助于快速准确地判断谱仪梯度硬件电路或脉冲序列编写是否存在问题.采用虚拟仪器LabVIEW软件控制高速采集卡DAQ-2005设计实现多路采集系统,对谱仪的梯度输出进行采集.通过对波形数据进行直方图统计、滤波、差分计算等分析,提取出波形的特征点,这些特征点包含时间与幅度信息.使用实验室自主研发的谱仪进行了多次实验,对该方法进行验证,证明了该方法的有效性,也为谱仪研制和脉冲序列开发提供了一种辅助测试方法.     

Pore diameter mapping using double pulsed-field gradient MRI and its validation using a novel glass capillary array phantom

Double pulsed-field gradient (d-PFG) MRI can provide quantitative maps of microstructural quantities and features within porous media and tissues. We propose and describe a novel MRI phantom, consisting of wafers of highly ordered glass capillary arrays (GCA), and its use to validate and calibrate a d-PFG MRI method to measure and map the local pore diameter. Specifically, we employ d-PFG Spin-Echo Filtered MRI in conjunction with a recently introduced theoretical framework, to estimate a mean pore diameter in each voxel within the imaging volume. This simulation scheme accounts for all diffusion and imaging gradients within the diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) sequence, and admits the violation of the short gradient pulse approximation. These diameter maps agree well with pore sizes measured using both optical microscopy and single PFG diffusion diffraction NMR spectroscopy using the same phantom. Pixel-by-pixel analysis shows that the local pore diameter can be mapped precisely and accurately within a specimen using d-PFG MRI.     

A combined harmonic phase and strain-encoded pulse sequence for measuring three-dimensional strain

Measurement of myocardial strain provides direct information about heart function that can be correlated with disease. We present an MRI pulse sequence that acquires in just six heartbeats both harmonic phase (HARP) and strain-encoded (SENC) images and provides dense measurements of radial, circumferential and longitudinal strains within a single short-axis slice. Normal volunteer data confirm the feasibility of this pulse sequence, and acquired data demonstrate the strain measurement reliability.     

基于Eclipse图形建模框架的图形化脉冲序列设计软件的实现

采用Eclipse图形建模框架（Graphical Modeling Framework,GMF）技术构建了一个图形化磁共振脉冲序列设计软件．软件具备所见即所得的特点,用户使用拖放方式所画出的脉冲序列与教科书和参考文献上的脉冲序列几乎一样．软件支持核磁共振（Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,NMR）波谱和磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）的脉冲序列设计,同时提供实验参数管理模块,实现脉冲序列基础上的NMR实验设计和执行预览．得益于GMF完善的模型-视图-控制器模式和强大的代码生成能力,软件开发周期大幅度缩短、扩展能力大幅度提高．     

磁共振现代射频脉冲理论在非均匀场成像中的应用

在磁共振非均匀场成像中，传统的射频脉冲导致回波信号的衰减.为了减小和消除这种磁共振信号的衰减，在讨论了经典理论的基础上根据非线性动力学中的逆散射理论和Shinnar-Le Roux方法导出了用于非均匀场成像的射频脉冲设计方法.模拟结果表明，采用逆散射理论和Shinnar-Le Roux方法优化的脉冲序列可以明显提高信号的信噪比. 关键词： 磁共振成像 射频脉冲 非线性系统     

Investigations and Modeling of the Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles on MR Image Contrast

The investigations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation of protons in aqueous solution and 2% agar–agar gel in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles were performed. To identify the effect of magnetic nanoparticles on the contrast of magnetic resonance images, the dependences of the MR signal intensity on the parameters of the two pulse radio-frequency (RF) sequences (spin-echo, gradient-echo) most commonly used in MRI for different values of the magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) concentration were simulated and analyzed. Recommendations for choosing the optimal values of pulse RF sequence parameters for MR imaging (MRI) in the presence of MNPs are formulated. MRI studies of phantom samples with 2% agar–agar gel containing MNPs have been performed for choosing the fast pulse RF sequence which shows the greatest contrast effect on MR images. A program for modeling magnetic resonance tomograms and determination of optimal values of pulse RF sequence parameters to achieve the best contrast of magnetic resonance images is developed. This program allows to reduce the time of MRI studies, to assess the possibility of using MNPs for contrast of MR images and to simulate the MR image in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles at the planning stage of procedures in MR-guided theranostics.     

Gradient hysteresis in MRI and NMR experiments

In this paper, we describe a gradient hysteresis effect that can modulate the current in gradient coils during MRI and NMR experiments. A simple pulse sequence is presented for the purpose of evaluating the resulting changes in the accumulated phase. Additionally, the nature of the gradient pulse shape changes is described. These experiments will be of interest to MRI and NMR scientists who are developing pulse sequences requiring precision gradient performance or who are currently seeking the source of unexplained NMR artifacts.     

Magnetization recovery for signal enhancement: a fast imaging DEFT-based technique

This paper describes the development and application of a new fast MRI technique based on the DEFT principle. The sequence named MAgnetization RecoverY for Signal Enhancement (MARYSE) is composed of two completely symmetric gradient echoes separated by a 180 degrees refocusing pulse. The RF pulse scheme, 90 degrees x-180 degrees y-90 degrees -x enables restoration of the transverse magnetization along the longitudinal axis, and consequently artificially increases R1 relaxation rate. In this sequence, the period between the excitation pulse and the restoring pulse (Tem: transverse magnetization evolution time) is very short (< 10 ms). This makes possible a significant increase in signal-to-noise ratio, even with a relatively short repetition time (20 ms). Simulations were performed for different values of Tem and TR at definite T1 and T2 and for different values of T1 and T2 at constant Tem and TR. Relevant signal enhancement for species with long relaxation time constants as compared to classical gradient echo and fast spin-echo imaging was expected. In vitro studies on a fat/water phantom confirmed this simulation. Application of MARYSE to mouse brain imaging permitted to visualize almost completely cerebrospinal fluid of the ventricles, a signal usually partially saturated in fast gradient echo imaging.     

Quantitative evaluation of optimal imaging parameters for single-cell detection in MRI using simulation

Super-paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are actively investigated to enhance disease detection through molecular imaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Detection of the cells labeled by SPIO depends on the MRI protocols and pulse sequence parameters that can be optimized. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the image acquisition methods and to obtain optimal imaging parameters for single-cell detection, we further developed an MRI simulator. The simulator models an object (tissue) at a microscopic level to evaluate effects of spatial distribution and concentration of nanoparticles on the resulting image. In this study, the simulator was used to evaluate and compare imaging of the labeled cells by the gradient-echo (GE), true-FISP [fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA)] and echo-planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequences. Effects of the imaging and object parameters, such as field strength, imaging protocol and pulse sequence parameters, imaging resolution, cell iron load, position of SPIO within the voxel and cell division within the voxel, were investigated in the work. The results suggest that true-FISP has the highest sensitivity for single-cell detection by MRI.