Synthesis of TiC-C fiber from titanium isopropoxide treated phenolic resin fiber

Precursor fibers for titanium carbide-carbon fibers were synthesized by reacting phenolic resin fibers with titanium isopropoxide (TIP). In this system, titanium oxide gel coated fiber was prepared by hydrolyzing TIP infiltrated resin fiber. The precursor fibers obtained after the hydrolysis were converted into titanium oxide-carbon fibers (TiO₂-C fibers) by pyrolysis at 1273 K. The TiO₂-C fibers were converted into titanium carbide-carbon fibers (TiC-C fibers) by heat treatment at 1373–1973 K. The mechanisms of the conversion from TiO₂-C fibers to TiC-C fibers were characterized by TGA.     

Preparation of core-shell and hollow fibers using layer by layer (LbL) self-assembly of polyelectrolytes on electrospun submicrometer-scale silica fibers

Herein, fabrication of hollow fibers made of polyelectrolyte multilayers is reported. Silica submicrometer-scale fibers were fabricated by electrospinning and layer by layer deposition of polyelectrolytes were performed to coat silica fibers with polyelectrolyte multilayers, which were prepared by consecutive deposition of poly(ethyleneimine) and poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt)/sodium dodecyl sulfate onto the surface of the silica fibers. In order to obtain hollow fibers, the core removal was carried out by introducing the core-shell fibers to a hydrofluoric acid solution. The hollow fibers were stable in hydrofluoric acid solution and displayed pH-dependent structural changes. SEM microscopy indicated the formation of the glass fibers and the fibers coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers (Silica—polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) fibers). The diameter of the core-shell fibers was increased after layer-by-layer coating. ATR-FTIR was performed for characterization of the glass fibers before and after layer-by-layer coating as well as after selective core removal. IR spectrum of the Silica-PEM fibers indicates C-H stretching modes of saturated hydrocarbons, confirming multilayers formation. Core removal was also confirmed by IR spectroscopy as Si-O-Si band disappears for the IR spectrum of the fibers after core-removal.     

四氧化三铁中空/螺旋纤维的制备及形成机理

以柠檬酸铁为原料, 利用有机凝胶热分解法在低升温速率下热处理并还原制备了Fe3O4中空/螺旋纤维. 通过TG/DTA, XRD和SEM对前驱体纤维热分解过程、产物物相和形貌进行了表征. 结果表明, 产物主要由80%的中空纤维和20%的螺旋纤维组成, 其中中空纤维的直径为6 μm左右, 壁厚为500 nm. 螺旋纤维的直径为6~10 μm, 螺旋纤维是由具有不同旋向的宽度为4~6 μm的带状纤维卷曲而成, 带状纤维的外表面壳层均匀密实, 其厚度为600 nm左右, 而内层疏松且不规则. Fe3O4中空/螺旋纤维是由晶粒尺寸为60 nm左右的纳米颗粒构成, 并有少量的介孔. 分析了中空纤维和螺旋纤维的形成机理, 直径较小的前驱体纤维在热处理过程中内部凝胶向表层迁移收缩形成中空纤维; 螺旋纤维是由直径较大的前驱体纤维在热处理过程中产生的强大的热应力导致纤维产生螺旋破裂形成的.     

Degradation behaviors of electrospun fibrous composites of hydroxyapatite and chemically modified poly(dl-lactide)

It is essential to individually tailor the biodegradability of electrospun fibers and their composites to meet the requirements of specific application. Electrospun poly(dl-lactide) (PDLLA) fibers grafted with functional groups were obtained to induce in situ mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HA), and HA/PDLLA composites were fabricated through hot-pressing of mineralized fibers after layer-by-layer deposition. The degradation behaviors during up to 1 year incubation were clarified for functionalized PDLLA fibers, mineralized HA/PDLLA fibers and hot-pressed composites. The carboxyl and amino groups of electrospun fibers indicated enhancement and alleviation of the autocatalysis effect on the polyester hydrolysis, respectively. The distribution of HA within fiber matrices led quick and strong water absorption, and caused neutralization of the weak acid environment and alleviation of the autocatalysis effect. Due to the location of mineralized HA on the surface of functionalized fibers, significant HA loss and preferential removal of amorphous and low-crystalline apatitic phase were determined during the degradation process. The hot-pressed composites indicated dense structure, small pore size and fusion on the fiber surface, leading significantly lower degradation rate than electrospun fibers and mineralized fibers. Higher degradation rate of matrix polymers and HA loss were shown for hot-pressed composites from mineralized fibers than those from blend electrospun HA/PDLLA fibers. The obtained results should provide solid basis for further applications of functionalized PDLLA fibers, mineralized fibers and fibrous composites in biomedical areas.     

耐超高温连续SiC纤维制备过程中纤维结构和取向演变

以聚铝碳硅烷(PACS)为先驱体, 采用先驱体转化技术制备出耐超高温的连续SiC纤维. 研究了制备过程中纤维结构和取向的演变及其对纤维性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 耐超高温连续SiC纤维制备过程中纤维结构的演变随温度变化分为分子间交联(≤600 ℃)、基本无机化(600—800 ℃)、完全无机化(800—1300 ℃)和结晶重排(1300—1800 ℃) 四个阶段; 纤维的取向随着结构的演变而改变, 连续PACS纤维沿轴向具有的微弱取向, 经热分解后演变到1300 ℃的产物中, 1300 ℃后随着结晶重排的发生, 纤维由各向异性转变为各向同性; 结构和取向的转变对于纤维性能具有很大的影响.     

Study on the Influence of Nitrogen Plasma on Dyeing Properties of Rex Rabbit Fibers

The surface of rex rabbit fibers is hydrophobic in nature because of the presence of the hard cuticle on its surface, and this hydrophobicity may give rise to many problems in the dyeing and finishing processes. In order to improve its dyeability and decrease dye pollution in sewage discharge, nitrogen plasma was used to modify rabbit fibers and after that the modified fibers were dyed with the anionic dyestuffs (C.I. number 16185). The effects of nitrogen plasma on the dyeing properties and the dyeing behavior for the rex rabbit fibers were studied, the related parameters including the treatment time and discharge power were optimized. Surface morphology and roughness of rex rabbit fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. XPS and FTIR-ATR were further performed to determine the surface chemical compositions of rex rabbit fibers. The physical properties of rex rabbit fibers were characterized by tensile strength tests. The results show that nitrogen plasma treatment can remove surface scales on the rex rabbit fibers and introduce more active groups such as hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (–C=O), and amino (–NH₂) on the surface of the fibers, which makes rex rabbit fibers have better dyeability, and effectively improves dyeing rate and dye fixation rate.     

Mechanical Properties and Chemical Resistance of Short Tamarind Fiber/Unsaturated Polyester Composites: Influence of Fiber Modification and Fiber Content

In the present work, tamarind fibers were extracted from ripened fruits by the water retting process. Using these fibers as reinforcement and unsaturated polyester as matrix, composite samples were prepared by the hand lay-up technique. The effect of chemical surface treatments (alkali and silane) of tamarind fibers on the mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and interfacial bonding was studied. The mechanical properties of the composites with surface modified fibers were found to be higher than those with unmodified fibers. Morphological studies indicated improvement of interfacial bonding by alkali and silane coupling agent treatments of the fibers. The composites were found to be resistant to many chemicals.     

Electrospinning of ultrafine cellulose acetate fibers: Studies of a new solvent system and deacetylation of ultrafine cellulose acetate fibers

Electrospinning of cellulose acetate (CA) in a new solvent system and the deacetylation of the resulting ultrafine CA fibers were investigated. Ultrafine CA fibers (∼2.3 μm) were successfully prepared via electrospinning of CA in a mixed solvent of acetone/water at water contents of 10–15 wt %, and more ultrafine CA fibers (0.46 μm) were produced under basic pH conditions. Ultrafine cellulose fibers were regenerated from the homogeneous deacetylation of ultrafine CA fibers in KOH/ethanol. It was very rapid and completed within 20 min. The crystal structure, thermal properties, and morphology of ultrafine CA fibers were changed according to the degree of deacetylation, finally to those of pure cellulose, but the nonwoven fibrous mat structure was maintained. The activation energy for the deacetylation of ultrafine CA fibers was 10.3 kcal/mol. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 5–11, 2004     

Structure of swollen carboxylated cellulose fibers

Structural changes in cellulose fibers were elucidated for carboxymethylated fibers and fibers that are oxidized by periodate and chlorite. Non-fibrillated and partially fibrillated softwood, kraft fibers (SKF, m-SKF) were carboxymethylated to investigate the contribution of the S1 layer to the swollen fiber structures. Carboxymethylated non-fibrillated fibers (CMF) form balloon-like structures as they swell heterogeneously. When partially fibrillated SKF is carboxymethylated (m-CMF), the fibers do not exhibit this ballooning phenomenon due to the degradation of the S1 layer. Carboxymethylation disrupts the native cellulose crystalline structure without breaking the fibers apart. Periodate–chlorite oxidized fibers, on the other hand, swell homogeneously without disrupting the native cellulose I crystalline form. Periodate–chlorite oxidation damages all three secondary layers to the extent that any microfibril confinement caused by the swelling is removed. Each chemistry and mechanical treatment affects the cellulose fibers differently to yield various swollen structures.     

Nanofibers of LiMn2O4 by electrospinning

Through sol-gel processing and electrospinning technique, extrathin fibers of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/lithium chloride/manganese acetate composite fibers were prepared. After calcination of the above precursor fibers at 600 degrees C, the spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) nanofibers, with a diameter of 100-200 nm, were successfully obtained. The fibers were investigated by TG-DTA, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM, respectively. The results showed that the crystalline phase and morphology of the fibers were largely influenced by the calcination temperature.     

Influence of Neem oil pretreatment on the dyeing and antimicrobial properties of wool and silk fibers with some natural dyes

Wool and silk fibers pretreated with neem oil and dyed with chlorophyll, saffron red and yellow natural dyes using economic methods such as microwave heating and ultrasonic energy. The effect of neem oil concentrations on color strength (K/S) was measured. The results indicated that, wool and silk fibers pretreated with neem oil recorded higher color strength values than the untreated fibers. Fastness properties and the color yield of the dyes under investigation on wool and silk fibers were evaluated. The results indicated that, color fastness to rubbing, washing and perspiration of all dyes are excellent to good and are approximately the same in microwave and ultrasonic method. The antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi were tested, and the results indicated that the samples pretreated exhibited higher inhibition percent than the untreated fibers. The morphologies structure of the untreated and treated wool fibers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The untreated samples have a rough surface. The pretreated samples of wool fibers were swelling compared to the untreated fibers .The diameter of the fibers increased and have smooth and even surfaces. The changes in the surface morphology due to the effect of active ingredients of treatment with neem oil. This behavior as swelling and increase in diameter of the fibers leads to high penetration of the dyes in the fibers.     

UV accelerated aging and aging resistance of dihydroxy poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) fibers

By introducing binary hydroxyl groups into poly(p‐phenylene benzoxazole) (PBO) macromolecular chains, we synthesized dihydroxy poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (DHPBO) polymers and then prepared DHPBO fibers by dry‐jet wet‐spinning. Comparative studies were performed between intrinsic PBO fibers and DHPBO fibers. The effects of hydroxyl polar groups on improving the UV aging resistance of PBO fibers were investigated. With the introduction of hydroxyl groups, substantial changes in the chemical structures and surface morphologies of DHPBO fibers were observed. As proved by tensile testing and intrinsic viscosity measurement, the UV resistance of DHPBO fibers is obviously improved compared to that of intrinsic PBO fibers. XRD results indicate that the UV aging of these fibers occurs mainly on the surfaces of fibers. Based on these results, the mechanism of UV aging of PBO fibers was discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

连续SiC(Al)纤维的耐超高温性能及其机理

以有机金属聚合物聚铝碳硅烷为原料, 利用先驱体转化法制备出连续SiC(Al)纤维. 采用一系列分析测试对纤维的组成、结构以及耐超高温性能进行了表征, 通过与Nicalon纤维的比较, 对连续SiC(Al)纤维的耐超高温机理进行了研究. 结果表明, 连续SiC(Al)纤维具有优异的耐超高温性能,在1800 ℃氩气中处理1 h后, 纤维的强度保留率为80%左右; 元素分析和27Al MAS核磁共振等分析表明, 连续SiC(Al)纤维为近化学计量比的SiC纤维, 纤维中微量的铝元素以Al—O和Al—C键两种形式存在; 在超高温条件下, 两种不同存在形式的铝均能够抑制纤维中晶粒的长大. 纤维具有近化学计量比的组成和铝元素在高温条件下对于晶粒长大的抑制, 是连续SiC(Al)纤维具有优异耐超高温性能的原因.     

Effects of diameter and surface area of electrospun nanocomposite fibers on electromagnetic interference shielding

The effects of variation in average diameter and surface area of nanocomposite fibers on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers were investigated in this paper. The EMI shielding effectiveness of electrospun nanocomposite fibers were measured in the X-band frequency range 8.2–12.4 GHz. The electrical conductivity and EMI shielding behaviors of the nanocomposite fibers were reported as function of average diameter and surface area of MWCNTs/PVP nanocomposite fibers. The electrical conductivity measurements demonstrate using thinner nanocomposite fibers results in a lower limit of electrical resistivity, better electrical conductivity performance. The EMI shielding efficiency of thinner nanocomposite fibers increased up to 42 dB. The EMI shielding data for MWCNTs/PVP nanocomposite fibers with various average diameter and surface area showed that absorption was the major shielding mechanism and reflection was the secondary shielding mechanism. It can be related to higher specific surface area of thinner electrospun MWCNTs/PVP nanocomposite fibers that means more surface area for radiative scatter and absorption leading to higher EMI shielding performance.     

The influence of chitin nanocrystals on structural evolution of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene/chitin nanocrystal fibers in hot-drawing process

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/chitin nanocrystal (CNC) fibers were prepared. Compared with the pure UHMWPE fibers, the ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus of UHMWPE/CNC fibers are improved by 15.7% and 49.6%, respectively, with the addition of chitin nanocrystals (CNCs) of 1 wt%. The melting temperature (T _m) of UHMWPE/CNC fibers was higher than that of pure UHMWPE fibers. Pure UHMWPE fibers and UHMWPE/CNC fibers were characterized with respect to crystallinity, orientation and kebab structure by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is found that the CNCs act as the shish structure in UHMWPE/CNC fibers and the kebab crystals are grown around the CNCs. There was almost no difference between pure UHMWPE fibers and UHMWPE/CNC fibers in orientation. But the degree of crystallinity of various stages of UHMWPE/CNC fibers was respectively higher than the corresponding stage of pure UHMWPE fibers. Moreover, the addition of 1 wt% CNCs improved the thickness of kebab crystals and accelerated the transformation of kebab to shish.     

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Cellulose Fibers from Maize Tassel

This article reports on the extraction and characterization of novel natural cellulose fibers obtained from the maize (tassel) plant. Cellulose was extracted from the agricultural residue (waste biomaterial) of maize tassel. The maize tassel fibers were obtained after treatment with NaOH and were carefully characterized while the chemical composition was determined. The chemical composition of the maize tassel fibers showed that the cellulose content increased from 41% to 56%, following alkali treatment. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of maize tassel fibers confirmed that this chemical treatment also shows the way to partial elimination of hemicelluloses and lignin from the structure of the maize tassel fibers. X-ray diffraction results indicated that this process resulted in enhanced crystallinity of the maize tassel fibers. The thermal properties of the maize tassel fibers were studied by the TGA technique and were found to have improved significantly. The degradation temperature of the alkali-treated maize tassel fiber is higher than that of the untreated maize tassel fibers. This value convincingly showed the potential of maize tassel fibers for use in reinforced biocomposites and waste water treatment.     

Deposition of silver nanoparticles on cellulosic fibers via stabilization of carboxymethyl groups

The stabilizing role of carboxymethyl groups on the conformal deposition of Ag NPs over cellulosic fibers was elucidated while developing a method for the deposition of silver nanoparticles (NPs) on cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose and partially carboxymethylated cellulose (CMC) electrospun fibers. CMC fibers were prepared through judicious anionization of deacetylated cellulose acetate fibers. Ag NPs were chemically reduced from silver nitrate using sodium borohydride and further stabilized using citrate. Ag NPs were directly deposited onto CA, cellulose and CMC electrospun fibers at pH conditions ranging from 2.5 to 9.0. The resulting composites of Ag/fiber were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results revealed that the amount of Ag agglomerates and NPs deposited on CMC fibers was higher than that deposited on cellulose fibers at similar pH conditions, and that barely any Ag agglomerates or NPs were deposited on the CA fibers. These results implied that functional groups on the cellulose backbone played two important roles in the deposition of NPs as follows: (1) Hydrogen bonding was the main driving force for agglomeration of NPs when the medium pH was below 4.4, which corresponds to the pKa of carboxylic acid groups; (2) Carboxymethyl groups could replace citrate groups as stabilizers allowing the fabrication of a uniform and evenly distributed Ag NPs layer over CMC fibers at higher pH values. This report also highlights the importance of the substrate’s surface charge and that of the pH of the medium used, on the deposition of NPs. The composite of Ag NPs on CMC electrospun fibers appears to be a promising candidate for wound dressing applications due to its superior antibacterial properties originated by the uniform and even distribution of Ag NPs on the surface of the fibers and the wound healing aptness of the CMC fibers.     

带状中间相沥青基石墨纤维结构对电化学性能的影响

通过中间相沥青熔融纺丝、预氧化、炭化及石墨化处理制得了带状中间相沥青基石墨纤维。研究了喷丝孔尺寸和纺丝速率对带状石墨纤维横截面碳层片取向和晶体结构的影响,对用作锂离子电池负极材料的带状石墨纤维的电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明：喷丝孔尺寸和纺丝速率对石墨纤维碳层片取向具有显著影响。采用低长宽比的喷丝孔在低纺丝速率下制备的石墨纤维其碳层片取向呈类辐射状,此石墨纤维负极材料的倍率性能较好,在0.1C和1C倍率下其放电比容量分别为336和300 mAh·g^-1,但其循环稳定性较差,在0.1C倍率下循环100次后容量保持率为89.1%;采用高长宽比的喷丝孔在低纺丝速率下制备的石墨纤维其碳层片呈波浪褶皱状且沿平行纤维主平面取向度高,此石墨纤维负极材料的倍率性能相对较差,但其循环稳定性较好,在0.1C倍率下循环100次后容量保持率为98.8%。随纺丝速率的增加,石墨纤维碳层片整体有序度降低,平行纤维主平面取向的碳层片含量减小,由此导致纤维负极材料的可逆比容量下降。     

Facile extraction,processing and characterization of biorenewable sisal fibers for multifunctional applications

Synthetic fibers based materials have replaced most of the traditional metallic/ceramic materials for a number of applications owing to their enormous properties such as light weight, specific strength and modulus to name a few. Unfortunately, the traditional synthetic fibers are not desired from the health and environmental point of view. So, in this work, we have carried out the isolation, processing and characterization of cellulosic sisal fibers. These fibers were extracted for the first time by a simple and new unique mechanical extraction technique without affecting the quality of fibers. Subsequently these cellulosic sisal fibers were thoroughly characterized for their physicochemical, microstructure and mechanical properties. These fibers were then converted into fine textured sisal textile yarn made out of 3–6 sisal fibers in continuous operation and used for the preparation of new green materials. Different properties of fine textured sisal textile and the impact of sisal fine textile on the physical, microstructural, thermal and mechanical characteristics of the green materials were studied and discussed in detail.     

芳香族聚酰胺纤维改性技术进展

分析了芳香族聚酰胺纤维目前存在的问题,在55篇参考文献的基础上,综述了间位芳香族聚酰胺、对位芳香族聚酰胺的各种改性技术的进展,探讨了芳香族聚酰胺纤维改性技术的发展前景.