Complexation of Calix[4]arene With Alkali Metal Cations: Conformational Binding Selectivity and Cation-π Driven Inclusion

Hartree-Fock, second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, and density functional theory calculations were carried out to analyse the complexation of calix[4]arene with cationic species including H + and the alkali metal cations (Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + ). Special emphasis has been placed on conformational binding selectivity, and on the structural characterization of the complexes. Li + and Na + cations are located in the calix[4]arene lower rim. The larger cations (K + , Rb + , and Cs + ) complex preferentially with the calix[4]arene cone conformer, and their endo (inclusive) complexation is driven by cation- ~ interactions, leading in the case of K + to a structure that reflects a preferential interaction with two phenol rings. The endo complexation of Cs + with calix[4]arene is in agreement with X-ray diffraction data.     

Synthesis,structures, and conformational characteristics of calixarene monoanions and dianions

The synthesis, complete characterization, and solid state structural and solution conformation determination of calix[n]arenes (n = 4, 6, 8) is reported. A complete series of X-ray structures of the alkali metal salts of calix[4]arene (HC4) illustrate the great influence of the alkali metal ion on the solid state structure of calixanions (e.g., the Li salt of monoanionic HC4 is a monomer; the Na salt of monoanionic HC4 forms a dimer; and the K, Rb, and Cs salts exist in polymeric forms). Solution NMR spectra of alkali metal salts of monoanionic calix[4]arenes indicate that they have the cone conformation in solution. Variable-temperature NMR spectra of salts HC4.M (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) show that they possess similar coalescence temperatures, all higher than that of HC4. Due to steric hindrance from tert-butyl groups in the para position of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (Bu(t)C4), the alkali metal salts of monoanionic Bu(t)C4 exist in monomeric or dimeric form in the solid state. Calix[6]arene (HC6) and p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene (Bu(t)C6) were treated with a 2:1 molar ratio of M(2)CO(3) (M = K, Rb, Cs) or a 1:1 molar ratio of MOC(CH(3))(3) (M = Li, Na) to give calix[6]arene monoanions, but calix[6]arenes react in a 1:1 molar ratio with M(2)CO(3) (M = K, Rb, Cs) to afford calix[6]arene dianions. Calix[8]arene (HC8) and p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene (Bu(t)()C8) have similar reactivity. The alkali metal salts of monoanionic calix[6]arenes are more conformationally flexible than the alkali metal salts of dianionic calix[6]arenes, which has been shown by their solution NMR spectra. X-ray crystal structures of HC6.Li and HC6.Cs indicate that the size of the alkali metal has some influence on the conformation of calixanions; for example, HC6.Li has a cone-like conformation, and HC6.Cs has a 1,2,3-alternate conformation. The calix[6]arene dianions show roughly the same structural architecture, and the salts tend to form polymeric chains. For most calixarene salts cation-pi arene interactions were observed.     

Poly(ethylene glycol) doubly and singly cationized by different alkali metal ions: Relative cation affinities and cation-dependent resolution in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer

Structural information of gas phase complexes of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) cationized by one or two different alkali metal ions is inferred from MS and MS/MS experiments performed with an electrospray quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The rationale for selecting PEG was that its sites for cation binding are non-selective with respect to the repeating monomeric unit of the polymer, but there is selectivity with respect to the formation of an inner coordination sphere specific to each metal ion. The dissociation of [M1+ M2+ (EO23)], where EO23 = linear polymer of ethylene oxide, 23 units in length, resulted in loss of one of the alkali metal ions, with preference for loss of the larger cation, with no fragmentation of the PEG backbone for Na, K, Rb, and Cs. Li was not examined in this portion of the study. The selectivity for loss of the larger alkali metal ion was [Na+ K+ (EO23)] to [Na+ (EO23)] + K+ at 100%; [K+ Rb+ (EO23)] to [K+ (EO23)] + Rb+ at 93%; and [Rb+ Cs+ (EO23)] to [Rb+ (Eo23)] + Cs+ at 99%. The resolution of [M+ (EOx)] for x = 20-30 was dependent on the alkali metal ion, with the highest resolution observed for Cs+ and the lowest for Na+. These results are discussed with respect to the packing of the oxygen atoms on PEG (M.W.(avg) = 1000) around an alkali metal ion of different radius, and how this packing leads to an ensemble of unique structures, and therefore mobilities for [M+ (EOx)].     

邻甲氧基羰基苄氧基取代杯[4]芳烃衍生物的合成及其性？…

杯芳烃是继冠醚、环糊精之后的第三代主体分子 [1] .据文献 [2 ,3]报道 ,在杯 [4]芳烃下沿酚氧原子上连接乙酸酯得到的四取代衍生物对 Na+ 有很高的选择性 ,核磁与晶体结构研究均证实这是由于羧酸酯的羰基和酚氧基参与了对 Na+ 的配位 ,而且配位基团所形成的包络空间大小与钠离子相匹配 .一般认为 ,随着包络空间改变 ,对金属离子的识别作用会有所变化[4] .但目前对这方面的工作并没有给予更多的重视 .我们发现 ,用 2 -溴甲基苯甲酸甲酯与杯 [4 ]芳烃反应 ,得到了一种新的四取代杯 [4]芳烃衍生物 2 ,萃取研究结果表明 ,该化合物对钾离子有较…     

Calix[4]quinones derived from double calix[4]arenes: synthesis, complexation, and electrochemical properties toward alkali metal ions

Bis(calix[4]diquinones) 1 and 2 and double calix[4]diquinone 3 have been synthesized from their corresponding double calix[4]arenes 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Compounds 4-6 have been prepared from one-pot and stepwise syntheses under high pressure. Complexation studies of ligands 1-3 with alkali metal ions such as Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ were carried out by 1H NMR titrations. Receptors 1 can selectively form 1:1 complexes with Na+. Ligand 2 prefers to form 1:1 complexes with K+ and Cs+. Receptor 3 retained the cone conformation of the calix[4]arene unit upon binding K+ but changed the conformation when complexing Li+ and Na+. Electrochemical studies using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry showed significant changing of voltammograms of 2 and 3 in the presence of alkali metal ions. Receptor 3 showed the electrochemically switched binding property toward Na+ and K+.     

Potassium-selective membrane electrodes based on macrocyclic metacyclophanes analogous to calixarenes.

The tetrabutyl ester derived from 9,16,25,32-tetrahydroxy[3.1.3.1]metacyclophane was an excellent ionophore for constructing a K+-selective membrane electrode. This ionophore exhibited a much higher selectivity toward K+ than the structurally similar potassium ionophore IV commercially available from Fluka. In particular, the interference from organic ammonium ions decreased remarkably. Potassium ionophore IV possessed oxygen atoms in the ring structure, while the present ionophore changed the oxygen atoms to carbon atoms. Thus, the removal of oxygen atoms in ring constituents of the metacyclophane acted to reduce the interaction with the NH3+ group of organic ammonium ions. The size of the cavity of the present ionophore was between those of calix[4]arene and calix[6]arene derivatives, which act as Na+ and Cs+ ionophores, respectively, demonstrating that the ability to recognize alkali metal cations was strongly cavity size-dependent. The present K+-selective electrode had less interference from Rb+ and Cs+ than an electrode constructed using valinomycin, but suffered greater interference from Na+.     

Investigation of homo- and heterodimer alkali metal cation complexes of resorc[4]arenes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Resorc[4]arenes are compounds with interesting properties, mainly because of their ability to form host-guest complexes with the guest located inside the cavity. The size of the guest limits the complexation, as shown by a competition experiment with tetraalkylammonium ions of different size. By electroscopy ionization tandem mass spectrometric experiments on resorc[4]arene heterodimers bearing an alkali metal ion as guest, it was found that there must be two different binding mechanisms for alkali metal ions with high surface charge density (Li(+) and Na(+)) on the one hand compared with those with a lower surface charge density on the other hand (K(+), Rb(+), Cs(+)).     

Alkali-metalated forms of thiacalix[4]arenes

The alkali metal salts [TCALi4] (1), [TCANa4] (2), and [TCALK4] (3) of fully deprotonated p-tert-butyltetrathiacalix[4]arene (H(4)TCA) are readily available from the reactions of thiacalix[4]arene and n-BuLi, NaH, or KH as deprotonating reagents. Crystals of the sodium salts 2 and the potassium salt 3 suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained in the form of the pyridine solvates [(TCA)2Na8.8py] (2.8py) and [(TCA)2K(8).8py] (3.8py). These molecules are dimers in the solid state but are structurally not related. In addition, the reaction of H(4)TCA and lithium hydroxide afforded the structurally characterized complex [(TCA)Li5(OH).4THF] (4). The molecular structure of 4 as well as the structures of 2.8py and 3.8py reveal a close relationship to the corresponding alkali metal salts of the calix[4]arenes.     

Boroarsenates: a framework motif and family templated on cations and anions

Molten salt reactions of NH4H2AsO4, H3BO3, and MX (M = Li, Na, K, Rb Cs, NH4 and X = F, Cl, Br) yield numerous new alkali metal and alkali metal salt templated three-dimensional boroarsenate and fluoroboroarsenate frameworks. The structures of these materials are formed from BO4 (BO3F) and As(O,OH)4 tetrahedra defining channels and interlayer regions containing either simple alkali metal cations or both cations and halide anions. These boroarsenate-based frameworks are unusual in comparison with other oxotetrahedral-based materials in that terminal OH, on As, may be present, decorating the inner surfaces of the channels, as in the 12-membered rings of K2[B(AsO3O)2H]. This unit also permits coordination to nonframework anions as well as cations, so that (Cs2[BAsO3OH]8[AsO4]2[CsCl4]Cl)2 (and its Br analogue) contains layers of [CsCl4]3- and Cl- ions separated and coordinated by the protonated boroarsenate framework.     

Polymer-like structures of LiSCN, NaSCN, KSCN, RbSCN, and CsSCN complexes with an armed monoaza-15-crown-5 ether bearing a 3',5'-difluoro-4'-hydroxybenzyl group

Structures of LiSCN, NaSCN, KSCN, RbSCN, and CsSCN complexes with 3',5'-difluoro-4'-hydroxybenzyl-armed monoaza-15-crown-5 ether (5) were investigated. The Li+ and Na+ complexes are (1:1)n polymer-like complexes bridged by hydrogen bonding. On the other hand, the K+, Rb+, and Cs+ complexes are polymer-like complexes bridged by the fluorine atoms of the side arms. The titration calorimetry and 19F NMR titration experiments suggest that one or both fluorine atoms along with the oxygen atom of the phenolic OH group coordinate to the alkali metal ions incorporated in the crown part of a second armed ligand to give polymer-like complexes in solution. The FAB-MS data indicated that larger alkali metal ions form more stable polymer-like complexes.     

Unexpected structural diversity in alkali metal azide-crown ether complexes: syntheses, X-ray structures, and quantum-chemical calculations

A series of alkali metal azide-crown ether complexes, [Li([12]crown-4)(N3)], [Na([15]crown-5)(N3)], [Na([15]crown-5)(H2O)2]N3, [K([18]crown-6)(N3)(H2O)], [Rb([18]crown-6)(N3)(H2O)], [Cs([18]crown-6)(N3)]2, and [Cs([18]crown-6)(N3)(H2O)(MeOH)], has been synthesised. In most cases, single crystals were obtained, which allowed X-ray crystal structures to be derived. The structures obtained have been compared with molecular structures computed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This has allowed the effects of the crystal lattice on the structures to be investigated. Also, a study of the M-N(terminal) metal-azide bond length and charge densities on the metal (M) and terminal nitrogen centre (N(terminal)) in these complexes has allowed the nature of the metal-azide bond to be probed in each case. The bonding in these complexes is believed to be predominantly ionic or ion-dipole in character, with the differences in geometries reflecting the balance between maximising the coordination number of the metal centre and minimising ligand-ligand repulsions. The structures of the crown ether complexes determined in this work show the subtle interplay of such factors. The significant role of hydrogen bonding is also demonstrated, most clearly in the structures of the K and Rb dimers, but also in the chain structure of the hydrated Cs complex.     

A joint experimental and theoretical study of cation-pi interactions: multiple-decker sandwich complexes of ferrocene with alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+)

A systematic study of cation-pi interactions between alkali metal ions and the cyclopentadienyl ring of ferrocene is presented. The alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) salts of the ditopic mono(pyrazol-1-yl)borate ligand [1,1'-fc(BMe2pz)2]2- crystallize from dimethoxyethane as multiple-decker sandwich complexes with the M+ ions bound to the pi faces of the ferrocene cyclopentadienyl rings in an eta5 manner (fc = (C5H4)2Fe; pz = pyrazolyl). X-ray crystallography of the lithium complex reveals discrete trimetallic entities with each lithium ion being coordinated by only one cyclopentadienyl ring. The sodium salt forms polyanionic zigzag chains where each Na+ ion bridges the cyclopentadienyl rings of two ferrocene moieties. Linear columns [-CpR-Fe-CpR-M+-CpR-Fe-CpR-M+-](infinity) (R = [-BMe2pz]-) are established by the K+, Rb+, and Cs+ derivatives in the solid state. According to DFT calculations, the binding enthalpies of M+-eta5(ferrocene) model complexes are about 20% higher as compared to the corresponding M+-eta6(benzene) aggregates when M+ = Li+ or Na+. For K+ and Rb+, the degree of cation-pi interaction with both aromatics is about the same. The binding sequence along the M+-eta5(ferrocene) series follows a classical electrostatic trend with the smaller ions being more tightly bound.     

Photometric reagents for alkali metal ions, based on crown-ether complex formation--III. 4'-picrylaminobenzo-15-crown-5 derivatives

An extraction study of alkali metal cations has been made with crown-ether reagents, 4'-picrylaminobenzo-15-crown-5 derivatives (HL). On dissociation in alkaline medium, the orange HL gives the blood-red anion L(-) and extracts alkali metal ions into chloroform as coloured complexes of composition ML.HL or ML. The ease of extraction decreases in the order, K(+) > Rb(+) > Cs(+) > Na(+) > Li(+). The extracted complexes are ML.HL for K(+) and Rb(+), and both ML.HL and ML for Na(+). The Li(+) complex is not extracted. The photometric determination of 10-800 ppm of K(+) is possible in the presence of other alkali and alkaline earth metal ions.     

UV and IR spectroscopy of cold 1,2-dimethoxybenzene complexes with alkali metal ions

We report UV photodissociation (UVPD) and IR-UV double-resonance spectra of 1,2-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) complexes with alkali metal ions, M(+)·DMB (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs), in a cold, 22-pole ion trap. The UVPD spectrum of the Li(+) complex shows a strong origin band. For the K(+)·DMB, Rb(+)·DMB, and Cs(+)·DMB complexes, the origin band is very weak and low-frequency progressions are much more extensive than that of the Li(+) ion. In the case of the Na(+)·DMB complex, spectral features are similar to those of the K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) complexes, but vibronic bands are not resolved. Geometry optimization with density functional theory indicates that the metal ions are bonded to the oxygen atoms in all the M(+)·DMB complexes. For the Li(+) complex in the S(0) state, the Li(+) ion is located in the same plane as the benzene ring, while the Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) ions are located off the plane. In the S(1) state, the Li(+) complex has a structure similar to that in the S(0) state, providing the strong origin band in the UV spectrum. In contrast, the other complexes show a large structural change in the out-of-plane direction upon S(1)-S(0) excitation, which results in the extensive low-frequency progressions in the UVPD spectra. For the Na(+)·DMB complex, fast charge transfer occurs from Na(+) to DMB after the UV excitation, making the bandwidth of the UVPD spectrum much broader than that of the other complexes and producing the photofragment DMB(+) ion.     

双层夹心膜电极电位法测定溶剂聚合物膜中杯芳烃-金属离子配合物的生成常数

以双层夹心膜电极为指示电极,采用电位法测定了聚合物膜中活性离子载体杯[6]芳烃乙酯与金属离子形成的配合物的生成常数.提出了一种新的测定夹心膜膜电位的方法,由测得的膜电位可计算出配合物的生成常数.以杯[6]芳烃乙酯为离子载体,测得其与Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺,Cs⁺和NH⁺₄等离子的配合物生成常数的对数值分别为6.14,6.48.6.74,7.43和6.21.制备了以Cs⁺为主离子的选择性电极,采用固定干扰法,测得对Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺和NH⁺₄等离子的选择性系数的对数值分别为-3.33,-2.54,-1.6和-2.9.实验结果表明,配合物的生成常数与选择性系数之间有较好的相关性.生成常数越大,电极对相应离子的选择性越高.     

Multifunctional Calix[4]arenes Containing Pendant Amide and Phosphoryl Groups: Their Use as Extracting Agents and Carriers for Alkali Cations

The complexing, extracting and mobile carrier properties of the tetra(phosphine oxide)-calix[4]arene 1 and the hybrid diamide-di(phosphine oxide)-calix[4]arene 2 were studied. Both ligands give 1 : 1 complexes with alkali cations in THF as shown by the picrate method. 1H NMR experiments were run to follow encapsulation of sodium and potassium cations. The corresponding spectra indicate C2-symmetrical structure. The observed extraction orders of the alkali picrates were as follows K+>Rb+>Li+>Cs+>Na+ for 1 and Li+>Na+>K+>Rb++ for 2. Transport kinetics was analysed by means of a model which assumes pure diffusion and which allows the evaluation of mass transfer coefficients in all systems. These coefficients and their influences on the transport rate are discussed in terms of size of the transporting species in the liquid membrane.     

Artificial ion channel formed by cucurbit[n]uril derivatives with a carbonyl group fringed portal reminiscent of the selectivity filter of K+ channels

Novel artificial ion channels (1 and 2) based on CB[n] (n = 6 and 5, respectively) synthetic receptors with carbonyl-fringed portals (diameter 3.9 and 2.4 A, respectively) can transport proton and alkali metal ions across a lipid membrane with ion selectivity. Fluorometric experiments using large unilamellar vesicles showed that 1 mediates proton transport across the membranes, which can be blocked by a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, reminiscent of the blocking of the K+ channels by polyamines. The alkali metal ion transport activity of 1 follows the order of Li+ > Cs+ approximately Rb+ > K+ > Na+, which is opposite to the binding affinity of CB[6] toward alkali metal ions. On the other hand, the transport activity of 2 follows the order of Li+ > Na+, which is also opposite to the binding affinity of 2 toward these metal ions, but virtually no transport was observed for K+, Rb+, and Cs+. It is presumably because the carbonyl-fringed portal size of 2 (diameter 2.4 A) is smaller than the diameters of these alkali metal ions. To determine the transport mechanism, voltage-clamp experiments on planar bilayer lipid membranes were carried out. The experiments showed that a single-channel current of 1 for Cs+ transport is approximately 5 pA, which corresponds to an ion flux of approximately 3 x 107 ions/s. These results are consistent with an ion channel mechanism. Not only the structural resemblance to the selectivity filter of K+ channels but also the remarkable ion selectivity makes this model system unique.     

碱金属离子对甘氨酸五肽气相解离过程的影响

为了获得更多的多肽结构信息,采用结构简单的甘氨酸五肽(简写为GGGGG或G5)作为模型,研究了碱金属离子(Li+、Na+、K+、Rb+)对甘氨酸五肽GGGGG气相解离过程的影响.将一定化学计量比的甘氨酸五肽分别和四种碱金属盐溶液混合后,静置10h,使反应达到平衡.电喷雾质谱结果表明,四种碱金属离子均可以在溶液中与甘氨酸五肽形成非共价复合物,其中主要组分为碱金属离子与G5配合比为1:1和2:1的非共价复合物.质谱碰撞诱导解离(CID)时的碰撞能量为25eV.气相碰撞诱导解离实验结果表明,在配合比为1:1的复合物中,其碎片化程度按照Li+、Na+、K+、Rb+的次序依次减小,Rb+的复合物碎裂过程中生成了不常见的c、z离子;在配合比为2:1的复合物中,其碎片化程度按照Li+、Na+、K+、Rb+的次序依次增大.与1:1的非共价复合物相比,Na+、K+、Rb+的2:1复合物的气相解离显得更加容易.除Li+外,两个碱金属离子对G5的活化能力明显较单个碱金属离子强,它们可以诱导多肽在更多位点断裂,生成更多类型的碎片离子.     

Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of cationized histidine: effects of metal cation size on gas-phase conformation

The gas phase structures of cationized histidine (His), including complexes with Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+), are examined by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy utilizing light generated by a free electron laser, in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations. To identify the structures present in the experimental studies, measured IRMPD spectra are compared to spectra calculated at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) (Li(+), Na(+), and K(+) complexes) and B3LYP/HW*/6-311+G(d,p) (Rb(+) and Cs(+) complexes) levels of theory, where HW* indicates that the Hay-Wadt effective core potential with additional polarization functions was used on the metals. Single point energy calculations were carried out at the B3LYP, B3P86, and MP2(full) levels using the 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. On the basis of these experiments and calculations, the only conformation that reproduces the IRMPD action spectra for the complexes of the smaller alkali metal cations, Li(+)(His) and Na(+)(His), is a charge-solvated, tridentate structure where the metal cation binds to the backbone carbonyl oxygen, backbone amino nitrogen, and nitrogen atom of the imidazole side chain, [CO,N(α),N(1)], in agreement with the predicted ground states of these complexes. Spectra of the larger alkali metal cation complexes, K(+)(His), Rb(+)(His), and Cs(+)(His), have very similar spectral features that are considerably more complex than the IRMPD spectra of Li(+)(His) and Na(+)(His). For these complexes, the bidentate [CO,N(1)] conformer in which the metal cation binds to the backbone carbonyl oxygen and nitrogen atom of the imidazole side chain is a dominant contributor, although features associated with the tridentate [CO,N(α),N(1)] conformer remain, and those for the [COOH] conformer are also clearly present. Theoretical results for Rb(+)(His) and Cs(+)(His) indicate that both [CO,N(1)] and [COOH] conformers are low-energy structures, with different levels of theory predicting different ground conformers.     

气相中碱金属离子与丝氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸五肽复合物的裂解反应简

为了探索金属离子对含有不同侧链的多肽气相解离的影响,采用质谱法研究了碱金属离子Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+和Cs+分别与丝氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸五肽(分别简写为S5,L5和K5)形成的复合物的裂解反应. 质谱定性结果表明,5种碱金属离子均可以在气相中与丝氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸五肽形成配合比为1：1 和2：1的非共价复合物;竞争反应结果表明,随着碱金属离子半径的增加,它们与3种五肽的结合能力逐渐减弱. 质谱定量结果表明,K+与丝氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸五肽复合物的结合常数分别为8.94×104,2.83×104和2.50×103 L/mol,表明K+与五肽复合物的结合强度按照丝氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸的顺序依次减小. 含不同侧链碱金属离子-五肽复合物的碰撞诱导解离结果表明,复合物的碎裂主要发生在骨架上,丝氨酸五肽复合物最易碎裂,亮氨酸五肽复合物其次,赖氨酸五肽复合物则较难碎裂,且3种复合物的侧链断裂情况也呈现明显差异. 此外,研究了Na+与亮氨酸五肽复合物所产生的碎片离子,分析了不同离子之间的来源关系,并以Dunbar的复合物理论模型为依据,推测在碎裂过程中,碱金属离子可能向五肽的碳端或氮端偏移. 质谱碎片分析结果表明,在2：1的非共价复合物中,第一个碱金属离子与五肽上4个酰胺键的羰基结合,第二个碱金属离子与五肽的羧基氧原子结合.