纪念穆斯堡尔效应发现40周年

文章论述了穆斯堡尔效应的发现和穆斯堡尔谱学的基本原理，并对穆斯堡尔谱学在材料科学、生物医学、考古学和地质矿物学中的应用进行了讨论     

穆斯堡尔谱学在固态物质研究上的发展与成就

1958年,29岁的德国物理学家穆斯堡尔发现γ射线的无反冲发射与共振吸收现象,即穆斯堡尔效应,随之产生了穆斯堡尔谱学,此人亦因该发现于1961年获得诺贝尔物理学奖.穆斯堡尔效应之发现造就了对于核力矩与电磁场间超精细相互作用一种全新的测试技术,其精度可至10-13数量级,从而可分析出固态物质的诸多微观性质.其后,穆斯堡尔谱学已广泛应用于物理、化学、冶金、地质、生物、考古等各领域.     

穆斯堡尔效应在地质和矿物学中的研究动态

本文简要地介绍了穆斯堡尔效应在地质矿物学中近年来国内外的研究动态。结果表明，地质矿物学仍是穆斯堡尔谱学应用研究中非常活跃的领域之一。     

第五讲 穆斯堡尔效应及其在生物医学中的应用

简要介绍了穆斯堡尔效应及穆斯堡尔谱仪的基本原理，对其在生物医学领域中的应用及进展，包括生的大分子的结构与功能，疾病的诊断与治疗效果的评价，无副作用的治疗癌症的新方法以及在环境保护，植物，微生物等方面的研究进行了讨论。     

穆斯堡尔谱学的近期前景

本文讨论了穆斯堡尔谱学应用的突出特点、显著特征、发展趋势、最新进展以及我国穆斯堡尔谱学界的基本情况。     

匀加速穆斯堡尔谱仪系统及穆斯堡尔谱的精确测量

描述穆斯堡尔谱仪系统原理、结构、驱动机制，对探测器的选择与14．4keV能量窗口的甄别、放射源匀加速运动、驱动波形与同步问题进行了分析，指出谱仪使用和调整时应注意的问题，并就其对穆斯堡尔谱精确测量的影响进行了探讨。     

同步辐射穆斯堡尔谱学

同步辐射穆斯堡尔谱自从1985年取得突破后, 经历了20多年的长足发展, 已经成为穆斯堡尔谱学的一个成熟的分支。 目前同步辐射穆斯堡尔谱学由两个部分构成: 基于相干核共振散射机制的时域穆斯堡尔谱学和基于非相干非弹性核共振散射机制的X射线谱学。 第三代同步加速器的出现促进了时域穆斯堡尔谱学的发展, 测量得到穆斯堡尔激发态寿命τ期间衰变计数率与时间的关系, 观测到一些有趣的现象。 同步辐射穆斯堡尔谱既能做常规透射谱学研究, 测量各种超精细相互作用及f_LM, δ_SOD等穆斯堡尔参数, 也能利用非弹性核共振散射测量固体的声子谱, 并且也能测出f_LM和 δ_SOD及力常数等, 时域谱和非相干谱的测量精度都高于常规穆斯堡尔谱。 The idea of using synchrotron radiation as a Mössbauer source experienced a breakthrough in 1985, followed by steady development for more than 20 years. Synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy consists of two areas. The first one is the so called time domain Mössbauer spectroscopy based on coherent nuclear resonant scattering which permits determination of hyperfine interactions and other Mössbauer parameters such as f_LM and δ_SOD. The other is incoherent nuclear resonant inelastic X ray scattering, which provides vibration information of atoms in a solid, i.e., the phonon density of states. All the experiments have better accuracy than that obtained in conventional Mssbauer spectroscopy.     

一种新的成象技术——穆斯堡尔成象

穆斯堡尔成象技术是1987 年由美国国家标准局S.J.Norton首先提出的[1].它与X射线成象(又称为CT断层成象)、核磁共振成象(NMR)一样能给出立体图象,虽然现在还不能在医学中应用,但在材料科学研究方面却已显示出广泛的应用前景. 在介绍穆斯堡尔成象之前,先介绍一下NMR成象.由于穆斯堡尔成象与NMR成象都依赖于原子核共振效应,因此它们具有许多相同的特征.NMR成象的原理是:由于原子核共振频率正比于局域磁场强度,因此,当施加一个外磁场于自旋体系时,不同频率的信号对应于实验样品内不同的空间位置.用这种方法可以将不同频率的信号转变为…     

穆斯堡尔谱学研究进展

本文评述1988～90年穆斯堡尔谱学的进展.穆斯堡尔效应的应用继续扩展到几乎所有的科学领域.论文主要涉及基础研究,有些涉及工业应用和材料研究.论文年发表数持续快速增长.在这期间由每年发表1500篇增至1800篇.国际会议频繁,并且大量被评述.它们总的表明,这个研究领域是非常活跃的. The developments and achievements in M(?)ssbauer spectroscopy during recent 3 years are reviewed.The use of the M(?)ssbauer effect is still increasing and expanding to all subjects of sciences.Most of the papers concern with fundamental research,some refer to in- dustrial applications and many are about material research.The growth in the M(?)ssbauer lit- erature continues rapidly.During this period of time the number of M(?)ssbauer publications increased from ...     

穆斯堡尔成象技术

通常的穆斯堡尔谱给出的是在样品范围内经空间积分的微观结构信息．近年来提出二类基于穆斯堡尔谱学的成象方法，用以确定物相的空间分布，达到实现空间分辨可达微米量级的穆斯堡尔成象．它为固体物理、材料科学、矿物学等提供一种新手段．该文介绍这个刚开始发展的新领域的现状和前景．     

一些Fe-Mo(W)-S双金属化合物的1H-NMR研究

本文对六种双金属化合物[Et₄N]₂[(PhS)₂FeS₂MS_2-nO_n](M=Mo,W;n=0,1,2,)的¹H-NMR作了研究,表明各向同性位移主要来自接触位移的作用,其值大小与Fe→M电荷迁移密切相关.     

Mössbauer study of nano-TiO2 doped with Fe

A Mössbauer study of nano-TiO₂ doped with Fe is presented. The samples are prepared by sol-gel method, doping Fe by 5, 10 and 15 wt.%, respectively, which are measured with XRD, TEM and Raman spectra. Especially, Mössbauer spectra are emphasized in this study. The anatase phase is major in both doped and no-doped sample. The α-Fe₂O₃ phase is also in the doped samples. The grain size of doped sample is in 5–20 nm range, the major grains are about 13 nm. And the grain size of no-doped sample is about 8 nm. Studying Mössbauer spectra and Raman spectra, we concluded that in the doping process the Fe³⁺ ions entered anatase lattice and substituted Ti⁴⁺ ions. However, the amount of Fe ions in the site is limited to about 1.5 wt.%. It does not increase as the doping Fe increase. The more Fe doped, the more α-Fe₂O₃ formed. For comparing conveniently, it also can be described as (Ti_0.98Fe_0.02)O₂ by atomic percent.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of the magnetic properties of ferrite nanoparticles

Studies of the ferrite nanoparticles prepared by the chemical decomposition of iron chlorides with a various ratio ξ = Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ are herein presented. The microstructure and the magnetic properties have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS). The TEM studies show that the nanoparticles have almost a spherical shape with the diameter of (12 ± 2) nm for all samples. The measured XRD pattern was mainly composed of lines which were indexed with a cubic spinel structure. The analysis of the Mössbauer data shows that the microstructure of the nanoparticles consists of the core formed by nonstoichiometric magnetite and maghemite shell. A small amount of hematite, probably on the surface of the nanoparticles with ξ = 1.75, 2.0, was detected. At temperatures T ≤ 150 K the spin canting of surface maghemite with ξ = 2.25 was observed while for the samples with ξ = 1.75, 2.0 such effect was suppressed by the presence of hematite on the surface of the nanoparticles. Infield Mössbauer spectra with ξ = 1.75, 2.0 show that magnetic moments of the magnetite/maghemite core are parallel while magnetic moments of the surface hematite are perpendicular to the direction of the external magnetic field.     

The influence of the transition metal substitution on chemically prepared ferrite nanoparticles - Mössbauer studies

Mössbauer measurements were carried out in order to study the influence of the transition metal substitution TM/Fe (where TM = Co, Ni, Mn, and (TM)_xFe_3−xO₄) ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 on the morphology and magnetic properties of ferrite nanoparticles. Chemically prepared magnetite nanoparticles with 13 nm were used as a reference material. The Mössbauer spectrum of the initial magnetite sample show a well-resolved magnetically split patterns connected with tetrahedral (A) positions and octahedral (B) positions. For low concentrations of TM, the relative intensities of the sextet that comes from the iron B position decrease. This means that the Co, Ni, Mn atoms are located preferentially in the B-site of the magnetite. However, the qualitative analysis of the spectra also suggests that Mn and Ni partially occupy the A-site. The increase of the concentration of the substitution transition metal causes broadening of the magnetic part of the spectra and appearance of a doublet in the central part of spectra for all samples. TEM studies show that the incorporation of the Me atoms into the structure causes a decrease of the average particle size. This is also confirmed by XRD. This also means that the blocking temperature decreases and for about Ni/Fe = 0.8 and TM/Fe = 0.9 (for Mn and Co) reaches room temperature. In the case of the nominal 0.9 substitution by Ni, a pure superparamagnetic state is observed, while for Co and Mn some of the particles are still below the blocking temperature, in agreement with the TEM studies.     

FeMn粉末触媒对合成金刚石的影响

 利用FeMn粉末触媒在国产六面顶压机上进行了合成金刚石单晶的实验,研究了高温高压条件下（5.7 GPa、1 550 ℃）,石墨-FeMn粉末触媒体系中金刚石单晶的生长特性。通过光学成像显微镜观测表明：合成出的金刚石单晶呈浅黄色,晶形完整,且都是八面体,晶体里含有白色物质,粒度集中在0.3~0.5 mm;通过扫描电镜观测了晶体的表面形貌,表面有熔坑;通过穆斯堡尔谱,发现粉末触媒里主要是FeMn合金和独立状态的Fe,金刚石内部主要是Fe和Fe₃C;利用X射线荧光光谱,检测出样品里有Fe和Mn元素。     

Mossbauer analysis of deformation dissolution of the products of cellular decomposition in high-nitrogen chromium manganese austenite steel

Methods of Mossbauer spectroscopy and electron microscopy analysis of high-nitrogen chromium manganese steel FeMn₂₂Cr₁₈N_0.8 have been used to investigate the processes of dissolution of the products of cellular decomposition in austenite matrix upon severe deformation under the conditions of dry sliding friction and shear under pressure in Bridgman anvils. Deformation-induced redistribution of nitrogen from the chromium nitrides to interstitial positions of the quenched and preliminary aged steel has been determined. According to the data of Mossbauer analysis the depth of dissolution of chromium nitrides and the increase of content of nitrogen in steel matrix upon friction is 10?μn and more. Aging decreases the amount of nitrogen which transfers to the solid solution under deformation. This is a factor of the enhanced adhesive wear in the aged samples.     

Electromagnetic wave absorbing properties and hyperfine interactions of Fe–Cu–Nb–Si–B nanocomposites

The Fe–Cu–Nb–Si–B alloy nanocomposite containing two ferromagnetic phases(amorphous phase and nanophase phase) is obtained by properly annealing the as-prepared alloys. High resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) images show the coexistence of these two phases. It is found that Fe–Si nanograins are surrounded by the retained amorphous ferromagnetic phase. M¨ossbauer spectroscopy measurements show that the nanophase is the D03-type Fe–Si phase, which is employed to find the atomic fractions of resonant57 Fe atoms in these two phases. The microwave permittivity and permeability spectra of Fe–Cu–Nb–Si–B nanocomposite are measured in the frequency range of 0.5 GHz–10 GHz. Large relative microwave permeability values are obtained. The results show that the absorber containing the nanocomposite flakes with a volume fraction of 28.59% exhibits good microwave absorption properties. The reflection loss of the absorber is less than-10 dB in a frequency band of 1.93 GHz–3.20 GHz.     

Fe基合金与金刚石单晶生长

 本文通过Fe基催化剂在生长金刚石单晶中获得的不同现象与Fe基合金晶格常数、组分、磁距、Mossbauer谱相比较，揭示了Fe基催化剂常温常压下磁性质与金刚石单晶生长的关系。     

稀土Ce原子对纯Fe作用的穆斯堡尔谱研究

对含不同Ｃｅ量（０．００２％，０．０１５％，０．０１８％，０．０２０％，０．０４０％，０．０５１％，０．０９２％）的纯Ｆｅ试样和α－Ｆｅ标样进行了室温穆斯堡尔谱测量，经计算机解谱后，应用Ｍ·Ｓ理论分析了稀土元素Ｃｅ与Ｆｅ原子之间的交互作用。重点分析了稀土Ｃｅ原子对Ｆｅ原子核外电子密度和电场梯度的影响，根据穆斯堡尔参数化学位移（ＩＳ）和四极矩分离（ＱＳ）的变化，探讨了Ｃｅ原子在纯Ｆｅ中的存在状态和对Ｆｅ原子核的作用结果。