Ce-TZP和Ce-TZP/Al_2O_3层状复合材料受载裂尖的相变特性

用云纹干涉法研究了带直通切口的Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ（Ｔｅｔｒａｇｏｎａｌ ＺｉｒｃｏｎｉａＰｏｌｙｃｒｙｓｔａｌ）和Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３层状复合材料三点弯曲梁的相变过程．实验发现１６００°Ｃ／３ｈ烧结１２％ｍｏｌＣｅＯ２稳定的Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ在室温下就具有强烈的自催化效应，直通切口前缘的相变区呈树枝状，Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３层状复合材料的自催化相变被Ａｌ２Ｏ３层抑制，切口前缘的相变区变短，且相变区的覆盖面积减小．文中最后对Ａｌ２Ｏ３层改变Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ相变区及力学性能的原因进行了讨论．     

反应烧结Si3N4陶瓷断裂韧性的实验研究

本文对反应烧结氦化硅 Si_3N_4陶瓷的断裂韧性进行实验研究,用三种不同试件进行了测试,这三种试件是:山形切口双悬臂粱试件,山形切口三点弯曲梁试件和直穿透切口三点弯曲梁试件.用有限元方法分析了直穿透切口三点弯曲梁切口宽度对应力强度因子的影响,结合断裂载荷测定值估算了材料的断裂韧性值,指出直切口无预制裂纹试件的测定值必须用有限元法进行修正才能得到正确结果.     

子弹冲击下TiNi固支梁的结构动态响应特性研究

采用改装的霍普金森压杆装置结合数值模拟对伪弹性TiNi合金固支梁的结构动态响应特性进行了研究。结果表明,在子弹冲击下,撞击点和固定端附近首先发生相变,并随着载荷增加,进一步产生相变铰,梁演变为二杆铰接机构。由于轴力作用,此处相变铰为拉伸侧的单边铰。与传统塑性铰不同,卸载后相变铰完全消失,梁回复原状没有残余变形。此外,对固支边界条件的实现及其对实验结果的影响进行了专门研究。     

相变滞后对裂纹屏蔽效应的数值分析

本文针对奥氏体-马氏体双相材料,研究裂纹尖端区弥散分布的奥氏体颗粒在应变诱发时发生的相变对裂纹的屏蔽效应。鉴于实验中已发现的不同相变滞后对裂纹屏蔽效应的不同影响,本研究通过在裂纹尖端区不同位置嵌入相变颗粒,考虑到裂纹尖端区应力应变场的奇异分布及其诱发的相变,将裂纹尖端区相变滞后问题转化为相变颗粒在裂纹尖端区的位置问题。计及奥氏体-马氏体相变的体积膨胀效应进行了平面应力裂纹问题数值模拟,得到了单个相变夹杂对裂纹屏蔽效应的影响规律。结果表明：裂纹尖端区相变夹杂的位置对裂纹的屏蔽效应在距裂尖2倍夹杂直径以内影响极大,且以裂尖86度方向为界。其影响规律与McMeeking 和 Evans理论预言的60度方向不同。     

用Laplace变换分析弹┐粘塑性梁的弯曲

在弹塑性梁弯曲变形理论基础上，本文用Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换进一步分析了弹－粘塑性梁的弯曲问题．并以矩形截面梁为例，说明弹－粘塑性梁弯曲时的弹性与粘塑性区的应力，梁的挠度及弹－粘塑性交线的计算     

用Laplace变换分析弹—粘塑性梁的弯曲

在弹塑性梁弯曲变形理论基础上，本文用Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换进一步分析了弹－粘塑性梁的弯曲问题。并以矩形截面梁为例，说明弹－粘塑性梁弯曲时的弹性与粘塑性区的应力，梁的度及弹－粘塑性交线的计算。     

混凝土拉伸断裂的细观数值分析

根据混凝土试件拉伸和三点弯曲的物理模型,用梁-颗粒模型BPM 2D(B eam-Particle M ode l)模拟了混凝土拉伸和三点弯曲试件微裂纹的萌生、扩展直至试件宏观破坏的全过程。在梁-颗粒模型中用三种类型梁单元形成混凝土细观数值模型,每种类型梁单元的力学性质均按韦伯(W e ibu ll)分布随机赋值以模拟混凝土细观结构的非均匀性。数值模拟结果给出了混凝土拉伸应力-应变曲线和三点弯曲载荷-位移曲线,以及混凝土试件破坏过程最大应力分布图和裂纹扩展图。数值模拟结果显示混凝土破坏过程实际上就是微裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通,直到宏观裂纹产生导致混凝土失稳断裂的过程。通过对数值模拟结果的分析,揭示出混凝土在拉伸条件下裂纹尖端的拉应力集中是裂纹扩展的动力,混凝土组成材料力学性质的非均匀性是造成裂纹扩展路径曲折的重要原因。     

三点弯曲法确定混凝土的双线性拉伸软化本构方程

本文提出了用带切口梁的三点弯曲试验确定混凝上拉伸软化本构方程的方法。     

考虑表面效应的形状记忆合金纳米梁弯曲特性研究

形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloys, SMAs)因其具有形状记忆效应和超弹性,在航空航天、生物医疗、微机电系统领域中得到了广泛的应用．当微结构尺度达到微纳米,表面效应对微结构力学性能的影响是十分显著的．本文基于梁弯曲变形理论以及Gurtin-Murdoch表面弹性理论,考虑拉压不对称、温度对于SMA纳米梁的影响,建立了考虑表面效应的SMA纳米梁相变力学模型．分析了弯曲载荷、温度、表面残余应力以及表面弹性模量对SMA纳米梁力学性能的影响规律．研究表明在SMA纳米梁相变阶段,忽略和考虑表面效应所得的截面应力及应变相对误差较为明显;在相同弯矩下,随温度的增加SMA纳米梁的截面应力随之增加,并且表面效应对其影响有减小趋势;表面残余应力对SMA纳米梁的影响显著．该文研究结果为SMA纳米梁在微机电领域的设计以及应用提供了一定基础与依据．     

伪弹性TiNi合金圆薄板的准静态力学行为实验研究

采用阴影云纹和应变片方法对伪弹性TiNi合金圆板在固支条件下的准静态力学行为进行了实验研究,得到了载荷位移曲线、全场离面位移和局部应变等数据.载荷位移曲线呈现非线性、滞回耗能和无残余变形的特性,表明试样已经发生马氏体相变.应变测量显示,相变局限于加载中心较小区域,相变区内,环向应变大于径向应变,且拉伸侧应变大于压缩侧的应变.有限元模拟揭示出相变区内两侧表层的相变范围、相变铰区和马氏体相含量的不对称分布规律.     

Fracture of shape memory CuAlNi single crystals

The fracture behavior of shape memory CuAlNi single crystals loaded in tension is studied. Specimens cut from a single crystal are notched and loaded in tension until final fracture. Eight different crystallographic orientations of the notch and tensile axes are considered. The stress field at the notch tip triggers a cubic to orthorhombic phase transition in the crystal, which results in a set of twinned martensite plates emanating from the notch tip. As loading increases, a crack forms and grows off the notch tip, with the martensite plates continuing to appear at the growing crack. Details of the crack growth depend strongly on both the type of singular microstructures that forms and how this microstructure interacts with the growing crack. In one group of orientations a distinct transformation zone forms along one flank of the crack and the motion of this zone is directly connected to the crack growth. In a second group of orientations, the microstructure formation is not as strongly tied to the crack. Interestingly, in all specimens studied, the final crack direction is approximately 80° from the direction of the martensite plates.     

Elastic-viscoplastic notch correction methods

Neuber’s type methods are dedicated to obtain fast estimation of elastic–plastic state at stress concentrations from elastic results. To deal with complex loadings, empirical rules are necessary and do not always give satisfying results. In this context, we propose a new approach based on homogenization techniques. The plastic zone is viewed as an inclusion in an infinite elastic matrix which results in relationships between the elastic solution of the problem and estimated stress–strain state at the notch tip. Three versions of the notch correction method are successively introduced, a linear one which directly uses Eshelby’s solution to compute stresses and strains at the notch, a non-linear method that takes into account plastic accommodation through a β$\beta$-rule correction and, finally, the extended method that is based on the transformation field analysis methods. All the notch correction methods need calibration of localization tensors. The corresponding procedures are proposed and analyzed. The methods are compared on different simulation cases of notched specimens and the predictive capabilities of the extended method in situations where plasticity is not confined at the notch are demonstrated. Finally, the case of a complex multiperforated specimen is addressed.     

Analytical representation of the non-square-root singular stress field at a finite angle sharp notch

The stress field near the tip of a finite angle sharp notch is singular. However, unlike a crack, the order of the singularity at the notch tip is less than one-half. Under tensile loading, such a singularity is characterized by a generalized stress intensity factor which is analogous to the mode I stress intensity factor used in fracture mechanics, but which has order less than one-half. By using a cohesive zone model for a notional crack emanating from the notch tip, we relate the critical value of the generalized stress intensity factor to the fracture toughness. The results show that this relation depends not only on the notch angle, but also on the maximum stress of the cohesive zone model. As expected the dependence on that maximum stress vanishes as the notch angle approaches zero. The results of this analysis compare very well with a numerical (finite element) analysis in the literature. For mixed-mode loading the limits of applicability of using a mode I failure criterion are explored.     

环形含内钝缺口试件在斜加载作用下弹塑性场的分布特征

运用有限元数值计算方法,对含内缺口的环形试件在受到与缺口对称面成不同角度的载荷作用下,缺口前端附近的弹塑性场分布特征进行了研究,得到了缺口前端应力和应变场以及塑性区的变化情况,此外,选取缺口弧度不同的模型,探讨了缺口顶端钝化程度对弹生场的影响,为了对计算结果的可靠性进行评价,运用高精度云纹干涉实验力学方法进行了验证性试验,试验得到的位移,应变分布情况与计算结果基本吻合。文中得到的结果为钝口试件的材     

干涉云纹光学倍增方法研究

本文提出一种干涉云纹的光学倍增方法。通过给由试件变形引起的云纹图施加一定频率的载波条纹，用具有高分辨率的记录介质记录这一附加有载波的云纹图，经处理后，记录介质相当于一个频率较低的转移变形试件栅，把它放到云纹干涉光路系统中作为试件栅，当对称入射的双光束在其上形成的虚参考栅频率为原载波条纹频率的２ｎ倍时，就可以得到倍增为２ｎ倍后的载荷条纹，使相应的测量灵敏度提高２ｎ倍。文中对这一方法进行了理论分析和实验验证。     

High resolution, high sensitivity moire method

Based on geometric moire method, moire interferometry and microscopic moire interferometry, a high spatial resolution and high sensitivity geometric microscopic moire method is presented. Geometric micron-moire patterns are produced by the superposition of two high frequency gratings through a microscope system. Compared with other grating-based photo-mechanics methods, microscopic moire method could provide whole-field moire patterns of both high spatial resolution and high sensitivity. The frequency of specimen and reference gratings used in this method can be from 1 line/mm to 10000 lines/mm. Additionally, a 4F optical filter system is used to enhance the contrast of microscopic moire patterns effectively. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

缺口根部塑性区和拉应力场对循环压缩疲劳裂纹止裂长度的影响

本文采用激光显微像面全息和散斑照像分离技术检测了双缺口试件在不同压缩应力条件下缺口根部塑性区的形状及大小,并采用有限元分析法计算了相同应力下的塑性区和裂端应力场.结果表明:用显微像面全息法测量塑性区的大小及形状简单易行,且有比较满意的工程精度. 对在不同压缩循环加载条件下测得的瘦劳裂纹止裂长度与所测压缩塑性区相比较表明:疲劳裂纹止裂长度和塑性区大小之间不存在简单的对应关系.止裂长度主要由缺口根部在循环压缩卸载过程中所产生的拉伸应力区控制.     

倍增云纹的显微测量及密集云纹场的应变测算

为了提高云纹法的准确度,文中提出了使倍增后的云纹宽度变细并进行显微测量的技术,以及由密集云纹场测算应变的条纹间距插值和小间距均匀法。给出了估计由此法算得的应变的误差及其修正方法。所做的曲杆实验其数据与理论值符合得很好。文中还将云纹法中闪耀光栅与振幅栅相匹配的光学空间滤波系统改进为实时系统,导出其条纹倍增率及云纹图的最佳对比度条件。     

Characteristics of the process zone at sharp notch roots

The classical Williams solution for the state of stress at the tip of a semi-infinite notch is re-visited and the two-term singular solution re-written in a form making the mode mixity and load magnitude explicit. This is used to show that, for a 270° solid angle, the majority of notch problems exhibit a process zone which is entirely or substantially mode I in character, which in turn means that the notch strength may practically be governed by a single elastic parameter. A method for finding the practical limit on the load and stress intensity ratio where this holds is described.