On the dependence of surface undulation on film thickness

This paper investigates the dependence of surface undulation on a film thickness considerably greater than the critical value of a thin film system. It considers that surface tension and residual stress are the main cause of surface undulation. The study found that there is a critical undulation wavelength that minimizes the free energy of a thin film system, that this critical wavelength depends on the film thickness, and the effect of undulation amplitude is insignificant. The research also found that the surface undulation has a negligible influence on the residual stresses in the thin film system.     

各向异性粗糙海面的红外反射特性研究

海面背景的干扰影响着红外系统的探测、识别性能,海面的红外辐射研究对于红外系统的设计、使用和评估具有十分重要的意义.基于Cox-Munk模型对海面的红外反射率进行了分析计算,全面考虑风速、风向、遮挡效应、入射方向、观测方向等各种影响,建立海面红外反射模型,推导出各向异性粗糙海面的红外反射率计算方法,并计算出海面的红外反射...     

Design and operation of a double-fiber scanning system for surface profiling

Design and operation of an opto-mechanical system for surface profiling are reported in this study. The reported system consists of a double-fiber optical design and an electro-mechanical scanning system. In this arrangement one fiber transmits the source light to the object surface and the second one transmits the light reflected off the surface to a photodetector. By scanning the double-fiber assembly in one-direction, reflection properties of different curved surfaces are investigated. Reflection signals for the cylindrical surfaces made with different curvatures and materials are reported. In order to see the effect of the surface material, for a fixed radius cylinder, the surface is covered with thin paper materials of different colors and results are compared. Our results show that the reported system can be used effectively to monitor the object surface profiles of metallic and non-metallic materials. In another study to investigate the precision and sensitivity of the reported system the reflection result of the structured surface is compared with that of a smooth surface. The reported system provides a simple and accurate means for the object shape study and determination of different surface macrostructures through the optical reflection monitoring. The novelty of the reported system is the fact that provides a great potential to analyze the small features such as the holes and grooves on a target surface. The obtained results clearly show such ability and make the reported opto-mechanical system a suitable tool for object surface analysis in spite of the simplicity and low cost.     

光学元件表面缺陷的显微散射暗场成像及数字化评价系统

根据国际ISO10110-7的表面缺陷标准及惯性约束聚变(ICF)工程标准,提出了一种新颖的光学元件表面缺陷的光学显微散射成像及数字化评价系统,多束光纤冷光源呈环状分布并以一定角度斜入射到数毫米视场的被检表面,形成适合数字图像二值化处理的暗背景上的亮疵病图像。对X,Y两方向进行子孔径图像扫描成像,利用模板匹配原理对获得的子孔径图像进行拼接得到全孔径表面疵病图像信息。基于数学形态学建立了可用于大口径表面检测扫描的图像处理的模式识别软件体系,并应用二元光学制作了标准对比板,以获得疵病正确的评价依据。最终利用该变倍光学显微镜散射成像系统得到能分辨微米量级表面疵病的图像,其单个子孔径物方视场约为3 mm,对X,Y两方向进行5×5子孔径图像扫描成像,并给出了与标准比对的定量数据结果。实验结果表明,本系统完全可以实现光学元件表面缺陷的数字化评价。     

磁场中液氦薄膜表面电子涟波子系统的性质

研究了磁场中液氦薄膜表面电子与涟波子强耦合和弱耦合的性质。采用线性组合算符方法导出磁场中液氦薄膜表面电子 涟波子系统的振动频率和基态能量。讨论磁场对表面电子 涟波子系统的振动频率和基态能量的影响。     

Scanning moiré and spatial-offset phase-stepping for surface inspection of structures

In order to develop a high-speed and accurate surface inspection system of structures such as tunnels, a new surface profile measurement method using linear array sensors is studied. The sinusoidal grating is projected on a structure surface. Then, the deformed grating is scanned by linear array sensors that move together with the grating projector. The phase of the grating is analyzed by a spatial offset phase-stepping method to perform accurate measurement. The surface profile measurements of the wall with bricks and the concrete surface of a structure are demonstrated using the proposed method. The change of geometry or fabric of structures and the defects on structure surfaces can be detected by the proposed method. It is expected that the surface profile inspection system of tunnels measuring from a running train can be constructed based on the proposed method.     

加工误差引入的薄型KDP晶体附加面形

针对惯性约束聚变（ICF）驱动装置中口径为400 mm400 mm薄型频率转换KDP晶体在45放置状态下产生的附加面形问题,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立了以实测数据为基础的大口径薄型KDP晶体的应变模型和有加工误差的夹具模型,仿真分析了KDP晶体的加工误差和夹具的加工误差对KDP晶体附加面形的影响, 给出了KDP晶体附加面形变化的P-V值和RMS值。在此基础上,通过对KDP晶体的加工误差及夹具支撑表面不同类型和不同大小加工误差的分析和比较,得出:KDP晶体边缘的加工误差和夹具支撑表面的凹型加工误差是引起较大附加面形的原因之一,KDP晶体的加工误差也会导致其面形变化不均匀,而夹具支撑表面的凸型、波浪形加工误差和压条表面的随机加工误差对KDP晶体附加面形的影响相对较小,且支撑表面的随机加工误差引起的附加面形变化介于其他两者之间。     

Accounting for the local surface geometry in the classical theory of spin waves

The effect of the surface energy on the formation of the spin spectrum is considered. Different aspects are examined of the effect of the surface on the energy spectrum of the system associated with structural features of the surface structure. The calculations are carried out for the spectrum of elementary excitations of a ferromagnetic system that is bounded by a surface. Calculations are conducted following the standard method of the Hamiltonian diagonalization. Relationships are obtained that completely determine the surface spectrum in the zero approximation in the spin-spin interaction.     

声光可调谐滤波器成像光谱仪非球面光学系统设计

基于声光可调谐滤波器(AOTF)的工作原理,设计了一套工作在440～780nm的光谱成像光学系统。该光学系统通过引入一面偶次非球面提高了系统的成像质量,简化了镜头的结构,提高了光学系统的透射率。前置光学系统采用由一组双胶合透镜构成的像方远心光路。后置成像光学系统由一组三胶合透镜构成,其中包含一面非球面,根据非球面变形系数与初级像差间的贡献关系,完成了非球面及其位置的优化和对AOTF的+1级衍射光成像。光学系统在32lp/mm的空间频率下的调制传递函数(MTF)大于0.6,像质优良,加工装调公差适中。     

An analytical method for the calculation of the aberrations of optical systems

Based on the exact expression for the angular eikonal of a second-order surface, an analytical method for the analysis of the aberrations of an optical system is constructed and the principles for the optimization of such a system are formulated. Examples of the analysis and optimization of a single surface are given. The theoretical method developed is supported by the results of modeling of the caustic and the focal set in the image space of a point of a spherical refracting surface. The method constructed is exact and does not require using programs for tracing rays through the system.     

基于三片曲面反射镜的离轴投影成像系统

采用调制传递函数和波前像差分析方法,设计了基于偶次非球面反射镜和Zernike自由曲面反射镜构成的放大倍数为80,相对孔径为2.8的三个离轴投影成像系统.其中第一片反射镜M1表面为凹面用于减小第二片反射镜的尺寸及获得高的对比度,而第二片反射镜M2和第三片反射镜M3表面为凸面用于校正系统像差及获得更短的投影距离.经软件设计与分析,三系统中基于三片Zernike自由曲面反射镜的成像系统光学性能最好,调制传递函数实现60lp/mm时60%以上,畸变小于2.0%.与其它文献相比,基于三片Zernike自由曲面反射镜系统可以更好地消除像差,缩短系统厚度,增大系统的可视角与相对孔径.     

Relaxation and thermodynamic parameters of the theory of spin-wave damping in low-dimensional magnetic materials

Several basic parameters of the surface spectrum of a system are estimated with respect to the spin-spin interaction. An expression for the surface relaxation time and its numerical estimation are given. The dependence of the relaxation time on the geometric factor determined by the surface geometry only is presented. The conditions for the resonance absorption of spin-wave energy by the surface are considered. Certain expressions for the thermodynamic potentials taking the effect of surface resonance on the equilibrium properties of the system into account are given.     

基于Supporting-Ellipsoid方法的自由曲面构造

为了在特定平面上获得任意形式的辐照分布,采用了Supporting-Ellipsoid设计方法来构造自由曲面反射镜。介绍了其设计思想和设计过程,并以具体的设计实例为例构建了自由曲面光学系统。仿真结果表明,在不计反射损失的情况下,系统效率达到了97%,较传统太阳模拟器光学系统提升了3倍以上,不均匀度达到5.26%,与理想状态有一定差距,这是因为设计中兼顾了计算时间和自由曲面光滑性所造成的。     

Quantification via X-ray fluorescence analysis of oxygen in the surface layer of a Si-sphere used as a new mass standard

The distribution of oxygen present in the surface layer of the Si-sphere used as new mass standard is measured and quantified using the combined X-ray fluorescence (XRF)/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis system in the Center for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute (CMS/ITRI). A radiometric calibration of the X-ray source is not possible because the spectral distribution of the X-ray tube used is complex and not stable over the long term. Hence, the quantification of oxygen on the Si-sphere is based on a calibration curve that establishes a correlation between the mass deposition of oxygen from the calibration samples qualified by PTB and the ratio of the oxygen fluorescence to silicon RRS (resonant Raman scattering) intensities in the in-house system. This paper presents the methodology for and the results of an oxygen quantification performed using the combined XRF/XPS surface analysis system. With a relative uncertainty of less than 10%, the average mass deposition of oxygen on the Si-sphere was 133 ± 12 ng/cm². The oxygen quantified via XRF is treated as a reference for the quantification of other elements on the surface layer. The quantification of carbon mass deposition in the surface layer in relation to the oxygen mass deposition is also described in this paper. The surface analysis system is part of our contribution to the realization and dissemination of the unit of the kilogram (based on its new definition) via the XRCD method.     

Effect of periodic surface cracks on the interfacial fracture of thermal barrier coating system

Periodic surface cracks and interfacial debonding in thermal barrier coating (TBC) system may be induced during cooling process. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of periodic surface cracks on the interfacial fracture of TBC system. The finite element method (FEM) incorporating cohesive zone model is used in analysis. It is found that surface crack spacing has significant effect on the initiation and propagation of short interface crack. Three different regions are identified for describing the effect of surface crack spacing. In Region I the interface crack driving force is dramatically reduced due to high surface crack density. In this case, the initiation of interfacial delamination can be delayed. Region II applies as the surface crack spacing is moderate. Analysis of this transition zone brings to the definition of normalized critical surface crack spacing. Region III arises for sufficient large surface crack spacing. In this case, the interface crack driving force reaches a steady state, where the effects of adjacent surface cracks are relatively insignificant and can be ignored. It can be concluded that an appropriately high surface crack density can enhance the durability of TBC system.     

An electro-optic holographic technique for the measurement of the components of the strain tensor on three-dimensional object surfaces

An electro-optic holographic technique (also called electronic speckle pattern interferometry or TV holography) for the measurement of displacements and strains on three-dimensional object surfaces is presented. The three components of the displacement vector, in a fixed coordinate system, are separated using four independent illumination beams. The interferometric phase for each illumination beam is extracted using the phase stepping technique. Displacements in the fixed coordinate system are projected on to the object surface using the tensor transformation law. Equations for the computation of surface strains using the projected displacements and the surface geometry are developed. The technique is applied for the measurement of strains on the surface of a cylindrical vessel subjected to internal pressure.     

高功率激光装置主放大系统结构表面粗糙对自激振荡的影响

对于采用离轴多程放大技术的高功率激光装置,抑制其自激振荡的技术具有重大研究价值。针对工程中发现的主放大系统小孔板附近结构表面比较光亮,当腔内放大器工作时,在增益足够条件下,光亮结构面和腔镜间形成谐振腔而产生自激振荡,烧蚀腔内器件的问题,基于蒙特卡洛方法模拟结构表面,依据几何光学原理推导了激光光束在结构表面反射模型,采用该模型代入工程中光路部分参数计算了主放大系统结构表面粗糙处理工艺和反射进入放大器内份额的关系,并将该表面处理工艺应用于工程中,通过增大结构表面粗糙度,使形成的谐振腔损耗大于增益,为抑制高功率激光装置主放大系统自激振荡提供了依据。     

On surface properties of a weakly-coupled classical one-component plasma: The size effect in finite systems

The surface properties of a weakly coupled classical one-component plasma of finite size are calculated exactly within the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) approximation scheme. It is found that the ion density profile and the surface energy for a spherical system show strong size dependence. The surface energy also strongly depends on the position of the hard wall introduced for achieving an appropriate equilibrium ion configuration. These results indicate that the recent Monte Carlo simulation data for a spherical system must be interpreted, at least in the weak-coupling regime, as including substantial size effects and cannot be directly compared with the theoretical calculations for the planar surface. For a slab, on the other hand, such size effects are found to be very small if the hard wall is placed at sufficiently distant position from the surface. The dominant contribution to the surface energy which is omitted in the PB approximation is also estimated by the perturbation calculations.     

Optical design and analysis of illumination system based on augmented reality北大核心CSCD

照明系统是增强现实光学系统的重要组成部分,其体积、照度均匀性、能量利用率直接影响增强现实照明系统的质量,因此在照明系统中对光源二次配光非常重要。针对增强现实系统的自由曲面透镜形式和照明系统开展研究,重点分析准直系统集光角度与体积的对应关系,在对光源准直系统的面型构建详细分析基础上,对中心透射边缘反射的折反射式准直系统的面型进行求解,结合偏微分方程法和划分网格法,设计了自由曲面透镜,该系统与偏振分光棱镜共同组成硅基液晶（liquid crystal on silicon,LCoS）照明系统。仿真分析结果表明:系统照度均匀性达到91.96%,若不计偏振影响,照明系统光学效率达到66.6%。该系统具有结构简单紧凑、体积小、质量轻、照度均匀性高等特点,满足增强现实眼镜的需求。     

基于杂散光抑制要求的光学表面粗糙度控制方法研究

光学表面加工误差引起的散射是影响光学系统成像性能的重要因素.描述表面总散射能量的均方根粗糙度是评定光学表面粗糙度的通用指标,但因其未能体现散射能量的空间分布,在表征光学表面散射对具体光学系统杂散光性能影响时存在准确度不足的局限.本文基于全积分散射及双向散射分布函数理论,针对杂散光抑制要求提出一种光学表面粗糙度控制的新方法.首先通过分析确定光学表面纹理中影响系统杂散光的空间频率范围,然后度量该频率带限范围内的表面均方根粗糙度,作为控制光学表面粗糙度的指标.以太阳磁场望远镜(MFT)为例进行方法验证,确定主镜表面纹理有效频率范围为0—18 mm~(-1),分析了主镜表面带限均方根粗糙度对MFT杂散光性能的影响.结果表明,带限均方根粗糙度与MFT杂散光性能之间的关系稳定性能大幅提高,由此验证了采用带限均方根粗糙度描述光学表面粗糙度,能更为准确地控制其对具体光学系统杂散光性能的影响.