带电子导体球壳系统的精确解

导出了包围有接了导体球的带电导体球壳与地组成的静电系统的精确解，证明在该系统中，不管球壳与地之间的距离如何，电荷在地面产生的电势与在无限锭产生的电势总是相等，指出不精确解导导致无限远与大地的电势不等的错误结论。     

无限远与大地等电势的条件

要确定静电场中某一点的电势大小,必须首先选定一个电势参考点(电势零点).在一个问题中,一般只选一个参考点.然而,在处理包含接地导体带电系统的问题中,往往同时使用无限远与大地两个参考点,不加证明地将无限远与大地看作等电势.典型的例子是图(一)所表示的两个同心放置的导体球A和B.A球半径为R1,B球壳的内、外半径分别为R2和R3.B球带电为Q,A球接地,求B球的电势. 本题常见的作法是把无限远的电势作为零,同时又承认接地导体的电势也为零,得出内球带电量然而,认为无限远和大地的电势同时为零的理由并不是显而易见的,有必要加以说明. 图(…     

对"均匀磁场中转动的导体上电荷的分布"一文的商榷

<大学物理>1999年第1期中的一篇文章"均匀磁场中转动的导体上电荷的分布"给出了在均匀磁场中转动的轴对称导体产生的磁场的精确解和略去附加磁场后导体球上的电荷分布. 求解电荷分布的方法是巧妙的,在求解磁场分布之前曾用反证法证明了导体内电场的等势面是与导体共轴的柱面这样一个命题,并依此命题为基础求出了导体内磁场的精确解,因此该命题是否成立关系到所求的磁场精确解是否正确的问题.证明时原文使用了"设为a (见图1),则在x轴的球内一段上会有一些点的电势相等"这样一个关键判断,本文认为此判断令读者费解.     

“电磁学”教学问题两则

1.不接地导体壳内的电荷改变位置不影响壳外电场分布的问题。 在电磁学讨论静电屏蔽时,常出现这样的问题:如图1所示,点电荷q在导体壳内移动位置时,壳外的电场分布是否改变见了这问题采用唯一性定理是易于解决的.但在普通物理范围内,如何解决呢;我们以球形导体壳为例加以说明.如图2所示,设导体壳为球形壳,在球心放置一点电荷q,此时球壳上的电势为当q从球心移到a点(离球心为r)时,设球壳上的电势为U’.由于导体是等势体以及球对称性,q在以r为半径的球面上任一处,导体壳上的电势均为U’。设 电荷Q均匀地分布在半径为r的球面上,则带电为Q 的球…     

点电荷与介质球系统电势的计算和讨论

计算了点电荷与介质球系统的电势．指出点电荷与导体球、点电荷与无限大导体平面或介质分界平面均匀外电场中有导体球或介质球系统的电势都可由点电荷与介质球系统的电势给出。     

均匀外电场中无限长介质圆柱壳的场分布的计算和讨论

用圆柱坐标系中的分离变量法计算了位于均匀外电场中的无限长介质圆柱壳各区域的电势和电场,由计算结果分析了无限长介质圆柱壳对外电场的屏蔽效果,并指出均匀外电场中的无限长导体圆柱壳、无限长介质圆柱体、无限长导体圆柱及无限大均匀电介质中开有一无限长的圆柱形空腔的电势和电场都可以由均匀电场中的无限长介质圆柱壳电势及电场给出.     

介质球在点电荷电场中产生的电势分布规律

推证了介质球在点电荷电场中产生的电势分布规律;同时由此推出了当介质球的电容率ε→∞时,介质球在点电荷的电场中为等电势体,以及金属导体球在点电荷电场中产生的电势分布规律．     

金属目标表面气体放电单元放电过程的PIC-MCC模拟

 对目标表面的浮地导体边界的存在及其对单元气体放电过程所产生的影响进行了研究，针对导体边界条件，应用高斯定理和电荷守恒定律推导出这种边界条件的数值处理方法，得到了有界等离子体空间电势的数值分布。电场的数值计算表明，浮地导体的电势随着内部场的变化而变化，其大小介于两个电极的电势之间，对放电区域的电场分布产生较大的影响。 对金属目标表面放电单元的放电过程的PIC-MCC模拟结果表明， 浮地导体的存在能够改变放电空间的电场结构，形成不均匀场，有利于气体的电离和等离子体区域的形成，同时将使虚阳极所形成的电势平台在边界附近下陷，导致等离子体壳层的厚度变小。     

同时取大地和无限远为电势参考点的物理条件

本文论述处理接地带电系时需同时选取大地和 无限远为电势参考点（零点）的物理条件．首先从实测 与近似理论计算两方面相结合判明大地基本稳定的电 学性质．其次，在此基础上以一个典型实例来具体说明 选取双重电势参考点的物理条件．最后指出，我们是在一种特定意义下同时选取大地与无限远为电势参考点 的．决不总是可以将无限远与大地看作是等电势．     

带电细圆环与导体球壳系统的场分布

先依电象法,推导均匀带电圆环在金属导体球壳内的"象电荷";再在球坐标系下,根据电场强度的计算公式与Tay-lor展开式,计算出均匀带电细圆环在全空间的电场分布的级数形式解;进而结合唯一性定理和电场的叠加原理,获得带电细圆环与导体球壳系统的空间场分布.     

Shielding of low-frequency electric fields by a set of shields consisting of a thin unclosed spherical sheath and thin-walled pervious spherical shell

The penetration of low-frequency electric fields through a thin-walled spherical conducting shell in the presence of a thin unclosed spherical perfectly conducting sheath is considered. The problem is solved by the method of pair summational equations with averaged boundary conditions. The effect of the central angle of the unclosed spherical sheath and field source position on the field attenuation inside the closed thin-walled shell is studied numerically for different shell thicknesses and materials.     

Screening of a low-frequency magnetic field by an open thin-wall spherical shell

The solution to the problem of penetration of a low-frequency magnetic field through a semitransparent open spherical shell is reduced to solving the system of second-order Fredholm integral equations. The effect of the opening angle of the open shell and of some geometrical parameters of the screen as well as electrophysical properties of the spherical shell material on the attenuation of the field in the spherical shell is analyzed numerically.     

A spherically symmetric radiating shell in the presence of a spinless radiating central body

We construct a solution of Einstein's field equations with a possible astrophysical interest by matching a Vaidya solution with another Vaidya solution through a thin spherical shell of radially radiating matter. We study the system of equations for the motion of the shell and the radiation fields in two simple cases. In one of them we consider a dust shell of constant proper mass radiating at constant rate. In the other case we restrict the motion of the shell to a stationary configuration and assume it to be totally opaque. We find that this later solution is unstable under small perturbations in the radius of the shell but there exist stable stationary solutions if the pressure within the shell is different from zero.     

带电导体球表面处的电场强度

通过带电导体球阐述了面电荷所在处的电场强度并且对分别采用的面和壳物理模型的结果进行了比较。     

Generalization of α-Decay Cluster-Model to Nuclei Near Spherical and Deformed Shell Closures

The cluster model of a-decay is extended to the regions around doubly magic spherical nucleus ^208Pb and around deformed shell closure ^270Hs, respectively. The effects of spherical shell closures (N=126 and Z=82) on α-decay are investigated by introducing an N-dependent α-preformation factor and a Z-dependent one inspired by a microscopic model. Good agreement between the theoretical a-decay half-lives and the measured ones is obtained for the spherical nuclei near the doubly magic nucleus ^208Pb, where the nuclear shell effect is included in the expression of α-preformation factor. The cluster model is also generalized for the decay of deformed nuclei. The branching ratios of α-decays from the ground state of a parent nucleus to the ground state (0^ ) of its deformed daughter nucleus and to the first excited state (2^ ) are calculated in the framework of the cluster model. The results indicate that a measurement of α spectroscopy is a feasible method to extract the information of nuclear deformation of superheavy nuclei around the deformed nucleus ^270Hs.     

Black holes and the classical model of a particle in Einstein non-linear electrodynamics theory

Modified by a logarithmic term, the non-linear electrodynamics (NED) model of the Born–Infeld (BI) action is reconsidered. Unlike the standard BI action, this choice provides interesting integrals of the Einstein-NED equations. It is found that the spherical matching process for a regular black hole entails indispensable surface stresses that vanish only for a specific value of the BI parameter. This solution represents a classical model of an elementary particle whose radius coincides with the horizon. In flat spacetime, a charged particle becomes a conducting shell with a radius proportional to the BI parameter.     

Optical properties of nano-multi-layered quantum dot: oscillator strength, absorption coefficient and refractive index

In this paper, the exact solution of Schrödinger equation for multi-layered quantum dot (MLQD) within the effective mass approximation and dielectric continuum model is obtained with finite and infinite confining potential (CP). The MLQD is a nano-structured semiconductor system that consists of a spherical core (GaAs) and a coated spherical shell (Ga $_{1-x}$ Al $_{x}$ As) as the whole dot is embedded inside a bulk material (Ga $_{1-y}$ Al $_{y}$ As). Using the obtained energies, wave functions and taking advantage of numeric calculations, the oscillator strength, refractive index and absorbtion coefficient change associated with intersubband electronic transition from the ground state to the first allowed excited state are investigated for different CPs (both finite and infinite) and shell thicknesses. The results show that all values of ground state energy for large core dot radius approach the same value (the energy of bulk material) independent of CPs and shell thicknesses. Also it is shown that the optical properties are strongly affected by the changes in CPs and shell thicknesses.     

Dynamics of cylindrical conducting shells in a pulsed longitudinal magnetic field

A theoretical model is constructed for describing the motion of a cylindrical conducting shell in a pulsed longitudinal magnetic field generated by an external solenoid. The model takes into account the dynamics of the electric circuit (with the solenoid as its part), inertial and strength properties of the shell, magnetic field diffusion, and heating of the solenoid and shell materials. Difference schemes are constructed for the numerical solution of the system of the defining differential equations, and the criteria of their stability are analyzed. The model is used for studying magnetic-p ulse compression of hollow shells, as well as magnetic field compression in their inner cavity, and the effect of controlling parameters such as the starting charge voltage of the energy storage system and the size of the shell being compressed on the process dynamics is analyzed. Various approximations for calculating the shell heating (adiabatic approximation and uniform heating approximation) are analyzed in comparison with rigorous calculations. The possibility of conducting shell expansion due to magnetic field diffusion into the inner cavity is investigated.     

均匀外场中介质球壳的场分布

应用轴对称情形下Laplace方程在球坐标系中的通解,根据边值关系,求出了在均匀外场中介质球壳各区域的势函数,讨论了场分布特点,并由此得到了介质球壳的磁屏蔽效果.     

Size effect on electric-double-layer capacitances of conducting structures

The charge storage in an electrical double-layer capacitor is dependent on the accumulation of ions on the interface between electrolyte and conducting material and the spatial distribution of ions in electrolyte. In this work, we study the effect of local curvature on the concentration of ions on the interface between electrolyte and electrode from the framework of thermodynamics and incorporate the concentration of ions on the interface in the analysis of the spatial distribution of ions for symmetric binary electrolytes. Semi-analytical results of the integral electrical-double-layer capacitances per unit area under the condition of large Debye-Hückel constant are obtained for spherical particle and cylindrical rod, which reveal the contribution of interface energy between the conducting material and the electrolyte to the storage of charge. For spherical cavity and cylindrical pore at small electric potential, the solution of the electric potential for linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation is used in the calculation of the integral electrical-double-layer capacitances per unit area, which are dependent on the sizes of the cavity and pore and independent of the interface energy between the conducting material and the electrolyte. For spherical cavity and cylindrical pore at large electric potential, the integral double-layer capacitances are dependent on the interface energy.