SiCp/ZL101AI复合材料中的层裂微损伤演化行为

对ＳｉＣｐ／ＺＬ１０１Ａｌ复合材料进行了层裂损伤演化实验，得到了试样的层裂损伤演化图像．通过对这些微损伤演化图像的微观观察和对微损伤的统计定量分析，发现在层裂损伤演化过程中，微损伤的形成和发展不仅与应力水平、作用时间相关，而且还与材料中的微结构分布密切相关．通过层裂损伤演化实验，得到了在这种复合材料中，微裂纹在基体中的扩展速度及其与宏观应力水平的关系     

层裂的分形机理及分维和连接阈值的关系

通过对微裂纹连接的动力学分析，提出了描述层裂损伤演化的统计分形模型，指出分形层裂面的形成机理与层裂中微裂纹级串连接的动力学过程密切相关，由此，得到了一种单峰的分维－连接阈值关系，定性解释了分维随专心韧性单峰变化的实验现象。     

爆轰加载下金属材料的微层裂现象

通过在LiF窗口撞击镀膜面增加一薄层LiF和对LiF窗口反光面进行漫反射面镀膜处理的方法，对传统Asay窗诊断技术进行了改进，获得了微层裂物质高质量的实验信号。将改进后Asay窗技术与中能X射线照相及激光干涉测速技术相结合，实验给出了熔化状态下Sn材料微层裂物质不同时刻的密度空间分布图像及演化特征，且不同测试技术诊断结果半定量吻合。得到Sn材料微层裂物质的清晰物理图像，可为微层裂物理机理的认识和物理建模提供实验数据。     

45#钢的损伤演化方程和层裂准则研究

通过唯象分析和细观物理统计相结合的方法建立了一种韧性材料的损伤演化方程。在试验结果和内变量理论的基础上得到了45#钢的含损伤热—粘塑性本构关系。用有限差分方法计算了45#钢平板撞击所产生的应力波传播规律、损伤演化规律及层裂进程。通过自由面速度历史的数值模拟,并基于计算结果与试验结果间的最佳一致性,得到了损伤演化方程中的材料参数和极限损伤数值,并以此为依据建立了材料的应力率层裂准则。     

微孔洞有核长大损伤演化模型研究

针对材料的层裂问题,从细观角度出发,提出微孔洞有核长大损伤演化模型假说。该模型包含损伤开始、演化和终止三个阶段,共有4个材料参数,分别是代表损伤开始发展的阈值应力的σ_0,损伤演化时损伤率对超阈值应力的依赖指数λ,损伤终止时材料发生层裂时的极限损伤D_c,和损伤持续的时间参数Ψ。通过对D6AC钢和45钢层裂实验进行计算分析,验证了本文提出的损伤演化模型假说的合理性。并结合试验,给出了模型中4个材料参数物理内涵、取值方法及影响规律。损伤发展的过程量λ对损伤影响最大,表明损伤演化过程并非简单的能量累积,其次是损伤阈值应力σ_0,极限损伤D_c和损伤持续的时间参数Ψ对损伤影响最小。     

晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响

采用不同热处理工艺制备了3种晶粒尺寸（60、100、500 μm）的高纯铝板材,利用平板撞击实验研究了其层裂行为。通过改变飞片击靶速度,在靶板中实现初始层裂状态和完全层裂状态。基于自由面速度时程曲线和微损伤演化及断口显微形貌分析,讨论了晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响规律。实验结果显示:（1）晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响强烈依赖于冲击加载应力幅值,在低应力条件下,层裂强度与晶粒尺寸之间表现出反Hall-Petch关系,而在高应力条件下,晶粒尺寸对层裂强度几乎没有影响;（2）随着晶粒尺寸的增大,靶板损伤区微孔洞的尺寸和分布范围均增大,但数量显著减少,在微孔洞周围还发现比较严重的晶粒细化现象;（3）随着晶粒尺寸的增大,层裂微观机制从韧性沿晶断裂向准脆性沿晶断裂转变,且在断口上观察到少量随机分布的小圆球,归因于微孔洞长大和聚集过程中严重塑性变形引起的热效应。     

微孔洞唯象损伤力学模型及其应用

基于微损伤发展的NAG(nucleation and growth)模型,从唯相角度,得到了一种微孔洞损伤演化方程。在考虑损伤软化和温度软化的基础上得到了材料含损伤本构关系。将损伤演化方程和材料本构关系引入ABAQUS有限元软件对D6AC和921两种钢板撞击层裂问题进行数值模拟。模拟结果与实验结果吻合。     

延性金属层裂自由面速度曲线特征多尺度模拟研究

以延性金属钽为研究对象,对钽在平板撞击下的层裂行为进行了多尺度下的数值模拟研究,从微观视角对自由面速度曲线上的典型特征进行了新的解读。在宏观尺度,对比分析了光滑粒子流体动力学法（smootfied particle hydrodynamics, SPH）与Lagrange网格法以及几种本构模型的模拟结果及其适用性。通过与实验数据的对比表明,Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan本构模型在层裂模拟中与实验数据吻合较好,通过改变加载条件获得了不同应变率下的自由面速度曲线,分析了不同应变率下的自由面速度曲线中的典型特征。在微观尺度,采用分子动力学方法获得层裂区域内损伤演化情况,揭示了宏观尺度自由面速度曲线典型特征所蕴含的物理内涵。分析表明,层裂表现为材料内部微孔洞形核、长大和聚集的损伤演化过程,自由面速度曲线上的典型特征与层裂区域的损伤演化过程存在密切关联。Pullback信号是层裂区域内微孔洞形核的宏观表征;自由面速度曲线的下降幅值在一定程度上反映了微孔洞的形核条件,由此计算得到的层裂强度实际上是微孔洞的形核强度。此外,Pullback信号后的速度回跳速率反映了微损伤演化的速率。     

平纹编织陶瓷基复合材料面内剪切细观损伤行为研究

采用约西佩斯库(Iosipescu)纯剪切试件,研究了平纹编织SiC/SiC和C/SiC复合材料的面内剪切应力-应变行为和细观损伤特性.通过试验获得了材料不同方向上的单调和迟滞应力-应变行为,对比分析了两种材料的剪切损伤特性,结果表明材料的剪切损伤演化规律受热残余应力水平影响严重.由试件断口电镜扫描结果发现剪切加载状态下桥连纤维承受显著的弯曲载荷和变形,据此提出了纤维弯曲承载机制,并结合裂纹闭合效应分阶段阐释了材料的剪切迟滞环形状.基于材料的剪切细观损伤机制,通过两个损伤变量表征了材料的剪切损伤演化进程,得到了材料的面内剪切细观损伤演化模型.对比发现2D-C/SiC复合材料45°方向基体裂纹的起裂应力明显小于2D-SiC/SiC复合材料,而两者0°/90°方向裂纹的起裂应力基本相同.      

延性金属层裂模型比较

在平面一维弹塑性流动有限差分计算程序中加入4种延性金属层裂模型，对平板撞击层裂实验进行数值模拟。结果表明:简单最大拉伸应力模型和简单损伤累积模型能定性反映层裂的物理现象，由于忽略损伤对本构的影响，计算结果和实验有偏差，但模型要求参数较少，对于一些精度要求不是很高的工程问题，可以采用；从材料损伤断裂物理本质出发，采用微损伤统计方法得到的NAG模型和封加波损伤度函数模型，能很好地再现实测的自由面速度剖面,数值计算结果与实验吻合很好。     

Mesomechanics of deformation and short-term damage of linear elastic homogeneous and composite materials

The structural theory of microdamage of homogeneous and composite materials is generalized. The theory is based on the equations and methods of the mechanics of microinhomogeneous bodies with stochastic structure. A single microdamage is modeled by a quasispherical pore empty or filled with particles of a damaged material. The accumulation of microdamages under increasing loading is modeled as increasing porosity. The damage within a single microvolume is governed by the Huber-Mises or Schleicher-Nadai failure criterion. The ultimate strength is assumed to be a random function of coordinates with power-law or Weibull one-point distribution. The stress-strain state and effective elastic properties of a composite with microdamaged components are determined using the stochastic equations of elasticity. The equations of deformation and microdamage and the porosity balance equation constitute a closed-form system of equations. The solution is found iteratively using conditional moments. The effect of temperature on the coupled processes of deformation and microdamage is taken into account. Algorithms for plotting the dependences of microdamage and macrostresses on macrostrains for composites of different structure are developed. The effect of temperature and strength of damaged material on the stress-strain and microdamage curves is examined __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 3–42, June 2007.     

以新型空壳颗粒复合材料为分配层的成层防护结构抗爆性能试验研究

以成层式人防工程为试验研究背景,分别采用黄沙和新型空壳颗粒复合材料做分配层,开展大比尺集团装药化爆模拟试验,考察其衰减爆炸冲击波的能力。试验结果表明,采用颗粒复合材料构建的分配层,在相同装药量下,遮弹层的变形和破坏明显大于黄沙分配层,应力波上升沿加大,波形脉宽增加,平均峰值应力大概是黄沙分配层的0.65左右,除装药正下方的个别颗粒遭受粉碎性破坏外,绝大部分空壳颗粒依然完好,只是表层泡沫陶瓷略有破损。这说明新型空壳颗粒复合材料不但对爆炸波有非常明显的衰减弥散作用,而且具备承受多次打击的能力。用这种材料做分配层,可大幅提高地下人防工程的抗爆能力。     

Void coalescence within periodic clusters of particles

The effect of particle clustering on void damage rates in a ductile material under triaxial loading conditions is examined using three-dimensional finite element analysis. An infinite material containing a regular distribution of clustered particles is modelled using a unit cell approach. Three discrete particles are introduced into each unit cell while a secondary population of small particles within the surrounding matrix is represented using the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) constitutive equations. Deformation strain states characteristic of sheet metal forming are considered; that is, deep drawing, plane strain and biaxial stretching. Uniaxial tensile stress states with varying levels of superimposed hydrostatic tension are also examined.The orientation of a particle cluster with respect to the direction of major principal loading is shown to significantly influence failure strains. Coalescence of voids within a first-order particle cluster (consisting of three particles) is a stable event while collapse of inter-cluster ligaments leads to imminent material collapse through void-sheeting.     

Deformation and long-term damage of orthotropic composites with limited stress-rupture microstrength

The theory of long-term microdamage of homogeneous materials based on the mechanics of stochastically inhomogeneous materials is generalized to a composite with orthotropic inclusions. The damage of the composite components is modeled by randomly dispersed micropores. The damage criterion for a microvolume is characterized by its stress-rupture strength. It is determined by the dependence of the time to brittle failure on the difference between the equivalent stress and its limit, which is the tensile strength, according to the Huber–Mises criterion, and assumed to be a random function of coordinates. Given macrostresses or macrostrains, an equation of damage (porosity) balance in the composite components at an arbitrary time is derived. The time dependence of microdamage and macrostresses or macrostrains in a discrete-fiber-reinforced composite with limited stress-rupture microstrength described by a fractional-power function is plotted     

Thermo–elasto–plastic stresses in functionally graded materials under consideration of the fabrication process

Summary  The present study analyzes elasto–plastic thermal stresses in some particle-reinforced functionally graded material plates (FGP) by taking into consideration residual stresses of the fabrication process. For the FGP, the region near the cooling metal surface consists of distributed ceramic particles in a metal matrix, while the region near the heating ceramic surface contains distributed metal particles in a ceramic matrix. We use the thermo–elasto–plastic constitutive equation of a particle-reinforced composite, taking into consideration temperature changes and damage as well as the reinforcing effect of particles. Elasto–plastic thermal stresses are discussed here with the goal of reducing the thermal stresses. Two kinds of particle-reinforced FGP are considered: the first kind (FGP1) represents distributed ceramic particles in the metal matrix, and the second one (FGP2) represents distributed metal particles in the ceramic matrix. We modify the thermo–elasto–plastic constitutive equation of a particle-reinforced composite for the FGP2 by taking into consideration temperature changes and damage as well as the reinforcing effect of particles. Using the temperature-dependent material properties, three cases of temperature conditions are studied. The first one is the cooling from the fabrication temperature to the room temperature, the second one is the heating from the room temperature, and the last one is the heating after cooling from the fabrication temperature. The particle volume fraction is assumed to vary according to a power function in the thickness direction of the FGPs. Using the finite element method, the effects of the distribution parameter of the composition on the macroscopic stress, the stress in the matrix and the stress in the particle in the FGPs are discussed. Also, the effects of the particle volume fraction and the fabrication temperature on the maximum tensile matrix stress are discussed. Received 22 November 2000; accepted for publication 24 April 2001     

颗粒缺陷相互作用下复合材料的细观损伤模型

含尖角的非椭球颗粒附近应力集中较大,诱导缺陷形成裂纹是材料损伤的重要来源.对于强界面颗粒,大刚度颗粒诱导裂纹向基体中扩展形成近似平面片状裂纹,认为诱导裂纹受颗粒应力附近应力场控制,基于有效自洽理论建立了材料细观损伤模型,得到了单向拉伸下的损伤演化,并分析了颗粒形状、尺寸、颗粒性能以及颗粒与初始缺陷相对位置等因素对材料损伤的影响.结果表明,非椭球颗粒更易诱发裂纹,同样外载应力下,损伤程度更大,含非椭球颗粒材料强度更低;含扁平型的颗粒材料裂纹损伤过程更加明显并且材料强度更大;提高颗粒刚度和含量能够增大材料强度.材料中存在尺寸过大或过小的初始裂纹时材料损伤过程不明显.     

Particle fracture in high-volume-fraction ceramic-reinforced metals: Governing parameters and implications for composite failure

Weibull parameters of angular alumina particles are determined from experimental tensile test data on high-ceramic-content metal matrix composites using a micromechanical model that accounts for internal damage in the form of particle cracking, the dominant damage mode in these composites. The fraction of broken particles is assessed from the drop of Young's modulus and particle fracture is assumed to be stress controlled. Two extreme load-sharing modes, namely a purely local and a global load-sharing mode, are considered to account for the load redistribution due to particle fracture. Consistent powder strength parameters can be thus “back-calculated” for particles that are embedded in different Al-Cu matrices. On the other hand, this calculation fails for pure Al matrix composites, which exhibit a much larger strain to failure than Al-Cu matrix composites. It is shown that for Al matrix composites, the role of plastic (composite) strain on particle fracture constitutes a second parameter governing particle damage. This finding is rationalized by particle-particle interactions in these tightly packed ceramic particle-reinforced composites, and by the increase of matrix stress heterogeneity that is brought with increasing plastic strain. Failure of the alloyed matrix composites is well described by the (lower bound) local load-sharing micromechanical model, which predicts a catastrophic failure due to an avalanche of damage. The same model predicts failure of pure aluminium matrix composites to occur at the onset of tensile instability, also in agreement with experimental results once the role of plastic strain on damage accumulation is accounted for.     

A finite-strain constitutive theory for electro-active polymer composites via homogenization

This paper presents a homogenization framework for electro-elastic composite materials at finite strains. The framework is used to develop constitutive models for electro-active composites consisting of initially aligned, rigid dielectric particles distributed periodically in a dielectric elastomeric matrix. For this purpose, a novel strategy is proposed to partially decouple the mechanical and electrostatic effects in the composite. Thus, the effective electro-elastic energy of the composite is written in terms of a purely mechanical component together with a purely electrostatic component, this last one dependent on the macroscopic deformation via appropriate kinematic variables, such as the particle displacements and rotations, and the change in size and shape of the appropriate unit cell. The results show that the macroscopic stress includes contributions due to the changes in the effective dielectric permittivity of the composite with the deformation. For the special case of a periodic distribution of electrically isotropic, spherical particles, the extra stresses are due to changes with the deformation in the unit cell shape and size, and are of order volume fraction squared, while the corresponding extra stresses for the case of aligned, ellipsoidal particles can be of order volume fraction, when changes are induced by the deformation in the orientation of the particles.     

Long-term damage of discrete-fiber-reinforced composites with transversely isotropic inclusions and stress-rupture microstrength described by an exponential power function

The theory of long-term damage of homogeneous materials, which is based on the equations of the mechanics of stochastically inhomogeneous materials, is generalized to discrete-fiber-reinforced composite materials. The microdamage of the composite components is modeled by randomly dispersed micropores. The failure criterion for a microvolume is characterized by its stress-rupture strength. It is determined by the dependence of the time to brittle failure on the difference between the equivalent stress and its limit. Given macrostresses and macrostrains, an equation of damage (porosity) balance in the composite components at an arbitrary time is formulated. The time dependence of microdamage and macrostresses or macrostrains is established in the case of stress-rupture microstrength described by an exponential power function Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 19–29, February 2009.