ITO表面Pt颗粒的电化学沉积制备及其电催化氧化氨研究

以氧化铟锡(ITO)透明导电玻璃为导电基体, 采用恒电位电化学沉积方法, 在其表面制备Pt颗粒. 使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 能量色散X射线荧光光谱(EDS)与X射线衍射(XRD)表征了ITO表面沉积的Pt颗粒的形貌, 成分和结构. 采用循环伏安(CV)和电化学活性面积(EASA)表征Pt/ITO电极在碱性介质中对氨的电催化氧化性能及其有效电化学表面积. 结果表明, 采用电化学沉积方法, 可在ITO表面获得具有较好分散度的亚微米尺寸的Pt颗粒. 制备的Pt/ITO电极在较低Pt担载量(约0.12 mg•cm^－2)的条件下, 即可获得远高于纯Pt电极的电催化氧化氨活性. 这主要归因于电化学沉积制备的Pt颗粒尺寸较小且在ITO表面呈良好分散, 具有很高的电化学活性面积.     

Pt/碳纳米管电极的电化学稳定性

 研究了Pt/CNT(碳纳米管)电极在动电位和恒电位两种情况下的电化学稳定性. 在动电位条件(0.05～1.2 V vs RHE(可逆氢电极)循环伏安940次, 60 h)下, Pt/CNT电极的电化学表面积下降18.8%; 在恒电位条件(1.2 V vs RHE, 60 h)下, Pt/CNT电极的电化学表面积仅下降5.2%. 这表明Pt/CNT电极在动电位条件下性能衰减得更迅速. X射线光电子能谱分析表明,恒电位条件下载体碳纳米管被氧化的程度较大. X射线衍射分析计算表明,动电位和恒电位氧化后, Pt颗粒的平均粒径从3.8 nm分别增大到4.9和3.9 nm. Pt颗粒的长大可能是Pt/CNT电极性能衰减的主要原因之一,而载体的氧化不是Pt/CNT电极性能衰减的主要原因.     

Pt/CeO2/CNTs催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化的研究

通过微波乙二醇法制备了Pt/CeO2/CNTs催化剂用于碱性体系中的甲醇电催化氧化,考察了不同的CeO2含量对其电催化活性的影响.X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)结果表明,Pt/CeO2/CNTs催化剂中Pt颗粒较小,在载体上分散性较好.循环伏安曲线和计时电流测试结果表明,Pt/CeO2/CNTs催化剂表现出良...     

CeO2修饰的Pt/Ni催化剂在碱性溶液中对乙醇电催化氧化性能的增强

有机小分子直接燃料电池具有高能量密度和转换效率、易贮存及运输方便等优点.在过去几十年,有机小分子化合物尤其是乙醇的电催化氧化引起了研究者的关注,高活性和稳定性及低价格的电催化剂的设计和制备一直是乙醇燃料电池的研究热点.本文采用复合电沉积方法制备了Ni和CeO2复合镀层,然后利用Ni置换铂前驱体中Pt的方法制备了纳米CeO2修饰的Pt/Ni电催化剂(Pt/Ni-CeO2).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)等手段表征了所制样品的组成和相结构、表面形貌及组成成份.XRD结果表明,所制Pt/Ni催化剂主要是PtNi合金相结构.与Pt/Ni相比,Pt/Ni-CeO2催化剂的XRD峰强明显变弱,表明纳米CeO2修饰的Pt/Ni电催化剂的结晶性较差或者其晶体颗粒较小.这可能是由于CeO2的共沉积阻止了Ni纳米颗粒的进一步生长或团聚.当电镀液中CeO2含量为50和100 mg/L时,所制Pt/Ni-CeO2催化剂样品Pt/NiCe1和Pt/NiCe2的XRD谱上未观察到CeO2相关的衍射峰,这主要可归因于催化剂中沉积的CeO2量少或其高度分散.随着电镀液中CeO2浓度进一步增大到200 mg/L时,在Pt/Ni-CeO2催化剂(Pt/NiCe4)的XRD谱上出现了CeO2相关的衍射峰.这表明采用复合电沉积-化学还原法可以成功制备CeO2修饰的Pt/Ni电催化剂.SEM结果显示,所制催化剂都是由团聚状态的纳米颗粒组成,并且Pt/NiCe2表现出比Pt/Ni更开放的微结构,从而有利于反应物扩散至催化剂内部.该结果进一步表明共沉积的CeO2对所制Pt/Ni催化剂微结构的影响.此外,EDS结果也证实成功制备了CeO2修饰的Pt/Ni电催化剂.采用多次循环伏安、电流时间曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等手段研究了所制电催化剂的电化学性能.与Pt/Ni相比,Pt/Ni-CeO2催化剂表现出更好的电催化氧化乙醇活性和稳定性,这可能与CeO2的贮氧特性及其共沉积增大了电极的粗糙度有关.红外光谱测试结果表明,在CeO2修饰的Pt/Ni电催化剂催化氧化乙醇过程中,CH3COO?可能是乙醇氧化的主要产物.在所制催化剂中,CeO2含量影响其电催化氧化乙醇性能.循环伏安和电流时间曲线测试结果表明,随着催化剂中CeO2含量增大,催化剂活性先增加后减弱.电化学阻抗谱结果表明,随着CeO2含量增大,CeO2修饰的Pt/Ni电催化剂的接触电阻先增大后变小再变大;而电荷转移电阻不断变小.在电解液中含有100 mg/L CeO2时所制电催化剂(Pt/NiCe2)具有最佳的电催化氧化乙醇活性和稳定性.这主要与CeO2的贮氧功能、Pt与CeO2/Ni间的相互作用和其较小的接触电阻和电荷转移电阻有关.该结果可为设计和制备低价格、高活性乙醇燃料电池中的催化剂提供思路.     

甲醇在欠电位沉积Ru修饰Pt电极上的催化氧化

采用欠电位沉积(upd)方法在Pt 表面沉积亚单层的Ru制备出upd-Ru/Pt 电极. 通过欠电位沉积前后电极在0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4溶液中循环伏安图-152 - 128 mV(vs Ag/AgCl)电位范围内对氢区的数值积分确定Pt表面Ru 的覆盖度. 用电化学方法测试了甲醇在upd-Ru/Pt电极上的催化氧化, 并讨论分析了欠电位沉积电位和Ru的表面覆盖度对甲醇氧化的影响. 结果表明, Ru能够欠电位沉积到Pt表面. Pt表面欠电位沉积少量的Ru 即能大大促进甲醇的氧化.只要控制upd-Ru的沉积量, upd-Ru原子就能大大促进甲醇氧化而与沉积电位无关. Ru原子对甲醇氧化的促进作用与Ru和Pt是否形成合金无关, 而取决于Ru 在Pt表面的百分含量.     

CeO_2修饰炭载体负载PdPt二元合金催化剂及其在甲酸氧化电催化中的应用

用CeO2修饰炭粉做载体,使用有机溶胶法还原PdPt二元合金的方法制备了一系列PdPt/CeO2-C催化剂.借助电化学测试,探讨催化剂中不同Pd与Pt原子比例的PdPt二元合金和不同含量的CeO2对于甲酸电氧化催化活性的影响.不断减少PdPt合金中Pt的比例可以促使甲酸氧化的起始电位前移,当Pd：Pt=15：1时氧化电流出现极值;同时,随着催化剂中CeO2含量的增加,催化剂对于HCOOH氧化的电流密度增加,当含量为15%时达到最大值.相对于Pd/C催化剂,在Pd15Pt1/15CeO2-C催化剂表面的甲酸氧化反应起始电位负移至少0.1V,氧化的电流密度提高60%以上.结合X射线衍射（XRD）,X射线光电子能谱（XPS）,透射电镜（TEM）和热重（TG）等测试数据可以发现,当极少量的Pt与Pd形成合金,Pt与Pd之间产生电子效应,使得合金表面HCOOH氧化的过电位降低;而CeO2的添加不仅有助于PdPt二元合金的分散,更有可能改变甲酸在PdPt表面的氧化反应路径,发挥双功能机理.     

铂/聚邻甲基苯胺/碳材料掺杂碳糊电极对甲醇的催化氧化

以石墨和液体石蜡油为主要原料,分别制备了掺杂不同量多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)、石墨烯(GRA)、电容活性炭(YEC)和电池活性炭(YBC)的多种碳糊底电极Y-CPE(Y代表各种掺杂碳材料,CPE代表纯碳糊电极).采用恒电位法在-0.10 V(vs.Ag/Ag Cl)电位下将铂电沉积到这些电极上.结果表明,当电池碳的含量为14%时,Pt/YBC-CPE(14%)复合电极对甲醇具有最好的电催化氧化活性.采用恒电位方法在0.85 V(vs.Ag/Ag Cl)电位下将聚邻甲基苯胺(POT)电聚合沉积到纯碳糊电极CPE和含有电池碳的YBC-CPE(14%)电极上,得到复合电极POT/CPE和POT/YBC-CPE(14%),再通过恒电位方法将铂电沉积到这2个复合电极上.扫描电镜(SEM)观察结果表明,在Pt/CPE,Pt/YBC-CPE(14%),Pt/POT(6.5 mC)/CPE和Pt/POT(6.5 mC)/YBC-CPE(14%)4个复合电极中,在Pt/POT/YBC-CPE(14%)复合电极上的铂粒子的尺寸最小,并且Pt/POT(6.5 mC)/YBC-CPE(14%)复合电极电催化氧化甲醇活性最高.在POT(6.5 mC)/CPE和POT(6.5 mC)/YBC-CPE(14%)上Pt纳米颗粒的电沉积过程是一个近似的3D成核过程.研究还发现,复合电极Pt/POT/CPE和Pt/POT/YBC-CPE电催化氧化甲醇的活性随POT膜厚度的增加先增大后减少,存在一个最佳的膜厚度.     

Pt-CeO2/SiO2催化剂用于室温湿空气中CO氧化反应

开发室温CO氧化催化剂的主要挑战是CO自中毒和慢的表面动力学,同时湿气的存在也可导致催化剂失活.本文开发了高活性CeO2促进的Pt基催化剂4%Pt-12%CeO2/SiO2,用于室温湿气(湿度10%?90%,25°C)中CO氧化反应,在低CO浓度(<500 ppm)和高CO浓度(>2500 ppm)时,CO转化率高于99%.优化了催化剂制备变量,如Pt和CeO2负载量、CeO2沉积方法、CeO2和Pt前驱体的干燥和焙烧条件.采用CO/H2化学吸附、O2-H2滴定、X射线衍射和BET比表面积测定表征了催化剂的表面特性,并将其与催化剂活性相关联.结果表明,CeO2沉积方法对催化剂活性影响显著,当用浸渍法沉积CeO2时,所得催化剂的反应速率(5.77μmol/g/s)比用沉积沉淀法(1.96μmol g?1 s?1)或CeO2嫁接法(1.31μmol g?1 s?1)制得催化剂的高3倍.O2-H2滴定结果表明,当用浸渍法沉积CeO2时,CeO2和Pt的紧密结合导致了催化剂的高活性.催化剂载体的选择也非常重要,硅胶负载的催化剂活性(5.77μmol g?1 s?1)是氧化铝负载的(1.05μmol g?1 s?1)5倍.当反应受内扩散控制时,催化剂载体的粒径和孔结构影响非常大.另外,CeO2和Pt前驱体的干燥和焙烧条件对催化剂活性的影响至关重要.当Pt和CeO2含量分别大于2.5和15 wt%时,所得催化剂在室温条件下活性高(TOF>0.02 s?1),稳定性好(反应15 h,CO转化率≥99%).     

调制脉冲电沉积法制备质子交换膜燃料电池铂催化电极

通过调制脉冲电流在质子交换树脂(Nafion)粘接的无催化多孔碳电极(UCE)上电沉积Pt 催化剂, 对所沉积Pt 催化电极性能及负载量用循环伏安法(CV)、X 射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)及分光光度法进行了表征. 结果表明, 通过调制电沉积过程的脉冲参数, 能够实现质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)电极Pt催化剂的直接电化学沉积, 能够调控电沉积Pt粒径, 并能有效地缓解电沉积过程中析氢对沉积金属催化剂铂的干扰, 所沉积的Pt 催化剂利用率较传统Nafion 粘接Pt/C催化电极要高. 脉冲导通时间ton 为300 μs、断通时间toff 为1200 μs, 脉冲峰值电流密度jp 为100 mA·cm-2 时, 电沉积120 s制得的电极的Pt 晶粒约5-8 nm, Pt 表面利用率为43.14%, 沉积Pt的电流效率为45%.     

Ti/CeO_2-F-PbO_2电极制备及其在有机物降解中的应用

在钛板上制备了氧化铈掺杂的含氟二氧化铅电极(Ti/CeO2-F-PbO2,电沉积法).SEM和XRD分析显示CeO2颗粒能均匀地嵌入二氧化铅镀层中.电化学测试表明,掺杂CeO2提高了二氧化铅的析氧电位(Ti/CeO2-F-PbO2为1.83V,vs.SCE,Ti/F-PbO2为1.78V,vs.SCE).对氯苯酚降解结果表明,Ti/CeO2-F-PbO2电极有较高的COD去除率和电流效率.     

棒状CeO_2负载Pt催化剂的合成及其电化学性能研究

通过水热法合成棒状纳米Ce O2(Ce O2-R),并将Pt纳米颗粒负载于Ce O2表面,制得甲醇燃料电池的阳极催化剂Pt/Ce O2-R.通过结构与形貌表征,结果表明,Pt/Ce O2-R中Ce O2的暴露晶面为(111)和(002)晶面,改变了Pt周围的电子结构,进而降低了Pt-COads的键能,释放出更多的活性位.另外,Pt纳米颗粒在Ce O2-R表面分散更均匀.利用电化学工作站测试阳极催化剂Pt/Ce O2-R在酸性溶液中的电化学性能,证明Pt/Ce O2-R催化剂的甲醇电氧化性能与抗CO毒害能力较颗粒状Ce O2负载Pt催化剂(Pt/Ce O2-P)都有很大的提高,证明Ce O2-R作为Pt纳米颗粒的载体用于直接甲醇燃料电池的阳极反应具有发展潜力.     

Interrelated functionalities of hierarchically CNT/CeO2/Pt nanostructured layers: synthesis, characterization, and electroactivity

We present a free-standing catalyst layer comprising current collector/CNTs (catalyst support)/CeO(2)/Pt (catalyst) nanostructured layers, each layer constructed upon the one below it. FESEM and TEM showed that a CeO(2) layer has a fluffy morphology recalling the texture of cotton, whereas Pt nanoparticles assemble into cauliflower or broccoli-like arrangement. New insights have been gained into the effect of CeO(2) on the structural properties of the beneath CNTs layer and on the above Pt layer. First, by means of Raman analysis, it was found that interaction of CeO(2) with CNTs induced a decrease in the crystallinity of the latter. Second, by TEM and XPS analyses, it was observed that the size of Pt nanoparticles in the CNT/CeO(2)/Pt structure was inferior to that in the CNT/Pt, implying that CeO(2) influenced the dispersion quality of Pt nanoparticles. For the first time, it is observed that CeO(2) supported CNTs undergo oxidation/reduction reactions at low potentials in the ethanol electrolyte. The electrochemical analysis showed that entities produced from those redox processes are surface adsorbed/desorbed species most likely hydroxides. This unexpected electroactivity is due to the beneath CNTs that boosted the conductivity of CeO(2). Such improved conductivity of CeO(2) has fostered the electron-transfer kinetics of ethanol at Pt as demonstrated by the decreased overpotential required to oxidize ethanol and by the specific mass activity, which was greater than that of CNT/Pt.     

A new type of strong metal-support interaction and the production of H2 through the transformation of water on Pt/CeO2(111) and Pt/CeO(x)/TiO2(110) catalysts

The electronic properties of Pt nanoparticles deposited on CeO(2)(111) and CeO(x)/TiO(2)(110) model catalysts have been examined using valence photoemission experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The valence photoemission and DFT results point to a new type of "strong metal-support interaction" that produces large electronic perturbations for small Pt particles in contact with ceria and significantly enhances the ability of the admetal to dissociate the O-H bonds in water. When going from Pt(111) to Pt(8)/CeO(2)(111), the dissociation of water becomes a very exothermic process. The ceria-supported Pt(8) appears as a fluxional system that can change geometry and charge distribution to accommodate adsorbates better. In comparison with other water-gas shift (WGS) catalysts [Cu(111), Pt(111), Cu/CeO(2)(111), and Au/CeO(2)(111)], the Pt/CeO(2)(111) surface has the unique property that the admetal is able to dissociate water in an efficient way. Furthermore, for the codeposition of Pt and CeO(x) nanoparticles on TiO(2)(110), we have found a transfer of O from the ceria to Pt that opens new paths for the WGS process and makes the mixed-metal oxide an extremely active catalyst for the production of hydrogen.     

Pt/CeO2/SBA-15催化剂上Pt-CeO2接触界面的相互作用

通过沉积沉淀法(Deposition precipitation, DP)将CeO2纳米粒子高度分散在SBA-15分子筛上, 进一步采用浸渍法负载Pt后制备了 Pt/CeO2/SBA-DP催化剂. 紫外-可见漫反射光谱分析表明, 在Pt/CeO2/SBA-DP催化剂上可以形成更多的Pt-CeO2接触界面, 有利于从CeO2到Pt的电子转移过程. CO程序升温还原(CO-TPR)测试证实, Pt/CeO2/SBA-DP催化剂上CeO2表面氧物种具有较高的还原能力.     

Sonochemically prepared Pt/CeO2 and its application as a catalyst in ethyl acetate combustion

Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles were incorporated in CeO2 nanopowders by an ultrasound-assisted reduction procedure. The activity of the Pt/CeO2 catalysts was studied in the reaction of the ethyl acetate combustion, and complete conversion was achieved at low temperature. It was demonstrated that the higher dispersion of the CeO2 support, the better the performance of the Pt/CeO2 catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, HRTEM, EDX, BET, and XPS. The homogeneous incorporation of 2-4 nm Pt nanoparticles into the interparticle distance of the CeO2 nanopowders was demonstrated. The advantage of the sonochemical method for catalyst preparation, in comparison with the traditional incipient wetness impregnation, was explained as the result of the homogeneity and better dispersion of the active metal phase obtained by ultrasound irradiation.     

DRIFTS investigation and DFT calculation of the adsorption of CO on Pt/TiO2, Pt/CeO2 and FeOx/Pt/CeO2

Molecular structures and vibrational spectra of the CO species adsorbed on the Pt/TiO2, Pt/CeO2 and FeOx/Pt/CeO2 have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculation and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The geometrical structures and vibrational frequencies were obtained at the MPW1PW91/SDD level. Theoretical calculation shows that the calculated IR spectra were in good agreement with the experimental results. The calculated results clarify the assignment of the adsorbed CO species on the surface of Pt/TiO2, Pt/CeO2 and FeOx/Pt/CeO2.     

A Highly Reactive and Sinter-Resistant Catalytic System Based on Platinum Nanoparticles Embedded in the Inner Surfaces of CeO(2) Hollow Fibers

Ceria (CeO(2) ) hollow fibers with Pt nanoparticles (Pt?NPs) embedded in their inner surfaces were prepared by sequentially depositing Pt?NPs and CeO(2) sheaths on electrospun fibers of polystyrene, followed by calcination in air at 400?°C. Despite a relatively low Pt loading in this system, the turnover frequency for CO oxidation was 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those of other systems, and the reactivity was also stable up to 700?°C.     

Chemoselective hydrogenation catalysts: Pt on mesostructured CeO2 nanoparticles embedded within ultrathin layers of SiO2 binder

Pt on mesostructured CeO(2) nanoparticles embedded within ultrathin layers of highly structured SiO(2) binder shows highest activity reported with 80% selectivity for the chemoselective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CO adsorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show the presence of small Pt metal particles, preferentially located on CeO(2) (70%) together with the formation of Pt-CeO(2-x) sites at the interface between Pt and CeO(2) (4 nm) nanoparticles. These sites are able to polarize the carbonyl group and facilitate the selective hydrogenation of this with respect to the double bond.