在大径高比环形透平叶栅中叶片弯曲对二次流影响的实验研究

1实验装置与模型叶片倾斜和弯曲的概念是针对小径高比环形叶栅提出来的。在短叶片环形叶栅中采用弯曲叶片的效果如何，本文作者对此进行了研究。同时也讨论了边界条件对静叶出口流场的影响。本实验是在哈尔滨工业大学的环形叶栅风洞上进行的。实验用的三套叶栅为：（1）常规径向叶片；（2）两端倾斜角为15”的弯曲叶片；（3）两端倾斜角为22“的弯曲叶片。其特性参数为：径高比为10．553，弦长b—31．Zmm，叶型安装角风一45．3“，进气角。0—90”，几何平均出气角。1—15”。出口马赫数M＝0．26左右。（1）（）（3）均为等截面叶栅，（2）…     

叶片弦向倾斜对损失发展的影响及叶片反弯降低损失机理的研究

早在六十年代初期,Ｓｍｉｔｈ提出了弦向倾斜叶片￣［１］。叶片的这种倾斜集叶片的后掠（叶片展向与气流不垂直）和上反（叶片表面与端壁斜交）于一身。根据理论分析可知,弦向倾斜叶片与周向倾斜叶片比较,在相同倾斜角下,它更能有效地抑制通道涡的形成和发展￣［２］。但是,到现在为止还没有实验数据证实这一计算结果。本文继文献￣［３］详细测量了弦向倾斜叶片叶栅由栅前至栅后诸截面上的气动参数。实验结果表明,弦向倾斜对损失的发展起到了与周向倾斜相类似的作用,但是前者比后者减小了叶栅进口段的流向逆压梯度,从而降低了二次旋涡损失。本文还测量了大转角常规直叶栅与反弯叶片叶栅端壁与叶片表面上的静压分布,探讨了反弯叶片降低损失的原因,认为：减小叶栅进口段流向逆压梯度,在叶片吸力面前部形成垂直于端壁的平行静压等值线、在中部形成反“Ｃ”型静压等值线,以及在流道内建立沿叶高的反“Ｃ”型静压分布,是反弯叶片降低损失的三要素。     

叶片倾斜和弯曲对扩压叶栅出口流场的影响

本文对具有常规直叶片、周向正倾斜２５０叶片和正弯曲叶片组成的三种压气机平面叶栅在平面叶栅低速风洞上进行了实验研究，详细测量了零冲角下三种叶栅的出口流场，通过实验结果的分析比较，并与流场显示结果及叶片表面静压测量结果相结合，讨论了叶片倾斜和弯曲对扩压叶栅出口流场的改善作用。     

不同冲角下弯曲扩压叶栅出口流场的实验研究

本文在不同冲角下对直叶片、正倾斜叶片、正弯曲叶片和Ｓ型叶片组成的四种平面扩压时栅的出口流场进行了详细的实验研究。通过与常规直叶栅的对比，分析了正倾斜叶栅降低根区二次流损失的原因，阐述了正弯曲叶栅在正冲角下改善叶栅两端区流动状况，降低能量损失的机理和Ｓ型叶栅降低根区损失、总损失系数对冲角变化不敏感的原因。结果表明，扩压叶栅中采用正弯曲叶片在一定条件下是可行的。     

反弯曲扩压时栅降低二次流损失的实验研究

1前言近年来，压气机叶栅中应用弯曲叶片的研究已受到许多学者的重视l‘，‘］并得到了一些有益的结果。我们已完成的正倾斜、正弯曲和S型平面扩压叶棚的实验结果也表明，采用正弯曲方式的叶片可明显改善叶栅根区气流流动状况，延缓壁角失速，降低端区二次流损失【‘，‘1。为了对比在相同的叶片倾斜角下不同叶片堆迭线型式对叶栅流场的影响，进行了应用反弯曲叶片的压气机平面叶栅的实验研究，以期找出比较合理的叶片弯曲型式，从而降低叶栅的二次流损失。本文在0”、土5”和土10“冲角下，对叶片堆送线如图1所示的反弯曲叶片组成的扩压叶…     

在低展弦比透平静叶栅中叶片的弯曲作用

在平面叶栅低速风洞上,对具有直叶片、直线倾斜叶片和弯叶片的低展弦比矩形透平静叶栅进行了吹风实验,并通过实验结果的比较讨论了叶片弯曲对流场的改善作用。     

叶片正弯曲对透平静叶栅叶片气动特性影响的实验研究

本文报告了对一种具有常规直叶片和弯曲角分别为＋１０°，＋２０°及＋３０°的弯曲叶片的透平静叶栅的叶片表面静压分布进行实验测量的结果，分析了叶片正弯曲对叶栅叶片气动特性的影响．结果表明对于该典型低展弦比小折转角的透平静叶栅，采用正弯曲叶片在叶片吸力面建立了一个沿叶高方向的“Ｃ”形静压分布，但并没有提高叶栅气动效率．     

叶片弯曲变形对其结构稳定性的影响分析

本文针对柔性叶片能量转换装置的结构特点,在对四种弯曲变形叶片翼型气动载荷实验研究的基础上,采用参数化建模技术建立四种弯曲变形叶片实体模型,将实验测得的叶片表面压力加载到结构计算的有限元模型上,并以此为载荷对叶片进行气弹稳定性分析,揭示翼型发生变化后,叶片应力变化规律。研究结果表明:在一定的弯曲变形范围内,较大曲率弯曲变形的叶片结构稳定性较好。     

涡轮静叶周向和轴向弯曲对其气动性能影响的研究

近年来，叶片弯曲在叶轮机械中得到厂越来越广泛的应用。众所周知，合适的周向弯曲或轴向弯曲能够提高叶轮机械的气动性能。但什么样的弯曲规律最好则取决于叶片的负荷与工况。本文试图通过对某大功率汽轮机未级导叶及其弯曲变形的气动计算与分析，深人探讨特定工况下不同弯曲规律对叶片气动性能的影响。文中采用有限体积时问推进法并结合多重网格法求解Ｎ－Ｓ方程，给出了不同弯曲叶型的流场和总体性能比较，详细分析并讨论了计算结果。     

压水堆核电站燃料组件弯曲对堆芯中子学的影响分析计算

在压水堆核电站中,由于燃料组件装配的压紧力、冷却剂流动、辐射蠕变、燃耗等因素会导致燃料组件的弯曲,燃料组件的弯曲对组件间的水隙分布产生影响,从而影响中子的慢化行为及堆芯的传热性能,进而对反应堆堆芯的运行参数造成影响。本文分析了组件弯曲的成因及机理、影响及后果（包括对堆芯功率分布、径向功率倾斜、焓升因子、热点因子等参数的影响）,并使用蒙特卡罗软件JMCT,对组件弯曲的确定论计算程序的正确性进行了验证。最后通过确定论的计算程序模块,对CPR1000核电站的组件弯曲情况进行了模拟分析,计算结果表明:在某一燃耗下,随着水隙增加或减小,燃料组件功率会随之增加或减小,使堆芯的功率分布发生倾斜,影响核电站的安全运行。     

Application of the wavelet transform in the laminar turbulent transition for a flow in a mixed convection phenomenon

The aim of this paper is to show the effect of secondary flows caused by natural convection on the laminar-turbulent hydrodynamic transition. It is not a question of measuring a critical threshold value of Reynolds number of transition but only to estimate the degree of turbulence in the transition regime, i.e. weak turbulence in the case of superposition (mixed convection) or not (forced convection) of secondary flows on the forced flow. This is possible thanks to the application of the wavelet transform. The calculation of the H?lder exponent, associated with the maximum value of the singularity spectrum for two configurations, vertical (forced convection) and horizontal (mixed convection) allows the degree of turbulence to be measured in both cases. The variation of the H?lder exponent versus the Reynolds number has enabled it to be shown that the secondary flows stabilise the main flow and stifle the beginnings of the turbulence during the regime of transition to turbulence; these kinds of results have also been shown in literature. Generally, large-sized secondary flows (for example Dean's flows) stabilise the turbulence. Our work confirms this, through an experiment carried out in identical conditions for mixed convection (horizontal flow) and forced convection (vertical flow). Received 30 March 1998 and Received in final form 28 April 1999     

Ultrasound assisted arylation of benzyl alcohol with 4-nitrochlorobenzene under a new multi-site phase-transfer catalyst in solid–liquid condition

The ultrasound assisted preparation of 1-(benzyloxy)-4-nitrobenzene from the reaction of 4-chloronitrobenzene (CNB) and benzyl alcohol was carried out successfully using potassium hydroxide and catalyzed by a new multi-site phase-transfer catalyst (MPTC) viz., 1,3,5-triethyl-1,3,5-trihexyl-1,3,5-triazinane-1,3,5-triium trichloride in a solid–liquid reaction condition (SL-MPTC). The advantage of using SL-MPTC is to avoid a serious hydration of potassium salt of benzyl alcohol in the reaction between 4-chloronitrobenzene (CNB) and benzyl alcohol. The reaction is greatly enhanced in the solid–liquid system, catalyzed by multi-site quaternary ammonium salt (MPTC) and ultrasound irradiation (40 kHz, 300 W) in a batch reactor, it shows that the overall reaction greatly enhanced with ultrasound irradiation than without ultrasound. The reaction mechanism is proposed and verified by examining the experimental evidence. A kinetic model is proposed in which a pseudo first-order rate law is sufficient to describe the results, such as the effects of agitation speed, ultrasound, different phase transfer catalysts and the effect of organic solvents, the amount of newly prepared MPTC, the effect of temperature, the amount of water, the concentration of 4-chloronitrobenzene (CNB) and potassium hydroxide concentrations. The apparent rate constant (k_app) were investigated in detail. Rational explanations to account for the phenomena on the results were made.     

Onset of Chaotic Kolmogorov Flows Resulting from Interacting Oscillatory Modes

On the basis of rigorous analysis supported by numerical computation, a systematic study is presented to locate and examine chaotic Kolmogorov flows resulting from the interaction of a basic steady-state flow and oscillatory modes. Referenced to suitably chosen initial conditions of the Kolmogorov flow model, these oscillatory modes are derived from the equation linearized around the basic steady-state flow. The numerical experiments provide insight into the transition process from secondary self-oscillation flows or secondary steady-state flows to chaotic Kolmogorov flows.     

一种考马斯亮蓝G-250快速染色法在SDS-PAGE中的应用

对SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中一种仅加入3mmol/L盐酸的考马斯亮蓝G-250染色液配合微波加热的快速染色方法的具体条件进行了研究.该方法能在1h内完成,比常规考马斯亮蓝R-250染色法短得多.同时未加入有机溶剂和其他酸,对人体几乎无害,对环境污染小.而其灵敏度与常规考马斯亮蓝R-250染色法相近,适于在实验教学和科研方面进行推广应用.     

Advanced microstructure of boron carbide

The rhombohedral elementary cell of the complex boron carbide structure is composed of B(12) or B(11)C icosahedra and CBC, CBB or B□B (□, vacancy) linear arrangements, whose shares vary depending on the actual chemical compound. The evaluation of the IR phonon spectra of isotopically pure boron carbide yields the quantitative concentrations of these components within the homogeneity range. The structure formula of B(4.3)C at the carbon-rich limit of the homogeneity range is (B(11)C) (CBC)(0.91) (B□B)(0.09) (□, vacancy); and the actual structure formula of B(13)C(2) is (B(12))(0.5)(B(11)C)(0.5)(CBC)(0.65)(CBB)(0.16) (B□B)(0.19), and deviates fundamentally from (B(12))CBC, predicted by theory to be the energetically most favourable structure of boron carbide. In reality, it is the most distorted structure in the homogeneity range. The spectra of (nat)B(x)C make it evident that boron isotopes are not randomly distributed in the structure. However, doping with 2% silicon brings about a random distribution.     

Rheo-NMR of the secondary flow of non-Newtonian fluids in square ducts

We report the first real-time observations of the entire fully developed laminar secondary flow field of aqueous 2% Viscarin GP-209NF (a λ-carrageenan polysaccharide) in a square duct as made using a modest rheological NMR imaging (rheo-NMR) apparatus. Simulations using the Reiner-Rivlin constitutive equation verify the results. An included rheo-NMR flow rate quantification study assesses the measurement precision. Rheo-NMR resolves slow flows superimposed on primary flows about 300 times greater, making it a universally accessible technique by which full secondary flow field data may be systematically gathered.     

Experimental and numerical visualizations of condensation process in a supersonic ejector

The present study deals with the visualization of the droplet condensation phenomenon that can occur in ejectors powered by moist air. The condensation process is visualized through a numerical model of non-equilibrium condensation in high speed flows implemented by the present authors in a CFD code. The evolution of the region of condensation in the ejector with the primary stagnation pressure is examined both in the case without secondary flows and in the case with free entrainment of induced air. Laser tomography visualization is used to validate the computational results. The effects of some parameters such as the primary stagnation pressure and the humidity ratio in the primary and secondary air flows are also examined. Limitations of the present numerical model are discussed.     

Chiral symmetry breaking in crystallization: the role of convection

Chiral symmetry breaking in stirred crystallization of sodium chlorate ( NaClO3) occurs via the production of secondary crystals from a single "mother crystal." Martin, Tharrington, and Wu [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2826 (1996)] investigated this phenomenon and concluded that it was mechanical crushing of a crystal by the stir bar, not convection, that produces secondary crystals from a single crystal. Here we report the generation of secondary crystals of sodium chlorate when a saturated solution of sodium chlorate is simply made to flow over a sodium bromate ( NaBrO3) crystal. This clearly shows that fluid flows alone can generate and disperse secondary nuclei.     

达旦黄-曲通X-100体系共振光散射法测定蛋白质

基于在Triton X-100存在下,蛋白质与达旦黄作用使得体系的共振光散射增强,在λ＝492 nm处光散射强度最大,增强作用的强弱与蛋白质的含量成正比,据此建立了共振光散射测定蛋白质的新方法。此方法对牛血清白蛋白的检出限达到17.7 ng·mL-1,线性范围为0.03～0.9 μg·mL-1,用于合成样与人血清样品的分析,取得了令人满意的结果。同时也研究了人血清白蛋白、鸡蛋白蛋白、溶菌酶、胰蛋白酶与达旦黄的作用。     

Enhancement of convective heat transfer by electrically-induced swirling effect in laminar and fully-developed internal flows

A computational and experimental approach is undertaken to study the enhancement of convective heat transfer in fully-developed internal flows by an electrically-induced secondary flow field. Using longitudinal flat electrodes along a parallel-plate configuration, the corona discharge is employed to generate an electrically induced secondary flow on the cross section of the flow passage. The electrically-induced secondary flow forms a swirling flow field in the fully-developed condition and enhances the heat transfer significantly. The flow field was solved computationally and the results were verified and validated by grid refinement study and computational error analysis.