光横向传播的光折变体全息透镜设计及其衍射性质

提出了一种新型的可用于光束横向传播的光折变体全息透镜。该透镜是由入射方向相互垂直的一束平面波和一束球面波在双掺杂的铌酸锂晶体平板上记录形成的，它可以将垂直入射晶体平板的输入光束产生横向传输并聚焦，或对输入光点产生横传并准直输出。该透镜除了具有一般体全息透镜的稳定性好、可靠性高的特点外，特别具有光束横向传播的功能，因而具有空占比小、更易于整个光学透镜系统的微小化集成的优点。利用局域体全息的耦合波理论，计算了该透镜衍射光的振幅分布和衍射效率。计算了该透镜的焦面上的强度分布，并与理想球面波照射矩形孔径时焦面上的强度分布进行了比较。     

Analysis of photorefractive volume holographic lenses with different recording and read-out wavelengths

The photorefractive volume holographic lenses for converting a plane wave to a lateral-spread spherical wave with different recording and reconstructing wavelength has been studied. Using the coupled-wave theory, the half-analytical solutions for the amplitudes of the space harmonics of the field inside the transmission geometry are presented. The values of the off-Bragg parameter at the reconstructed process and the diffracted beam's amplitude distribution are analyzed. In addition, the dependences of diffraction properties on the focal length of recording spherical wave and on the geometrical dimensions of the grating are discussed. Furthermore, the focusing properties of this photorefractive holographic lens are analyzed.     

圆锥透镜对偏轴球面波光束的衍射模式

球面波入射圆锥透镜产生的出射光束中心光斑直径较小且焦深长，适合通讯领域长距离测量和准直。针对实际操作中球面波光束入射时很可能与圆锥透镜的中心轴线发生偏移或倾斜，使衍射光场发生变化，着重研究圆锥透镜对偏轴球面波光束的衍射模式，并通过衍射理论和稳相法分析，研究其径向衍射光场的分布特性。使用半径为15mm，底角为1°的圆锥透镜进行计算机仿真和实验，最后将实验结果与理论分析和仿真结果相比较，证明球面波的曲率半径和出射光束的传输距离越小，偏轴对衍射模式的影响越小。该研究结果表明：在激光通讯等长距离通信中，使用曲率半径小的球面波光束代替平面波入射圆锥透镜，不仅可以扩展焦深，还可以降低偏轴对测量的影响。     

量子模型分析激光驻波原子透镜的像差

采用量子模型对近共振激光驻波原子透镜会聚Cr原子束、形成纳米量级光栅结构的物理过程进行数值模拟。为提高原子透镜的成像质量,对各种像差,如衍射像差、球差、色差、及原子束发散角、原子磁支能级、原子同位素等因素引起的像差进行了理论分析。模拟结果表明,相比粒子光学模型,量子模型能更加精确地描述原子会聚结果,且能解释原子在驻波光场中的衍射现象。在各种像差中,原子束发散角是最主要的因素,其影响大于衍射像差、球差、色差。原子的磁支能级、同位素等因素对像差影响很小,可以忽略不计。激光冷却准直原子束的方法可以减小束发散角引起的像差,压缩原子速度Vz分布范围的方法可以减小色差。     

体全息成像系统中非周期体光栅的深度选择性研究

由一束球面波和一束平面波或者两束球面波干涉所形成的体全息光栅,由于其光栅矢量在全息图体积内是随位置的变化而变化的,所以被称为非周期型的体光栅。主要研究了用于体全息三维成像系统的非周期体光栅的深度选择特性。根据叠加的原理,将非周期体光栅看作多个固定周期的基元体光栅的叠加,结合耦合波理论分析非周期体光栅的衍射特性。采用这一方法,利用Matlab软件模拟,研究了两束记录光夹角对所记录的非周期体光栅深度选择性的影响和在两束记录光夹角相同时,球面参考光体全息成像系统及平面参考光体全息成像系统深度选择性的差别,最后在光折变晶体材料中进行非周期型和周期型体光栅的记录和再现,对模拟结果进行了实验验证。     

以球面波为参考光的体全息图衍射特性研究

研究以球面波为参考光时体全息图的相对衍射效率问题，从理论计算中发现，当以球面波为参考光时，体全息图的串扰（ｃｒｏｓｓ－ｔａｌｋ）性能比用平面波时要略好一些，文章对此进行了分析解释并给出了实验验证。根据分析及实际读出的存储图像，发现球面参考光相对于平面参考光也不引起像质退化。这些特性表明了体全息存储器对于参考光平行度调节的要求并不十分严格。此外，文章还给出了以球面波为参考光时体全息图相对衍射效率的近似解析计算公式。     

On the Theory of X-Ray Diffractional Laue Focusing on Two Bent Crystals

The Laue focusing of a spherical x-ray wave onto dynamical diffraction by a double-bent crystal system is studied. The geometrical equations of two-dimensional Laue focusing and the intensity distribution formula are derived. A high sensitivity of the two-dimensional Laue focusing to the crystal thickness and bending radii difference is revealed. It is shown that this sensitivity can be used to control the crystal thickness with accuracy up to 100 and bending radii up to 10^-2 m. The focusing process of the spherical wave inside crystals as well as in vacuum is investigated. The possibility of using the two-crystal Laue system as a lens for x-ray microscopy is studied. The spectral characteristics of a twice-diffracted wave are discussed. The spectral resolution is demonstrated to be 10⁶.     

高功率激光聚焦均匀照明靶面的验证

由正六边形的球面透镜列阵和一个非球面的主聚焦透镜组成的聚焦系统,用于改善高功率激光(10~(12)W)聚焦照明靶面的均匀性,得到实验上的证明.文中报道了采用这个聚焦系统进行的激光驱动高压冲击波实验,显示出了均匀照明对改善激光冲击波平面性的良好的效果.     

Scattering and Focusing Effect of Stepped Index Luneberg Lens

Focusing effect of the Luneberg lens for wide bandwidth is studied with emphasis on experiment. A model experiment was performed using a stepped index (six-layer) spherical lens. The total electric field amplitude along the propagation axis has the maximum value (focal point) on the surface of the lens. As the size parameter ka (k: wave number, a: radius of the sphere) is larger, the electric field amplitude at the focal point becomes larger. These results correspond with the power of convergence (focusing effect) by the Luneberg lens. The experimental values are in a good agreement with theoretical ones that are calculated using homogeneous multilayered approximate method. They are also in a good agreement with the results using exact solutions for the inhomogeneous dielectric sphere (the ideal Luneberg lens). Therefore, it is found that the six-layer spherical lens has the optimum variation of dielectric constants for the Luneberg lens and maintains focusing effect for wide bandwidth.     

Changes in the intensity distribution and polarization of non-uniformly polarized beams focused by a spherically aberrated lens with annular aperture

Based on the generalized Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral and beam coherence polarization (BCP) matrix formulation, the focusing properties of a type of non-uniformly polarized (NUP) beam through a spherical aberrated lens with annular aperture are studied. The dependence of focal shift, intensity distribution, power in the bucket (PIB) and degree of polarization on the spherical aberration coefficient, obscure ratio and polarization parameters is illustrated numerically. The focusing of NUP beams by a spherically aberrated lens with circular aperture is treated as a special case, where the inner radius of the aperture is equal to zero.     

空间频率对透射式全息图衍射率的影响

为研究干涉条纹空间频率与透射式全息图衍射率的关系,在相同条件下,拍摄以平面波、发散的和会聚的球面波分别作参考光、物光的透射式全息图,通过实验测量其衍射效率,同时计算了干涉条纹的空间频率。然后以会聚的球面波为物光,平面波为参考光,分别改变入射角和球面波会聚点到记录面的距离制作另外4块透射式全息图,并计算了它们的空间频率,测量了其衍射效率。结果表明：在相同条件下制作透射式全息图时,衍射效率只由空间频率决定,与使用何种参考光和物光无关,空间频率仅随参考光和物光的夹角变化而变化。     

Dynamical diffraction of spherical X-ray wave on a superlattice

It was shown that at the dynamical diffraction of spherical X-ray wave on a short period superlattice, a focusing of satellites occurred both at different depths of the superlattice and at different distances from the crystal in vacuum depending on the structural factors of the superlattice. Based on the obtained results a method for investigation of a superlattice by means of dynamical diffraction focusing of a spherical X-ray wave was proposed. The method is based on the measurement of focal distances of different satellites.     

X-ray Phase Contrast at Diffraction Focusing of a Spherical Wave in a Short-Period Superlattice

The possibility of reconstructing the internal structure of one-dimensional phase objects at diffraction focusing of X-ray spherical wave was investigated. As a crystal analyzer a strongly absorbing wedge-shaped short period superlattice with a rib parallel to the diffraction vector was used in symmetric Laue geometry case. It is shown that by moving a phase object along the direction of diffraction vector one can bring different satellites in the focusing condition. It is possible to restore an additional wave phase acquired in the phase object by recording the entire map of obtained data.     

照明物镜像差对远场衍射波前质量影响的严格矢量分析

点衍射干涉仪(PDI)中衍射参考球面波的质量受照明物镜像差和小孔的质量、状态的影响。基于矢量衍射理论,分析计算了可见光经过带像差的照明物镜聚焦后经过有限厚度具有实际电导率小孔板的衍射。分析了照明物镜像差对远场衍射波前质量的影响,确定了PDI检测极紫外光刻(EUVL)元件和系统时的最佳直径大小。分析计算得出,当用PDI检测数值孔经(NA)为0.3的系统时,采用直径大小为800nm的小孔较为适宜,其衍射波前均方根(RMS)偏差为6.51×10-5λ,强度均匀性为0.812。当用PDI检测NA为0.3的元件时,采用直径大小为500nm的小孔较为适宜,其衍射波前的RMS非对称偏差为8.40×10-5λ,强度均匀性为0.664。     

Focusing surface plasmon polariton wave packets in space and time

The spatiotemporal focusing of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave packets (WPs) by planar plasmonic‐lens coupling structures is described using combined femtosecond interferometric time‐resolved photoemission electron microscopy (ITR‐PEEM) imaging and model simulations. The focusing properties of lens structures inscribed lithographically into Ag films depend on the angle of incidence of the excitation field. Severe aberrations are introduced by the phase delay in the interaction of obliquely incident plane waves with the commonly employed circular arc‐shaped lens structures. It is shown that the aberration can be corrected by accounting for propagation delays caused by the incidence angle‐dependent retardation of the optical field‐lens structure interaction. The focusing of SPP‐WPs in both space and time is demonstrated with aberration corrected lens structures.     

产生多个高光强梯度局域空心光束的理论与实验

在实验中用贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加得到多个具有高强度梯度的局域空心光束(BB)。用衍射理论分析了贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加的光场,借助软件对两光场相干叠加的光强分布进行了模拟,结果表明在球面波的焦点附近能够形成多个高强度梯度的BB。实验中贝塞尔光束和球面波分别用轴棱锥和透镜对平行光聚焦获得,使两光场在同一传播轴上相干叠加,在球面波焦点附近观察到多个BB。通过对比可知,贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加所得BB比用两束贝塞尔光束干涉产生的BB在暗域处具有更大的光强梯度,更有利于稳定的粒子囚禁。     

Theory of second harmonic generation in focused light beam of fundamental frequency with the Gaussian distribution of light intensity under the interaction of type o+o→e

A process of generation of second harmonic frequency (S.H.G.) in focused light beam with the Gaussian distribution of light intensity is studied with the help of generalized diffraction theory in this work. Three methods of focusing are considered, namely, focusing with the spherical lens, focusing with the cylindrical lens in the plane of the principal cut and finally focusing with the cylindrical lens in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the principal cut. Two cases are discussed, namely, the case of S.H.G. in “diffractionless” light beam and the case of S.H.G. in strongly diffracted light beam.     

Simple real-time 3-D displacement measurement by fringe analysis using a photorefractive interferometer

A simple 3-D displacement measurement method using a photorefractive interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A photorefractive crystal attached to the sample under test is used to record an original spherical wave that provides a shifted reconstructed wave after displacement. The shifted wave interferes with direct wave to form an interferogram. By analyzing the fringe pattern the in-place and out-of-place displacements can be determined at the same time. This method works in real-time and is easy to operate with adequate accuracy comparable with or even better than that of other techniques.     

Method for computing the intensity distribution in the image plane of an aberration-free lens with allowance for the wave properties of light

For the Gaussian model of a lens, a Green-function-based method is proposed to compute the intensity distribution in the lens image plane. The method is used to accomplish several test tasks, which include the simulation of the image of a square area, the diffraction by an infinitely long slit, the focusing of a convergent wave with a Gaussian amplitude profile in the focal waist region, and the image of a surface representing an analog of a diffraction grating. After a suitable modification, the method can serve for simulating the propagation of light waves within a real lens and for solving other applied problems.     

Diffractive Multifocal Focusing of Gaussian Beams

The problem of diffraction of a spherical wave with Gaussian amplitude distribution on two infinitesimally thin and ideally reflecting screens with apertures on an optical axis is solved within the quasi-optical approximation. It is shown that when a Gaussian beam illuminates a bicomponent diffraction system with small Fresnel numbers in a near zone of the second screen, the effect of diffractive multifocal focusing of radiation is observed. In this case, the diffraction picture from the second screen in the focal planes represents the circular nonlocal bands of the Fresnel zones with a bright narrow peak at the center, whose intensity can exceed by six times the value of the incident wave intensity. The energy efficiency of diffractive focusing of Gaussian beams by the bicomponent diffraction system can be as high as 70%. The proposed diffractive method allows the focusing of the wide-aperture beams without using classical refraction elements such as lenses and prisms, and it is applicable to both low-intensive and high-power radiation.