压力容器高应变区应变疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究

针对压力容器几何结构不连续高应变区断裂和疲劳破坏特点,本文通过对应变循环条件下疲劳裂纹扩展影响因素和控制参量的理论分析,提出将△J作为应变循环条件下疲劳裂纹扩展速率的控制参量,并在EPRI弹塑性断裂分析工程方法基础上,提出了△J的工程计算方法,并通过模拟应变疲劳裂纹扩展的SCT试样试验,验证了△J工程计算方法的可靠性,根据SCT试样应变疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究结果,在考虑了压力容器高应变区几何形状和材质变化对应变疲劳裂纹扩展参量影响后,提出了一种压力容器高应变区应变疲劳裂纹扩展速率工程估算方法。     

表面裂纹蠕变分析的蠕变线弹簧模型方法

鉴于用通常的数值方法分析三维蠕变裂纹问题的困难,提出了一个三维表面裂纹蠕变断裂力学参量分析的蠕变线弹簧模型方法,并在非稳态蠕变条件下的位移、裂纹尖端J积分和C积分的工程估算公式及弹塑性线弹簧模型的基础上,建立了蠕变线弹簧模型方法的有关基本方程．具体分析计算了受均匀拉伸表面裂纹平板的J积分和C积分,并与三维有限元解进行了比较,其结果吻合良好．研究结果为进一步研究三维表面裂纹的蠕变扩展及寿命预报提供了基础．     

求解I型裂纹构元J积分的半解析方法

表征裂纹尖端应力应变场程度的J积分是一个定义明确、理论严密的弹塑性断裂力学基础参量. 目前J积分的计算主要是依靠塑性因子法和有限元法,但对各类裂纹构元获得J积分以及载荷-位移关系的解析公式以实现材料断裂韧性理论预测和材料测试是断裂力学的重要和困难的任务. 以J积分为参量的材料断裂测试中应用最广的是I型裂纹试样的断裂韧性测试. 本文在平面应变条件下,针对断裂韧性测试中使用的6种I型裂纹构元,基于能量等效假设,提出了J积分-载荷和载荷-位移的工程半解析统一表征方法,进而结合有限元分析的少量计算获得J积分-载荷和载荷-位移关系的半解析公式待定参数. 分析表明,6种I型裂纹构元的J积分-载荷和载荷-位移统一公式的预测结果与有限元结果吻合良好. 新提出的J积分-载荷工程半解析公式包含了材料的弹性模量、应力强度系数和应变硬化指数,能够广泛适应不同的材料,且运用该公式能够方便获取任意载荷点对应的J积分值. 应用新方法可便于获得各类I型裂纹构元的J积分-载荷和载荷-位移工程半解析公式.      

含中心裂纹铝合金薄板裂纹稳态扩展的实验研究

一、引言对于韧性材料的含裂纹构件,通常是在大范围屈服情况下断裂的,所以必须建立弹塑性断裂理论来进行研究。用J积分判据J_(1c)或临界裂纹顶端张开位移δ_(cr)来衡量韧性材料的断裂韧性,在工程上具有实用意义。但是J_(1c)和δ_(cr)都是用来确定裂纹的初始起裂,而起裂后的裂纹稳态扩展现象很重要,特别对于硬化材料的金属薄壁构件更为明显,在裂纹缓慢稳态扩展的过程中,必须继续增加载荷,直到裂纹失稳扩展,因此要合理地确定含裂纹薄壁结构的承载能力,就需要研究裂纹稳态扩展过程。Feddersen在研究平面应力断裂问题中,用铝合金中心裂纹板试件做了大量实验,对工程设计提供了有用的分析方法,但是对于裂纹的稳态扩展过程只做了定性描述,没     

J积分在分层非均匀介质裂纹问题中的应用

本文对分层非均匀介质裂纹问题的J积分进行了研究,旨在把J积分方法用于焊接接头或分层复合材料的断裂分析。利用弹塑性有限元和本文给出的分层介质J的数值计算方法,在各种载荷水平下对含有软夹层的非均质中心裂纹板的J值进行了计算。软夹层中的裂纹平行于或垂直于夹层与基体的分界,分别按Rice的J积分定义和本文的适用于一般多层介质裂纹问题的J的修正定义进行分析计算。考察了软夹层相对宽度对J积分值的影响。     

单试样三曲线法测定J积分阻力曲线及条件起裂值

用单试样三曲线法测定了16MnR 钢和某一焊缝金属的 J 积分阻力曲线及其条件起裂值,与标准的多试样测定结果基本吻合.实验表明,单试样三曲线的关联分析反映了带裂纹的三点弯曲试样的宏观断裂物理过程,裂纹的延性扩展符合幂函数规律.     

含裂纹结构时间相关的疲劳断裂理论与剩余寿命评价技术

高温结构的疲劳失效是与时间相关的, 建立这一失效机制下的断裂理论和寿命评价技术, 进而控制结构失效是人们多年来努力的目标. 从裂纹扩展控制参量、裂纹扩展规律和寿命评价技术、材料老化与环境因素影响和结构完整性评定工程方法等几个方面, 对近年来这一领域的研究进展进行了总结, 并对今后该领域的发展方向进行了预测.      

不均匀裂纹体疲劳裂纹扩展的实验研究和分析

本文提出了裂纹在硬区的软对硬不均匀裂纹体的力学分析模型.疲劳实验研究表明,这种不均匀性影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率.文中的疲劳载荷下不均匀裂纹体的边界元数值计算结果表明,随着疲劳裂纹的扩展,在相同扩展步下,裂纹距软硬区界面越近,裂纹张开位移的幅值△COD 越小,J 积分幅值△J 亦越小.不均匀性对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,主要通过影响△J 来实现.裂纹与软硬区界面的距离越近,疲劳裂纹扩展速率越小.     

J_R曲线测试方法

1.前言试验表明,含裂纹韧性板材,从裂纹起始扩展到失稳扩展都处在弹塑性状态下,此时,线弹性断裂力学的参数应力强度因子K已失效。为合理估算含裂纹韧性板材的抗裂能力,需要研究合适的参数,并测定用该参数表征的材料抗裂特性。Rice,Hutchinson和Paris,Shih等对J控制裂纹扩展的条件进行了系统的研究,建立了扩展裂纹的J积分判据     

求解Ⅰ型裂纹构元J积分的半解析方法

表征裂纹尖端应力应变场程度的J积分是一个定义明确、理论严密的弹塑性断裂力学基础参量.目前J积分的计算主要是依靠塑性因子法和有限元法,但对各类裂纹构元获得J积分以及载荷-位移关系的解析公式以实现材料断裂韧性理论预测和材料测试是断裂力学的重要和困难的任务.以J积分为参量的材料断裂测试中应用最广的是Ⅰ型裂纹试样的断裂韧性测试.本文在平面应变条件下,针对断裂韧性测试中使用的6种Ⅰ型裂纹构元,基于能量等效假设,提出了J积分-载荷和载荷-位移的工程半解析统一表征方法,进而结合有限元分析的少量计算获得J积分-载荷和载荷-位移关系的半解析公式待定参数.分析表明,6种Ⅰ型裂纹构元的J积分-载荷和载荷-位移统一公式的预测结果与有限元结果吻合良好.新提出的J积分-载荷工程半解析公式包含了材料的弹性模量、应力强度系数和应变硬化指数,能够广泛适应不同的材料,且运用该公式能够方便获取任意载荷点对应的J积分值.应用新方法可便于获得各类Ⅰ型裂纹构元的J积分-载荷和载荷-位移工程半解析公式.     

Spurt and instability in a two-layer Johnson-Segalman liquid

The Johnson-Segalman model is an example of a model that exhibits a nonmonotone curve for the shear stress in terms of shear rate. There are many works based on such models for an explanation of the spurt phenomenon but they have concerned the one-dimensional problem. This paper concerns a model problem, taking a one-dimensionally stable spurted solution, viewed in two dimensions. A two-layer arrangement between walls in parallel shear, with a thin layer in the higher shear rate and the bulk of the fluid in the lower shear rate, is examined for linear stability in two dimensions. The spectrum is computed numerically for normal mode solutions. Instabilities with dominant growth rates for short waves are found. Thus, the one-dimensionally stable solutions of this model are actually two-dimensionally unstable.This research was sponsored by ONR Grant No. N00014-92-J-1664 and NSF Grant CTS-9307238.     

Regularity of Flow of Anisotropic Fluid

We study the steady flow of an anisotropic generalised Newtonian fluid under Dirichlet boundary conditions in a bounded domain . The fluid is characterised by a nonlinear dependence of the stress tensor on the symmetric gradient of the velocity vector field. We prove the existence of a C ^1,α-solution of this problem under certain assumptions on the growth of the elliptic term. The result is global: we prove the regularity up to the boundary of the domain Ω. This research was supported by the grant GACR 201/03/0934; partially also by the grants MSM 0021620839 and GAUK 262/2002/B-MAT/MFF.     

Ionization and nonequilibrium radiation of air behind strong shock waves

It is shown that at high velocities of shock waves (V 9.5 km/sec) an important factor influencing the rate of ionization is the depletion of the number of excited states of the atoms through de-excitation. In the case of low pressures (p 1 torr) and for a bounded and optically transparent region of gas heated by the shock wave (for example, for the motion of gas in a shock tube or in a shock layer near a blunt body), the effective ionization rate k_f depends on the pressure [1], which leads to violation of the law of binary similarity which holds under these conditions without allowance for de-excitation. On leaving the relaxation zone, the gas arrives at a stationary state with constant parameters differing from those in thermodynamic equilibrium. The electron concentration and also the radiation intensity in the continuum and the lines are lower than the values for thermodynamic equilibrium. These considerations explain the results of known experiments and some new experiments on ionization and radiation of air behind a travelling shock wave.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 105–112, January–February, 1980.     

On the shape of a slender axisymmetric nonstationary cavity

Very few studies have been made of three-dimensional nonstationary cavitation flows. In [1, 2], differential equations were obtained for the shape of a nonstationary cavity by means of a method of sources and sinks distributed along the axis of thin axisymmetric body and the cavity. In the integro-differential equation obtained in the present paper, allowance is made for a number of additional terms, and this makes it possible to dispense with the requirement ¦ In ¦ 1 adopted in [1, 2]. The obtained equation is valid under the weaker restriction 1. In [3], the problem of determining the cavity shape is reduced to a system of integral equations. Examples of calculation of the cavity shape in accordance with the non-stationary equations of [1–3] are unknown. In [4], an equation is obtained for the shape of a thin axisymmetric nonstationary cavity on the basis of a semiempirical approach. In the present paper, an integro-differential equation for the shape of a thin axisymmetric nonstationary cavity is obtained to order ² ( is a small constant parameter which has the order of the transverse-to-longitudinal dimension ratio of the system consisting of the cavity-forming body, the cavity, and the closing body). A boundary-value problem is formulated and an analytic solution to the corresponding differential equation is obtained in the first approximation (to terms of order ² In ), A number of concrete examples is considered.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 38–47, July–August, 1980.I thank V. P. Karlikov and Yu. L. Yakimov for interesting discussions of the work.     

Transient shear flow behavior of polymeric fluids according to the Leonov model

Summary The viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems based upon the Leonov model has been examined for (i) stress growth and relaxation with intermittent shear flow, (ii) stress relaxation after a step in the shear strain and (iii) elastic recovery after shear flow. A large number of modes have been conveniently incorporated through the determination of the model parameters from conventional rheological data by using an effective least-square procedure. With a sufficient number of modes, the predictions are in very good agreement with corresponding experiments in literature, including the recent data for cases (i) and (ii) obtained by optical methods.The present theory agrees also with the Lodge-Meissner relation ( ₁₁ – ₂₂)/ ₁₂ = ₀ in a step-shear experiment. In general, the Leonov model leads to results which, in these test cases, are comparable to those from Wagner's theory. It is, however, considerably less difficult to apply, thus offering the possibility of analysing flow problems of practical interest.With 16 figures and 1 table     

The retardation of a fluid in a cylinder of low height

The experimental study of specific types of hydrodynamic instability is often carried out from observations of the behavior of a fluid twisting in vessels of various shapes [1, 2]. If the fluid and the vessel are not rotating as a single whole, transverse circulation arises in such a system together with the principal azimuthal motion (see, for example, [3–7]). The classical problem of the retardation of a fluid in an axisymmetric vessel in its full formulation has so far not been solved, since at large Reynolds numbers the initial stage of the process is of a turbulent nature. The most interesting case for technical applications is considered in [8, 9], in which the problem is solved on the assumption of large Reynolds numbers and small Rossby numbers (¦/¦ 1), i.e., under conditions in which the fluid, which at the initial moment is in a state of rapid rigid rotation, experiences thereafter the effect of an envelope which has received a small increase in its angular velocity . The present study considers another limiting case, which corresponds to the viscous stage in the retardation of a fluid in a cylinder of low height after it has been instantaneously stopped, i.e., the problem is solved on the assumption of small Reynolds numbers for ¦/¦=1. A simple formula is obtained which describes the evolution of the tranverse circulation. The results are compared with experiment.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 19–25, January–February, 1985.The authors wish to thank A. M. Obukhov for suggesting the subject, E. M. Zhukhovitskii for constructive discussions, and N. Yu. Polunin for help in the layout of the illustrative material.     

A three-dimensional variational problem in the gasdynamic theory of a lubricant

In [1–3] optimal forms of the gap were found for one-dimensional aerodynamic sliding bearings. The coefficient of the bearing capacity is optimized under the condition that the one-dimensional Reynolds equation of a gas lubricant is used to determine the pressure in the bearing. In the present article the three-dimensional problem of finding the optimal profile of an aerodynamic sliding bearing in the case of small compressibility numbers is considered. The problem is solved by the methods of variational calculation. A qualitative investigation is made of the form of the optimal profile, the results of which are confirmed by a numerical solution of a system of Euler-Lagrange equations. The results of the calculations are given for different elongations of the bearing. On the basis of the profiles obtained, optimal profiles with a rectangular pocket, which are more practical to fabricate, are found.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 34–39, September–October, 1975.     

Structure of the front of oil displacement by a solution of an active additive under nonisothermal conditions when the water saturation of the stratum is high

The structure of the front of oil displacement by a solution of an active additive under nonisothermal conditions in the large-scale approximation without allowance for heat losses has been studied in detail by Braginskaya and Entov [1, 2]. In the present paper, this study is augmented by an analysis of displacement problems when the initial water saturation of the stratum is high. These problems simulate the use of active additives and the pumping of hot water in the lat stage of extraction when an appreciable fraction of the oil has already been displaced from the stratum by ordinary flooding and the initial water saturation of the stratum is high. The exposition is based on the earlier studies [1, 2], whose content is assumed known.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 176–180, January–February, 1982.I thank V. M. Entov for suggesting the problem and helpful discussions.     

Instability of a plane axisymmetric flow with a shear discontinuity in the velocity profile

It is proposed to investigate the stability of a plane axisymmetric flow with an angular velocity profile (r) such that the angular velocity is constant when r < r_O – L and r > r_O + L but varies monotonically from ₁ to ₂ near the point r_O, the thickness of the transition zone being small L r_O, whereas the change in velocity is not small ¦₂ – ₁¦ ₂, ₁. Obviously, as L O short-wave disturbances with respect to the azimuthal coordinate (k=m/r_O 1/r_O) will be unstable with a growth rate-close to the Kelvin—Helmholtz growth rate. In the case L=O (i.e., for a profile with a shear-discontinuity) we find the instability growth rate _O and show that where the thickness of the discontinuity L is finite (but small) the growth rate does not differ from _O up to terms proportional to kL 1 and 1/m 1. Using this example it is possible to investigate the effect of rotation on the flow stability. It is important to note that stabilization (or destabilization) of the flow in question by rotation occurs only for three-dimensional or axisymmetric perturbations.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 111–114, January–February, 1985.