弯掠动叶对跨声压气机非定常气动负荷的影响

对一单级跨声压气机设计工况采用弯掠动叶前、后的非定常流场进行了数值模拟,深入分析了动叶弯掠对压气机叶片非定常气动负荷的影响.结果表明t动叶弯掠后,动、静叶的气动力和气动力矩时均值由于叶片负荷大小及分布的不同变化而产生不同程度的改变;由于动叶对下游静叶的尾迹和二次流干扰远强于动叶所受到的下游静叶的势流干扰,静叶的气动负荷发生较大波动;弯掠动叶减轻了端壁损失并且减弱了顶部泄漏涡强度和根部角区分离,从而减弱了对下游静叶的非定常干扰,这使得静叶各气动参数的波动幅值显著降低.     

周向弯曲低压轴流风机叶顶泄漏流动数值研究

本文采用数值模拟的方法,对三种带有周向弯曲叶片的低压轴流通风机(原型叶轮、周向前弯及后弯叶轮)的叶顶泄漏流动进行了研究。在数值计算与试验测量结果较为吻合的条件下,从流场和压力场等不同角度分析探讨了叶片周向弯曲后,叶顶泄漏流动和泄漏涡的形成和发展规律。数值计算结果表明,叶顶周向前弯加剧了泄漏涡与主流的掺混;周向后弯叶轮比前弯叶轮有助于减弱叶顶泄漏流动;强度大、衰减慢的泄漏涡,降低了叶顶的通流能力,同时与主流的掺混加剧也增大了叶轮的端部损失;此外,顶部间隙高度的增加,泄漏流动加强,旋涡的起始点更靠近叶片后缘。     

射流旋涡发生器对高速扩压叶栅端区流动的影响

在进口马赫数Ma=0.67的高速平面扩压叶栅端壁采用射流旋涡发生器以控制其二次流动。数值模拟结果表明:射流旋涡可有效抑制端壁附面层横向迁移,增强端区与主流间的流体掺混,从而显著减弱角区低能流体堆积,推迟吸力面侧流动分离,减少栅内损失,增强气流折转能力。随着来流冲角的增加,栅内损失减小越明显,当i=4°,仅采用相当于叶栅进口流量0.2%的射流量,即可使得总压损失减小高达13%。     

第三代三维叶片技术思路分析

叶轮机已历经两代三维叶片发展:分别强调"基元叶型"和"掠弯积叠",较为有效地解决了基元叶栅负荷能力和展向势流匹配两大问题。那么,接下来三维叶片还能按何种技术思路继续发展?围绕该问题,本文首先简要回顾了叶轮机三维叶片技术发展历史及其对应解决的流动问题,然后分析了端区主要流动结构,指出组织好端区复杂流动是三维叶片进一步发展的出发点,并提出以叶片/端壁融合、前缘边条叶片为主要特征的第三代三维叶片技术思路.     

叶片开缝的离心风机流场研究

本文提出在离心叶轮轮盖与叶片之间开缝,使得叶片压力面侧的高压气体射流到吸力面侧的低速尾迹区,从而直接给叶轮内的低速流体提供能量,减弱了叶轮内由于二次流所导致的射流-尾迹结构,并可用于消除或解决部分负荷时常发生的离心叶轮积灰问题.对某离心风机整机的数值模拟表明,在设计流量和小流量情况下,叶轮开缝后使叶片表面分离区域减小,整个流道速度分布更为均匀,改善了叶轮内部流场的流动状况,提高了离心叶轮性能和整机性能.研究表明,本方法对于提高离心式流体机械性能是有效的.     

离心叶轮叶顶间隙泄漏涡结构分析

本文以压比为4.7的Krain叶轮为研究对象,采用CFD技术研究了不同工况下叶顶间隙泄漏流的特征,以及叶顶间隙大小和叶轮进口径向畸变对泄漏流的影响。结果表明随着质量流量减小,泄漏流引起的损失增加,泄漏涡涡核轨迹和泄漏流-主流交界面向叶片前缘移动,在失速工况下溢出叶片前缘。叶顶间隙越大,泄漏流引起的损失越大,泄漏涡涡核轨迹与叶片之间的夹角越小。增加叶顶区域流体动量,可推迟泄漏流溢出叶片前缘,反之则促进泄漏流溢出叶片前缘。     

端壁边界层抽吸技术在汽轮机调节级静叶栅中的应用

提出一种在调节级静叶栅叶片吸力面侧端壁处抽吸低能流体至轴封漏汽腔室,以降低静叶栅二次流损失的方法。采用三维稳态时均Ｎ－Ｓ方程组的有限容积差分法数值求解技术,对不考虑栅后漏汽工况、存在吸力面侧端壁抽吸工况及存在栅后蒸汽泄漏工况下的二次流的发展进行了模拟。计算结果表明,所提出的方法可以有效地提高静叶栅效率。     

蜗壳非轴对称性对离心压缩机内部非定常流动影响的数值研究

本文采用非定常数值模拟方法研究了蜗壳几何非轴对称性对离心压缩机内部非定常流场的影响。结果表明:流场的非定常波动主要受叶轮影响。远离蜗壳设计工况时,蜗壳非对称性的影响可传播至叶轮主叶片前缘。蜗壳非对称性对扩压器叶片压力面瞬时压力的影响在小流量和设计流量工况下主要体现叶轮主叶片与分流叶片通过频率的影响,而在大流量工况下叶轮主轴旋转频率也占一定比重。叶轮主叶片压力面的非定常压力波动主要受叶轮主轴旋转频率及其倍频与扩压器叶片通过频率及其倍频的影响。     

掠效应对高负荷跨音转子性能的影响

本文对一高负荷跨音转子采用掠技术进行了改型设计,并通过数值模拟对原型以及前、后掠转子分别进行了流场分析。结果发现掠叶片效率和压比与原型叶片相差不大,但是前掠叶型的失速裕度得到了大幅提高。同时前掠叶型的堵塞流量比原始叶型增大,而后掠叶型却明显减小。叶片采用掠之后一方面前缘位置变化所引起的径向压力输运改变了入口来流条件,另一方面气动掠还直接影响到了叶片吸力面附面层内低能流体的径向输运以及在叶尖区域的集聚,从而使流场内部的激波强度及相对位置明显变化,并最终导致叶片不同叶高载荷分布规律的改变。     

离心式叶轮机匣处理的整周非定常数值分析

针对不带机匣、带周向机匣和带轴向机匣的三种类型的Krain叶轮进行了整周非定常数值计算,通过使用"交错叶片"和"下游变面积喷嘴"的方法来模拟小流量工况下叶轮的非稳定流场特性。数值计算结果表明,"交错叶片"和"下游变面积喷嘴"的方法并不一定能触发离心式叶轮中的旋转失速涡团,流场参数的非定常脉动频率主要是叶片扫掠频率的N次谐波。周向机匣处理可以有效的减小叶轮上游流场的脉动幅度,而轴向机匣的减小程度很微弱。机匣中的流体主要在前缘面附近返回到叶轮主流道,这是机匣处理扩大叶轮失速裕度的一个原因。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.