Complex response analysis of a non-smooth oscillator under harmonic and random excitations

It is well-known that practical vibro-impact systems are often influenced by random perturbations and external excitation forces, making it challenging to carry out the research of this category of complex systems with non-smooth characteristics. To address this problem, by adequately utilizing the stochastic response analysis approach and performing the stochastic response for the considered non-smooth system with the external excitation force and white noise excitation, a modified conducting process has proposed. Taking the multiple nonlinear parameters, the non-smooth parameters, and the external excitation frequency into consideration, the steady-state stochastic P-bifurcation phenomena of an elastic impact oscillator are discussed. It can be found that the system parameters can make the system stability topology change. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified and demonstrated by the Monte Carlo(MC) simulation.Consequently, the conclusions show that the process can be applied to stochastic non-autonomous and non-smooth systems.     

Energy pumping for mechanical systems involving non-smooth Saint-Venant terms

This paper deals with energy transfer from initial one degree of freedom system including non-smooth terms of friction (Saint-Venant) type to an auxiliary mass via an adapted non-linear coupling. We describe design of auxiliary degree of freedom and non-linear smooth coupling to the initial one degree of freedom system. First the auxiliary system is designed as if the initial one degree of freedom system was simply elastic. Then we study numerically the transfer for the non-smooth system in the cases of free transient oscillations or forced oscillations under periodic external forcing. Efficiency of energy pumping is discussed.     

Elliptical inhomogeneity with polynomial eigenstrains embedded in orthotropic materials

A closed-form solution for elastic field of an elliptical inhomogeneity with polynomial eigenstrains in orthotropic media having complex roots is presented. The distribution of eigenstrains is assumed to be in the form of quadratic functions in Cartesian coordinates of the points of the inhomogeneity. Elastic energy of inhomogeneity–matrix system is expressed in terms of 18 real unknown coefficients that are analytically evaluated by means of the principle of minimum potential energy and the corresponding elastic field in the inhomogeneity is obtained. Results indicate that quadratic terms in the eigenstrains induce zeroth-order elastic strain components, which reflect the coupling effect of the zeroth- and second-order terms in the polynomial expressions on the elastic field. In contrast, the first-order terms in the eigenstrains only produce corresponding elastic fields in the form of the first-order terms. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the normal and shear stresses at the interface between the inhomogeneity and the matrix. Furthermore, the solution reduces to known results for the special cases.     

Interfacial Energies for Incoherent Inclusions

We study a variational problem describing an incoherent interface between a rigid inclusion and a linearly elastic matrix. The elastic material is allowed to slip relative to the inclusion along the interface, and the resulting mismatch is penalized by an interfacial energy term that depends on the surface gradient of the relative displacement. The competition between the elastic and interfacial energies induces a threshold effect when the interfacial energy density is non-smooth: small inclusions are coherent (no mismatch); sufficiently large inclusions are incoherent. We also show that the relaxation of the energy functional can be written as the sum of the bulk elastic energy functional and the tangential quasiconvex envelope of the interfacial energy functional.     

三时间尺度下非光滑电路中的簇发振荡及机理

实际工程应用中存在着诸如冲击、干摩擦、切换等非光滑因素,以此建立的动力学模型是包含非光滑项的系统. 目前针对非光滑动力系统的研究大多基于单一尺度或者两尺度, 而含有更多尺度的非光滑动力系统可能会存在更复杂的动力学现象. 本论文旨在探讨非光滑动力系统中的多尺度效应及其分岔机制.基于典型的非光滑蔡氏电路, 引入一个与系统固有频率存在量级差的周期变化的激励项, 同时通过选取适当的参数值,建立了一个三时间尺度耦合下的、含有两个分界面的四维分段线性电路系统模型, 研究了该系统存在的簇发振荡行为及其分岔机制. 首先,将对应快尺度与中间尺度的变量合并作为快变量, 将对应慢尺度的变量看作慢变量, 重新划分了快慢子系统,从而将三时间尺度耦合问题转化为两时间尺度耦合问题去分析. 然后根据双参数下的Hopf分岔情况, 对应于慢子流形的不同稳定性,给出了不同参数下系统存在的两种典型的簇发振荡行为. 最后, 基于快慢分析法, 结合转换相图以及慢子流形在非光滑分界面上的非光滑动力学行为的详细讨论, 分析了不同簇发振荡相互转化的分岔机制, 发现了一个新的簇发振荡的演化路径, 即由破坏性的擦边分岔诱导的簇发振荡.      

A simplified model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of steel column subjected to impact

This paper presents a new simplified model of the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a steel column subjected to impact loading. In this model, the impacted column, which undergoes large displacement, consists of two rigid bars connected by generalized elastic–plastic hinges where the deformation of the entire steel column as well as the connections is concentrated. The effect of the rest of the structure on the column is modeled by an elastic spring and a point masse both attached to the top end of the column which is also loaded by a compressive force. The plastification of the hinges follows the normality rule with a yield surface that accounts for the interaction between M and N. The latter is described by a super-elliptic yield surface that allows ones to consider a wide range of convex yield criterion by simply varying the roundness factor that affects the shape of the limit surface. By including these features, the model captures both geometry and material nonlinearities. Both the flow rule and the equations of motion are integrated using the midpoint scheme that conserves energy. The non-smooth nature of impact is considered by writing the equations of motion of colliding masses using differential measures. Contact conditions are written in terms of velocity and combined with Newton's law to provide the constitutive law describing interactions between masses during impact. Numerical applications show that the model is able to capture the behavior of a column subjected to impact.     

On the elastic stability of static non-holonomic systems

This paper presents a new formulation for the elastic stability of static non-holonomic structural systems. The theory is developed within the tradition of discrete (or discretized) systems written in terms of a set of generalized coordinates and control parameters. The non-holonomic conditions are written as constraint functions. The formulation employs a Lagrangian functional in terms of the total potential energy, the constraint functions and multipliers. Critical states are identified and the solution is next expanded by regular perturbations. This allows to establish a classification of critical states and identify the initial postcritical behavior. This solution is valid provided that there is no change in the active constraints of the system. The paper presents a mathematical analysis of the critical condition, and concludes with simple examples of two degree-of-freedom systems previously investigated by other authors.     

Grazing Bifurcation of a Cantilever Vibrating System with One-sided Impact

与光滑动力系统不同,擦边分岔是非光滑动力系统中的一种特殊分岔行为. 局部不连续映射 是研究非光滑动力系统擦边分岔的一种有力工具. 对一类单侧弹性碰撞悬臂振动系统进行了擦边分岔分析. 首先建立了系统对应的局部不连 续映射(ZDM)和全局Poincar\'{e}映射,进而在其他参数固定,碰撞间隙$g$为分 岔参数时利用数值仿真的方法分别对原系统和对应的Poincar\'{e} 映射进行擦边分岔分析,得到了该系统的两种不同类型的擦边分岔行为：周期1到周期2运 动和周期1到混沌,这两种擦边分岔与刚性碰撞系统的情况是不相同的. 由分析可知,对 于含高阶非线性项的非光滑动力系统的擦边分岔,同样可以利用局部不连续映射的方法进行 研究.     

On stress-based piecewise elasticity for limited strain extensibility materials

A one-dimensional stress-based elasticity model with limited strain extensibility is developed in this paper, based on thermodynamics arguments. Such nonlinear elastic models can be used to model certain rubber-like and biological materials with limiting chain extensibility. The derived constitutive function is a non-smooth piecewise expression, which can be regularized for numerical or physical considerations. This non-smooth constitutive expression is derived from a Gibbs potential. A three-dimensional extension of this stress-based model is also proposed in the paper. Some simple structural examples are investigated for a bar composed of this non-smooth elastic body. A homogeneous bar composed of this new class of nonlinear elastic material that is loaded is studied for different tension states, namely for concentrated or distributed axial loading. It is shown that the displacement limit extensibility can be observed at the structural scale, with finite or infinite axial load parameters.     

Axisymmetric Interaction Problem for a Sphere Pulsating Inside an Elastic Cylindrical Shell Filled with and Immersed Into a Liquid

An interaction problem is formulated for a spherical body oscillating in a prescribed manner inside a thin elastic cylindrical shell filled with a perfect compressible liquid and submerged in a dissimilar infinite perfect compressible liquid. The geometrical center of the sphere is on the cylinder axis. The solution is based on the possibility of representing the partial solutions of the Helmholtz equations written in cylindrical coordinates for both media in terms of the partial solutions written in spherical coordinates, and vice versa. Satisfying the boundary conditions on the sphere and shell surfaces results in an infinite system of linear algebraic equations. This system is used to determine the coefficients of the Fourier-series expansions of the velocity potentials in terms of Legendre polynomials. The hydrodynamic characteristics of both liquids and the shell deflections are determined. The results obtained are compared with those for a sphere oscillating on the axis of an elastic cylindrical shell filled with a compressible liquid (the ambient medium being neglected).     

Coupled hydrodynamic and structural analysis of compressible jet impact onto elastic panels

This paper is concerned with the initial stage of a compressible liquid jet impact onto an elastic plate. The fluid flow is governed by the linear wave equation, while the response of the plate is governed by the classical linear dynamical plate equation. The coupling between the fluid flow and the plate deflection is taken into account through the dynamic and kinematic conditions imposed on the wetted part of the plate. The problem is solved numerically by the normal mode method. The principal coordinates of the hydrodynamic pressure and plate deflections satisfy a system of ordinary differential and integral equations. A time stepping method based on the Runge–Kutta scheme is used for the numerical integration of the system. Calculations are performed for two-dimensional, axisymmetric and three-dimensional jet impacts onto an elastic plate. The effects of the impact conditions and the elastic properties of the plate on the magnitudes of the elastic deflections and bending stresses are analysed.     

Periodically forced system with symmetric motion limiting constraints: Dynamic characteristics and equivalent electronic circuit realization

A two-degree-of-freedom periodically-forced system with symmetric motion limiting constraints is considered in this paper. The incidence relation between dynamics and constraint parameters (clearance and constraint stiffness) is studied and some novel results are obtained by double-parameter simulation analysis. The fundamental group of impact motions having the excitation period and differing by the number of impacts is given special consideration for analyzing low frequency vibration characteristics of the system. Dynamics of the system are studied with emphasis on the mutual transition characteristics between neighboring regions of fundamental impact motions. An electronic circuit is designed for physical implementation of dynamics of the periodically-forced system with symmetric constraints. The non-linear terms of the system are replaced by using an absolute-value function and can be fully implemented with simple electronic elements (resistors and operational amplifiers). The electronic circuit is realized and studied. The oscilloscope outputs of electrical waveforms of various non-smooth oscillations, generated by the circuit itself, are experimentally observed. A good agreement among the numerical results of the mechanical model, the electronic design simulation of the circuit and the real oscilloscope outputs of hardware implementation is confirmed.     

Contact-impact formulation for multi-body systems using component mode synthesis

The efficiency and accuracy are two most concerned issues in the modeling and simulation of multi-body systems involving contact and impact. This paper proposed a formulation based on the component mode synthesis method for planar contact problems of flexible multi-body systems. A flexible body is divided into two parts： a contact zone and an un-contact zone. For the un-contact zone, by using the fixed-interface substructure method as reference, a few low-order modal coordinates are used to replace the nodal coordinates of the nodes, and meanwhile, the nodal coordinates of the local impact region are kept unchanged, therefore the total degrees of freedom （DOFs） are greatly cut down and the computational cost of the simulation is significantly reduced. By using additional constraint method, the impact constraint equations and kinematic constraint equations are derived, and the Lagrange equations of the first kind of flexible multi-body system are obtained. The impact of an elastic beam with a fixed half disk is simulated to verify the efficiency and accuracy of this method.     

Interaction Between an Oscillating Sphere and a Thin Elastic Cylindrical Shell Filled with a Compressible Liquid. Internal Axisymmetric Problem

The problem on the interaction between a spherical body that oscillates in a prescribed manner and a thin elastic cylindrical shell filled with an ideal compressible liquid is formulated. It is assumed that the geometrical center of the sphere is located on the cylinder axis. The problem is solved based on the possibility of representing a partial solution of the Helmholtz equation written in cylindrical coordinates in terms of partial solutions in spherical coordinates, and vice versa. By satisfying the boundary conditions on the surfaces of the sphere and the shell, we obtain an infinite system of linear algebraic equations to determine the coefficients of expansion of the liquid-velocity potential into a Fourier series in terms of Legendre polynomials. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the liquid filling the cylindrical shell are determined and compared with the cases where a sphere oscillates in an infinite liquid and in a rigid cylindrical vessel     

Continuous contact force models for impact analysis in multibody systems

One method for predicting the impact response of a multibody system is based on the assumption that the impacting bodies undergo local deformations and the contact forces are continuous. In a continuous analysis, the integration of the system equations of motion is carried out during the period of contact; therefore, a model for evaluating the contact forces is required. In this paper, two such contact force models are presented, both Hertzian in nature and based upon the direct-central impact of two solid particles.At low impact velocities, the energy dissipation during impact can be represented by material damping. A model is constructed based on the general trend of the Hertz contact law in conjuction with a hysteresis damping function. The unknown parameters are determined in terms of a given coefficient of restitution and the impact velocity. When local plasticity effects are the dominant factor accounting for the dissipation of energy at high impact velocities, a Hertzian contact force model with permanent indentation is constructed. Utilizing energy and momentum considerations, the unknown parameters in the model are again evaluated. The two particle models are generalized to an impact analysis between two bodies of a multibody system.     

Dynamic interaction of an oscillating sphere and an elastic cylindrical shell filled with a fluid and immersed in an elastic medium

The paper studies the interaction of a harmonically oscillating spherical body and a thin elastic cylindrical shell filled with a perfect compressible fluid and immersed in an infinite elastic medium. The geometrical center of the sphere is located on the cylinder axis. The acoustic approximation, the theory of thin elastic shells based on the Kirchhoff—Love hypotheses, and the Lamé equations are used to model the motion of the fluid, shell, and medium, respectively. The solution method is based on the possibility of representing partial solutions of the Helmholtz equations written in cylindrical coordinates in terms of partial solutions written in spherical coordinates, and vice versa. Satisfying the boundary conditions at the shell—medium and shell—fluid interfaces and at the spherical surface produces an infinite system of algebraic equations with coefficients in the form of improper integrals of cylindrical functions. This system is solved by the reduction method. The behavior of the hydroelastic system is analyzed against the frequency of forced oscillations.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 75–86, September 2004.     

A new approach for dynamic analysis of flexible manipulator systems

In this paper, a new approach for dynamic analysis of the flexible multibody manipulator systems is described. The organization of the computer implementations which are used to automatically construct and numerically solve the system of loosely coupled dynamic equations expressed in terms of the absolute, joint and elastic coordinates is discussed. The main processor source code consists of three main modules: constraint module, mass module and force module. The constraint module is used to numerically evaluate the relationship between the absolute and joint accelerations. The mass module is used to numerically evaluate the system mass matrix as well as the non-linear Coriolis and centrifugal forces associated with the absolute, joint and elastic coordinates. At the same time, the force module is used to numerically evaluate the generalized external and elastic forces associated with the absolute, joint and elastic coordinates. Computational efficiency is achieved by taking advantage of the structure of the resulting system of loosely coupled equations. The absolute, joint and elastic accelerations are integrated forward in time using direct numerical integration methods. The absolute positions and velocities can then be determined using the kinematic relationships. The flexible 2-DOF double-pendulum and spatial manipulator systems are used as illustrated examples to demonstrate and verify the application of the computational procedures discussed in this paper.     

Characterization of bifurcating non-linear normal modes in piecewise linear mechanical systems

The non-linear modal properties of a vibrating 2-DOF system with non-smooth (piecewise linear) characteristics are investigated; this oscillator can suitably model beams with a breathing crack or systems colliding with an elastic obstacle. The system having two discontinuity boundaries is non-linearizable and exhibits the peculiar feature of a number of non-linear normal modes (NNMs) that are greater than the degrees of freedom. Since the non-linearities are concentrated at the origin, its non-linear frequencies are independent of the energy level and uniquely depend on the damage parameter. An analysis of the NNMs has been performed for a wide range of damage parameter by employing numerical procedures and Poincaré maps. The influence of damage on the non-linear frequencies has been investigated and bifurcations characterized by the onset of superabundant modes in internal resonance, with a significantly different shape than that of modes on fundamental branch, have been revealed.