新型桥路型高温超导故障限流器的仿真研究

研究应用于三相电力系统中新型桥路型高温超导故障限流器.正常工作情况,在电桥上引入直流偏置电流,不出现限流现象.在短路故障情况,整流桥中的直流偏流影响限流效果,将二极管和偏压电源从限流器中退出运行,超导线圈的电感能限制故障电流峰值和稳态值,利用限流电阻与超导线圈串联限流,进一步提高其限流能力.分析了限流器的工作原理和限流特性.仿真结果表明,该限流器有很好的限流和重合闸能力,能显著减少暂态及稳态的故障电流,有效提高系统动态稳定性和电网电能质量.     

饱和铁芯型超导限流器研究进展综述

电力系统短路电流对系统的稳定安全运行造成了极大的威胁,超导故障限流器是一种将超导技术、电力技术相结合产生的故障限流装置,能有效地限制短路电流。饱和铁芯型超导限流器是产业化前景较好的一种超导限流器,在对此类型的故障限流器进行了深入调研和广泛收集资料的基础上,介绍了饱和铁芯型超导限流器的工作原理,分析了它的优缺点,阐述了饱和铁芯型超导限流器的国内外发展现状,归纳了其在设计过程中的关键技术和制约其工业化应用的主要问题,并提出了技术建议,最后展望了饱和铁芯型超导限流的应用前景。     

基于分裂电抗器的开关转换型超导直流限流器

多端柔性直流电网技术的发展面临快速限制短路电流的巨大挑战。超导直流限流器被认为是故障限流的最有效解决方案之一。提出了一种基于分裂电抗器的开关转换型超导直流限流器,该限流器通过限流单元(分裂电抗器的绕组由YBCO带材绕制)与固态开关相配合,稳态时,限流器呈并联结构,等效电感小,运行损耗低;故障发生后,限流器转换为串联结构,并受大电流冲击而失超,产生较大的限流电阻,能够有效限制短路电流。基于MATLAB/Simulink建立了超导限流器模型,仿真分析了限流过程中的电流变化情况,对比分析了开关动作前后的限流情况,验证了该限流器的可行性。     

不同类型直流超导限流器的技术经济分析

目前柔性直流输电技术的主要瓶颈在于直流侧短路电流开断困难,采用超导限流器能够有效限制短路电流,从而提高直流开断的可靠性和经济性。对电阻型、饱和铁芯型、混合型超导限流器以及机械式直流断路器进行了建模,在四端柔直系统发生双极短路的工况下,研究限流器与断路器的配合保护效果,分析三种类型超导限流器的限流效果以及对直流断路器暂态特性影响,关注断路器最大开断能力、最大电压应力和能量应力等性能指标。评估了限流器的超导带材用量,从技术经济性的角度对三种类型超导限流器进行了比较。     

高温超导限流电缆研究现状与发展趋势综述

高温超导限流电缆是一种新型超导电缆,充分利用了第二代高温超导体的优势,在电力系统正常和故障状态时分别表现低阻抗载流和高阻抗限流特性。高温超导限流电缆集成了超导电缆与超导限流器两种超导电力装备的功能。对于超导电缆和超导限流器,分别都有相关研究综述,而对于高温超导限流电缆缺乏系统性综述研究。从高温超导限流电缆的原理与结构出发,综述国内外有关高温超导限流电缆的研究现状,针对面临的技术问题进行分析。总结出高温超导限流电缆动态电流分布、载流限流瞬态变化过程、高温超导限流电缆接入到电力系统的新拓扑结构等关键技术和基础科学问题,获得了高温超导限流电缆未来的发展方向和趋势。     

基于YBCO的变压器型双面超导薄膜限流器

超导限流器对于其他限流器而言具有响应时间短、能够自动恢复等优点,是一种十分理想的限流器.相对于单面超导薄膜的结构特点,双面超导薄膜的失超电阻是其两倍,基于此提出了将双面超导薄膜应用于变压器型超导薄膜限流器中.通过理论分析并且进行实验对单面、薄膜双面串联情况下的限流效果进行了对比,并改变原边电感观察其对限流效果的影响.通过实验,副边负载以及变压器性能对限流效果影响明显.     

饱和铁心型超导限流器

饱和铁心型超导限流器具有限流功能可靠、输电稳态损耗小、限流恢复时间短等优异特性。根据其工作原理,一方面,用于直流励磁的超导绕组自身不承受短路电流冲击,这避免了其它类型超导限流器中由于超导绕组失超所带来的诸多技术难题;另一方面,其主体电抗器可以借鉴成熟的铁心电抗器技术。因此,饱和铁心型超导限流器的以其优异的性能特性和成熟的工程实现技术,成为迄今为止人们研究的各类超导限流器中的最具实用价值的一种。在电网容量不断扩大,智能化水平不断提高的今天,饱和铁心型超导限流器有非常广阔的应用前景。文中将叙述饱和铁心型超导限流器的基本原理、结构形式、功能特性,并对已在云南普吉变电站挂网运行的35kV/90MVA超导限流器进行简要介绍。     

饱和铁芯型超导限流器的应用研究述评

在主动式短路电流控制措施中,超导故障限流器因其特殊的物理特性,具有可观的发展潜力。将饱和铁芯型超导限流器与其他几类超导限流装置进行了对比,调查分析了该类限流器及其超导材料在国内外的研究、应用进展。重点描述了国内正在试制的改进饱和铁芯型限流器的拓扑结构和工作原理,并针对此类装置的铁芯结构、直流绕组过电压、直流励磁系统等技术问题进行了讨论。从故障识别、超导材料、铁芯结构等方面分析了饱和铁芯型超导限流器未来发展的关键技术问题,为该型装备的深入研发与应用提供参考。     

新型磁屏蔽感应型超导故障限流器的研究

在研究磁屏蔽感应型超导故障限流器原理的基础上,提出了一种新型磁屏蔽感应型高温超导故障限流器,它主要由一次超导绕组、二次超导圆柱形屏蔽筒、铁芯和液氮冷冻箱组成,其工作原理是利用超导绕组和超导筒从超导态转变到正常态时其阻抗的快速上升而限流,对应用于三相系统的新型磁屏蔽感应型超导故障限流器进行了仿真研究,它能显著地减少暂态及稳态的故障电流,有效地提高电力系统的稳定性.     

混合型超导限流器与重合闸配合研究北大核心CSCD

基于超导限流器是最理想故障电流限流装置,当超导限流器串入电力系统后对电力系统继电保护和重合闸产生影响.本文在分析新型混合型超导限流器限流原理的基础上,为了解决失超型超导限流器的超导体失超恢复时间与重合闸时间无法配合的问题,引入失超检测系统,延长重合闸时间,当检测到超导线圈失超恢复后重合闸才动作,仿真结果表明该方法可行,并可解决失超型超导限流器与重合闸配合问题.     

Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Electronic States and Spectra of TeH and TeLi

Gas-phase emission spectra of the hitherto unknown free radical TeLi have been measured in the NIR range with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The emissions were observed from a fast flow system in which tellurium vapor in argon carrier gas was passed through a microwave discharge and mixed with lithium vapor in an observation tube. Two systems of blue-degraded bands were measured at high spectral resolution in the ranges 8000-9000 and 5700-6700 cm(-1) and vibrational and rotational analyses were performed. In order to aid in the analysis of the experimental data, a series of relativistic configuration interaction calculations has been carried out to obtain potential curves for the low-lying states of TeLi and the isovalent TeH and also electric dipole transition moments connecting them. As in the TeH system, the ground state of TeLi is found to be X(2)Pi(i), but with a remarkably smaller spin-orbit splitting. The TeLi calculations indicate a strongly bound A(2)Sigma(+) state, while in TeH the analogous state is computed to lie significantly higher at approximately 32 000 cm(-1), and it is strongly predissociated. Based on the theoretical analysis, the observed TeLi band systems are assigned to the transitions A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(1)(2)Pi(3/2)(X(1)3/2) and A(2)Sigma(+)(A1/2)-->X(2)(2)Pi(1/2)(X(2)1/2). Analysis of the spectra has yielded the molecular constants (in cm(-1)) X(1)(2)Pi(3/2):omega(e)=457.49(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.482(9), B(0)=0.408908(8); X(2)(2)Pi(1/2): T(e)=2353.44(3), omega(e)=456.28(4), omega(e)x(e)=2.635(8), B(0)=0.414954(8), p(0)=1.00637(4); A(2)Sigma(+): T(e)=8574.64(2), omega(e)=437.81(3), omega(e)x(e)=2.581(8), B(0)=0.423903(8), p(0)=-0.19915(2), where the numbers in parentheses are the standard deviations of the parameters. Comparison of the isovalent TeLi and TeH systems emphasizes that the difference in bonding character (ionic in TeLi vs covalent in TeH) is responsible for qualitative differences in the electronic spectra of these two molecules. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Geometry and Elasticity of Strips and Flowers

We solve several problems that involve imposing metrics on surfaces. The problem of a strip with a linear metric gradient is formulated in terms of a Lagrangian similar to those used for spin systems. We are able to show that the low energy state of long strips is a twisted helical state like a telephone cord. We then extend the techniques used in this solution to two–dimensional sheets with more general metrics. We find evolution equations and show that when they are not singular, a surface is determined by knowledge of its metric, and the shape of the surface along one line. Finally, we provide numerical evidence by minimizing a suitable energy functional that once these evolution equations become singular, either the surface is not differentiable, or else the metric deviates from the target metric.     

Synthesis and characterizations of hollow spheres and nanospheres of Au

Hollow spheres and nanospheres of Au have been prepared by a simple reaction of HAuCl₄·4H₂O, NaOH and (NH₂OH)₂·H₂SO₄ in the presence of gelatin. The role of gelatin and the effect of the temperature of the reaction in producing the spherical particles of Au are discussed. The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The sizes of the nanospheres of Au were estimated by the Debye–Scherrer formula according to the XRD spectrum. PACS  81.05.Bx; 81.05.Rm; 81.07.-b; 81.16.Be; 81.20.Fw     

Topological dislocation-type defects and mechanisms of plasticity and failure of nanostructured and amorphous materials

Possible mechanisms of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials have been considered. It is shown that the most probable carriers of plastic deformation in these materials are macrodislocations—linear topological defects of the regular nanocrystallite packing in the nanostructure or cluster packing in amorphous materials. Continuum models are proposed to describe the processes of plastic deformation and failure of nanostructured and cluster amorphous materials. Original Russian Text ? L.S. Vasil’ev, S.F. Lomaeva, 2009, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2009, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 128–131.     

NOx formation and flame velocity profiles of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol

NO formation and flame propagation are studied in premixed flames of iso- and n-isomers of butane and butanol through experimental measurements and direct simulation of experimental profiles. The stabilized flame is realized through the impingement of a premixed combustible jet from a contraction nozzle against a temperature-controlled plate. The velocity field is obtained by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and nitric oxide concentration profiles are measured using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), calibrated using known NO seeding levels. It is found that NO formation in n- and iso-isomers is comparable under the conditions considered, except for rich butanol mixtures, whereby NO formation is higher for iso-butanol. Generally, less NO is formed in butanol flames than in the butane flames. The experiment is simulated by a 1D chemically reacting stagnation flow model, using literature models of C1–C4 hydrocarbons [Wang et al., 2010] and butanol combustion chemistry [Sarathy et al., 2009, 2012]. NO prediction is tested using two of these mechanisms with a previously-published NO_x submechanism added into the butane and butanol models. While a good level of agreement is observed in the velocity field prediction under lean and stoichiometric conditions, discrepancies exist under rich conditions. Greater discrepancies are observed in NO prediction, except for the C1–C4 mechanism which shows good agreement with the experiment under lean and stoichiometric conditions. The current study provides data for further development of mechanisms with NO_x prediction capabilities for the fuels considered here.     

Quantum and surface properties of free films and nanoshells of molecular and atomic thicknesses

An original technology and the properties of new thin film nanoobjects, free films and shells of molecular and atomic thicknesses, are presented. Special attention is paid to shells of monoatomic or monomoleculer thickness with unique surface properties that have not been found in bulk materials.     

ORSAT and modifications of SEFT and APT

Up to now, three subspectra are usually needed for the complete assignment of all signals in 13C spectrum: two DEPT spectra (phi = 90 degrees and phi = 135 degrees) and a proton decoupled spectrum. In this paper, we present a method in which a complete assignment becomes possible with merely two spectra. For this purpose, a new pulse sequence (ORSAT) has been elaborated by using off-resonance irradiation. The method described here is a further development of SEFT and APT. The second required spectrum is a DEPT (phi = 135 degrees). Signal assignment of cholesteryl acetate is demonstrated as an example. 13C routine spectroscopy can be significantly accelerated by applying this method.     

Absorption and luminescence of amino- and benzoylaminoanthraquinones

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 396–402, September, 1990.     

受控核聚变两大途径的对比与结合

目前人们探索受控核聚变主要是从两个方向着手：磁约束受控核聚变和惯性约束受控核聚变，但目前还无法判定到底哪一种途径更为可取，文章首先对这两种途径进行对比，指出各自的特点和困难，在此基础上提出了一种结构相对简单，成本相对较低的三轴六极磁镜系统设想，希望能将磁约束和惯性约束和惯性约束结合起来，以实现受控核聚变反应。