基于碳纤维材料基底的电解水制氢催化剂的研究进展

电解水制氢技术是未来获得清洁氢能源的有效途径之一。铂作为高效的电解水制氢催化剂,由于其价格昂贵,难以回收,不利于氢能源与氢经济的发展,因此发展高效的非贵金属电催化剂,使电解水制氢过程更加高效、经济化是十分关键的科学问题。本文综述了近年来电解水制氢催化剂的研究进展,重点集中在以碳纤维材料为基底的非贵金属催化剂领域。总结了几类重要的多相异质非贵金属催化剂,包括磷化物、硫化物、硒化物、碳化物、氧化物催化剂等,重点探讨了各种析氢催化剂的合成方法和性能提高策略。同时,本文也简要概述了碳纤维基底材料在电分析化学检测方面的应用研究。     

超亲水/超疏气电解水催化剂的研究进展

电解水制氢是一种环保、简便且易于操控的制氢技术。工业化电解水制氢通常在高电流密度下进行,在制氢过程中会产生大量气泡,而气泡在电极表面聚集粘附会覆盖大量活性位点,导致电解水效率降低。因此,调控气体扩散行为对于工业电解水应用来说至关重要。近年来,超浸润材料因为其独特的润湿性能而备受关注。通过控制催化剂表面的化学组成和多尺度微纳米结构可以构建出超浸润界面材料。此类材料具有超亲水/超疏气的界面结构,有助于水相电解液的有效浸润和原位生成气泡的快速释放,从而提升催化剂的水电解性能。系统介绍了2014年至2023年期间报道的部分具有超亲水/超疏气界面结构的电解水催化剂的现状,概述其材料的合成设计策略和水电解催化性能,并对超浸润水电解催化剂的研究现状、面临的挑战和应用前景进行了总结和展望。     

Ru-Ni/C催化剂在碱性介质中的析氢性能研究

氢气的高效生产和利用对构建清洁低碳的能源体系至关重要, 碱性电解水制氢是目前我国应用最多的制氢技术,但也存在能耗较高的难题。因此迫切需要寻找低成本、高性能的电催化剂用于析氢反应（HER）提高水分解效率。本工作采用沉积沉淀法合成了双金属负载型Ru-Ni/C催化剂,用透射电子显微镜（TEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）对催化剂的形貌和结构进行了表征。用线性扫描伏安法（LSV）、电化学阻抗谱（EIS）等测试了HER性能。结果显示炭载体上RuNi双金属均匀分散,在电流密度为10 mA?cm-2时过电位仅为34.4 mV且稳定性良好,Tafel斜率仅为60.33 mV?dec-1,比商用Pt/C还小。表明Ru-Ni/C催化剂展现出了优异的HER电催化活性和稳定性,RuNi双金属之间的协同效应很大程度上促进了催化剂的催化性能,该研究为发展高效的碱性电解水制氢阴极催化剂提供了新思路。     

基于钴纳米晶的高性能电解水产氢催化剂

正近日,中国科学技术大学马明明课题组设计了一种由钴纳米晶自组装形成的纳米空心球,可以作为电催化剂在中性水溶液中高效地催化电解水产生氢气,并且可以在大电流密度下长时间稳定工作,优于商用铂/碳催化剂的表现。氢气是清洁、可再生能源技术的理想能量载体,可通过电解水快速大量制备。使用电化学催化剂可以降低电解水产氢反应的过电势,从而提高能量转化效率。目前工业上使用的电解水产氢催化剂多采用以铂为代表的贵金属材料,价格昂     

纳米晶枝CuAu 合金催化剂对二氧化碳电催化还原性能的研究

利用可再生清洁能源将CO₂转化为CO和其他小分子是合成含碳燃料的可观方法之一。间歇性可再生能源存储的重要策略之一是将二氧化碳进行电化学还原。选择具有高活性和稳定性的电催化剂对于电化学还原CO₂至关重要。在这项研究中,我们使用简单的电沉积方法合成了具有纳米晶枝状结构的CuAu合金电极。各项表征显示原子比约为1:1的CuAu纳米枝晶对CO₂的电化学还原具有出色的催化活性。合成的主要产物是H₂和CO,这是合成气体是合成天然气,氨和甲醇合成的中间体。电化学阻抗谱（EIS）测量表明,相对于Cu和Au电沉积催化剂,CuAu纳米晶枝状催化剂具有相对低的电荷转移阻力。CuAu纳米枝晶催化剂是一种具有潜在的转化CO₂为合成气体的高活性电催化剂。     

碱性电解水高效制氢

与传统化石能源制氢技术相比,利用可再生能源驱动电解水制氢技术具有绿色可持续和制氢效率高等优势,被认为是目前最具前景的制氢方式。然而, 由于电解水两极反应动力学缓慢、 催化剂稳定性较差, 限制了其大规模发展。此外, 阳极析氧反应存在较高的过电势, 从而导致当前制氢能耗与成本较高, 严重制约了其商业化应用。 为了解决上述问题与挑战,本文对当前发展较为成熟的碱性电解水技术进行了综合讨论与分析。 首先, 对电解水发展历程中的重要节点进行了总结, 便于读者了解该领域。进一步, 从电催化剂、 电极、 反应和系统的角度深入总结了提升电解水制氢性能的有效策略。作者分别介绍了近年来层状双金属氢氧化物基电解水催化剂、电解水制氢耦合氧化反应以及可再生能源驱动的电解水系统的重要研究进展; 同时对结构化催化剂在电解水应用中的构效关系进行了深入分析。最后, 对该领域存在的挑战和未来发展方向进行了展望,希望能为氢能的发展和推广提供一定的思路。     

质子交换膜水电解析氧电催化复合材料合成、微结构调控及性能研究

质子交换膜水电解(PEMWE)制氢技术以其独特的优势被视为未来全球能源与环境协调发展的优先选择.析氧电催化剂是PEMWE制氢技术发展的关键瓶颈之一,主要原因在于其表面的析氧反应(OER)可逆性差、反应动力学过程缓慢.为了提高析氧过程反应动力学,需要研制高效的电催化剂.本文从材料组分与结构的角度出发,采用具有质子传导特性的复合载体,探索微结构可控复合载体材料的合成技术,开发出一系列的高效氧电极复合载体材料以及载体催化剂.实现载体材料高质子、电子导电性及微结构的可控优化,对于PEMWE的理论研究和应用都具有重要意义.     

纳米晶枝CuAu合金催化剂对二氧化碳电催化还原性能的研究（英文）

利用可再生清洁能源将CO_2转化为CO和其他小分子是合成含碳燃料的可观方法之一。间歇性可再生能源存储的重要策略之一是将二氧化碳进行电化学还原。选择具有高活性和稳定性的电催化剂对于电化学还原CO_2至关重要。在这项研究中,我们使用简单的电沉积方法合成了具有纳米晶枝状结构的CuAu合金电极。各项表征显示原子比约为1:1的CuAu纳米枝晶对CO_2的电化学还原具有出色的催化活性。合成的主要产物是H2和CO,这是合成气体是合成天然气,氨和甲醇合成的中间体。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测量表明,相对于Cu和Au电沉积催化剂,CuAu纳米晶枝状催化剂具有相对低的电荷转移阻力。CuAu纳米枝晶催化剂是一种具有潜在的转化CO_2为合成气体的高活性电催化剂。     

有机电化学合成的研究进展

有机电化学合成已成为一种实用、环境友好的合成方法, 广泛应用于氧化、还原以及氧化还原中性反应. 通过精准调控电流或者电位可在温和反应条件下实现一些具有挑战性的化学转化. 然而, 有机电化学反应也存在电极钝化、反应类型受限以及反应活性和选择性不易调控等难题. 日益紧张的能源和环境问题使得电化学合成近年来备受关注. 该综述的主要对象为有机溶液体系中的电化学合成, 从直接电解和间接电解两方面阐述近年来为解决这些难题所取得的进展. 在直接电解方面主要是通过合理的有机电化学反应设计、改变电解模式及设备或者将电化学技术与其它的化学合成技术相融合, 解决电极钝化、反应类型受限等问题. 在间接电解方面主要是利用有机分子或者过渡金属作为分子电催化剂去调控电极和底物之间的电子转移以及反应选择性, 实现一些选择性可控的化学转化.     

电解水金属单原子催化剂的研究进展

氢能因其能量密度高、清洁无污染等特点,作为替代化石燃料的能源载体得到了广泛的研究.如何清洁高效地制备氢气受到了大量研究者的关注.当前,以化石能源的热反应所得副产氢气是主要来源.然而,采用该类方法不仅不能摆脱化石能源的使用以及温室气体的排放,还会造成生产氢气的纯度不高,碳氧化物杂质浓度过高的问题,严重影响氢气的后续使用.采用可再生能源(太阳能、风能等)所产富余电,进行电解水制氢,产生的氢气不含碳氧化合物杂质,纯度很高,可以真正实现碳的零排放,被认为是未来氢气来源的重要方式.目前,电解水制氢在制氢市场的所占份额较小,而造成这样局面的主要因素是该过程中的高能耗问题.为了降低能耗,开发高效催化剂加速两个电极上的电解反应的动力学尤为重要.近年,金属单原子催化剂(SACs)因其独特的结构,在很多研究中被用作电解水催化剂,进而开发出大量高性能的金属单原子电解水催化剂.本文综述了近年SACs在电解水催化方面的应用.首先,针对电解水反应本身,总结了阴阳极两侧的电极反应机制以及影响电极催化性能的关键吸附中间物种;然后,根据载体的不同,即合金、碳以及其它化合物将SACs分为三类,总结了相关电解水催化研究现状,并且针对不同类型SACs目前的发展情况,提出了它们各自存在的问题.其次,进一步总结了影响SACs电解水催化活性的因素,提出了四种决定SACs催化性能的影响因子,分别为金属原子的固有元素性质、配位环境、几何结构和负载量;同时讨论了这四类影响因素对SACs催化活性的影响机制,总结了调控各类影响因素的方法,为SACs的设计提出了一些建议.最后,展望了SACs在电解水催化中的应用,探讨了SACs在催化剂设计及催化机制研究方面的问题,提出了SACs在电解水催化中的未来发展方向.     

Ir Nanoparticles Anchored on Metal-Organic Frameworks for Efficient Overall Water Splitting under pH-Universal Conditions

The construction of high-activity and low-cost electrocatalysts is critical for efficient hydrogen production by water electrolysis. Herein, we developed an advanced electrocatalyst by anchoring well-dispersed Ir nanoparticles on nickel metal-organic framework (MOF) Ni-NDC (NDC: 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic) nanosheets. Benefiting from the strong synergy between Ir and MOF through interfacial Ni−O−Ir bonds, the synthesized Ir@Ni-NDC showed exceptional electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and overall water splitting in a wide pH range, superior to commercial benchmarks and most reported electrocatalysts. Theoretical calculations revealed that the charge redistribution of Ni−O−Ir bridge induced the optimization of H₂O, OH* and H* adsorption, thus leading to the accelerated electrochemical kinetics for HER and OER. This work provides a new clue to exploit bifunctional electrocatalysts for pH-universal overall water splitting.     

Electrocatalysts Based on Transition Metal Borides and Borates for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Electrochemical water splitting is a clean and sustainable process for hydrogen production on a large scale as the electrical power required can be obtained from various renewable energy resources. The key challenge in electrochemical water splitting process is to develop low-cost electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the cathode and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the anode. OER is the most important half-reaction involved in water splitting, which has been extensively studied since the last century and a large amount of electrocatalysts including noble and non-noble metal-based materials have been developed. Among them, transition metal borides and borates (TMBs)-based compounds with various structures have attracted increasing attention owing to their excellent OER performance. In recent years, many efforts have been devoted to exploring the OER mechanism of TMBs and to improving the OER activity and stability of TMBs. In this review, recent research progress made in TMBs as efficient electrocatalysts for OER is summarized. The chemical properties, synthetic methodologies, catalytic performance evaluation, and improvement strategy of TMBs as OER electrocatalysts are discussed. The electrochemistry fundamentals of OER are first introduced in brief, followed by a summary of the preparation and performance of TMBs-based OER electrocatalysts. Finally, current challenges and future directions for TMBs-based OER electrocatalysts are discussed.     

Rational Design and Engineering of Nanomaterials Derived from Prussian Blue and Its Analogs for Electrochemical Water Splitting

Electrochemical water splitting (EWS) is a sustainable and promising technology for producing hydrogen as an ideal energy carrier to address environmental and energy issues. Developing highly‐efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) is critical for increasing the efficiency of water electrolysis. Recently, nanomaterials derived from Prussian blue (PB) and its analogs (PBA) have received increasing attention in EWS applications owing to their unique composition and structure properties. In this Minireview, the latest progress of PB/PBA‐derived materials for EWS is presented. Firstly, the catalyst design principles and the advantages of preparing electrocatalysts with PB/PBA as precursors are briefly introduced. Then, strategies for enhancing the electrocatalytic performance (HER, OER or overall water splitting) were discussed in detail, and the recent development and applications of PB/PBA‐derived catalysts for EWS were summarized. Finally, major challenges and possible future trends related to PB/PBA‐derived functional materials are proposed.     

Engineering morphologies of cobalt oxide/phosphate-carbon nanohybrids for high-efficiency electrochemical water oxidation and reduction

Active non-noble metal catalysts plays a decisive role for water electrolysis,however,the rational design and development of cost-efficient electrocatalysts with Pt/IrO2-like activity is still a challenging task.Herein,a facile one-step electrodeposition route in deep eutectic solvents(DESs) is developed for morphology-controllable synthesis of cobalt oxide/phosphate-carbon nano hybrids on nickel foam(CoPO@C/NF).A series of CoPO@C/NF nanostructures including cubes,octahedrons,microspheres and nanoflowers are synthesized,which show promising electrocatalytic properties toward oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions(OER/HER).Such surface self-organized microstructure with accessible active sites make a significant contribution to the enhanced electrochemical activity,and hybridizing cobalt oxide with cobalt pyrophosphates and carbon can result in enhanced OER performance through synergistic catalysis.Among all nanostructures,the obtained microspherical CoPO@C/NF-3 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activities for OER and HER in 1.0 M KOH,affording an anodic current density of 10 mA cm^-2 at overpotentials of 293 mV for OER and 93 mV for HER,with good long-time stability.This work offers a practical route for engineering the high-performance electrocatalysts towards efficient energy conversion and storage devices.     

Earth-Abundant Transition-Metal-Based Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting in Alkaline Media

The depletion of fossil fuels has accelerated the search for clean, sustainable, scalable, and environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. Hydrogen is a potential energy carrier because of its advantageous properties, and the electrolysis of water is considered as an efficient method for its industrial production. However, the high-energy conversion efficiency of electrochemical water splitting requires cost-effective and highly active electrocatalysts. Therefore, researchers have aimed to develop high-performance electrode materials based on non-precious and abundant transition metals for conversion devices. Moreover, to further reduce the cost and complexity in real-world applications, bifunctional catalysts that can be simultaneously active on both the anodic (i.e., oxygen evolution reaction, OER) and cathodic (i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction, HER) sides are economically and technically desirable. This Minireview focuses on the recent progress in transition-metal-based materials as bifunctional electrocatalysts, including several promising strategies to promote electrocatalytic activities for overall water splitting in alkaline media, such as chemical doping, defect (vacancy) engineering, phase engineering, facet engineering, and structure engineering. Finally, the potential for further developments in rational electrode materials design is also discussed.     

Strategies for Promoting Catalytic Performance of Ru-Based Electrocatalysts towards Oxygen/Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Ru-based materials hold great promise for substituting Pt as potential electrocatalysts toward water electrolysis. Significant progress is made in the fabrication of advanced Ru-based electrocatalysts, but an in-depth understanding of the engineering methods and induced effects is still in their early stage. Herein, we organize a review that focusing on the engineering strategies toward the substantial improvement in electrocatalytic OER and HER performance of Ru-based catalysts, including geometric structure, interface, phase, electronic structure, size, and multicomponent engineering. Subsequently, the induced enhancement in catalytic performance by these engineering strategies are also elucidated. Furthermore, some representative Ru-based electrocatalysts for the electrocatalytic HER and OER applications are also well presented. Finally, the challenges and prospects are also elaborated for the future synthesis of more effective Ru-based catalysts and boost their future application.     

“绿氢”工业化碱性催化剂研究现状及未来展望

电解水制氢技术的发展对于加快实现全球碳中和目标具有重要意义。然而,碱性介质中缓慢的析氢/析氧反应动力学过程目前是阻碍该技术发展的瓶颈问题。基于此,本文首先综述了碱性环境下析氢反应与析氧反应不同的动力学理论机制,总结了针对改善动力学反应过程的理论设计策略。随后,介绍了目前电解水催化剂的设计理念及方向。对新兴的“绿氢”技术而言,探索在高电流密度下高性能电催化剂对这项技术在工业化应用推广中起着核心作用。同时,大规模合成策略是辅助合成工业电极的关键技术。进一步,我们在推进“绿氢”工业化应用的基础上总结了目前常用三种电解槽,介绍了目前电解槽设计的局限性及对应解决方案。总之,深入研究适用于碱性环境中的工业电催化剂、商业膜或电解槽的设计,提高对工业设计原则的理解,对于获得效率更高、安全性更高、实用性更强的工业电解槽具有重要意义。     

A review on non-noble metal based electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction

In order to find a clean, efficient and sustainable new energy source that can replace fossil fuels, hydrogen energy is considered to be the most ideal choice. Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution plays a vital role in the development of hydrogen energy, promotes the research of new electrocatalysts, and is dedicated to find materials with high electrocatalytic efficiency. This article discusses in detail the major developments in OER electrocatalysts, including recently reported metal and non-metal based materials. Metal-based catalysts, although having the advantages of high catalytic activity, have disadvantages such as poor stability and low selectivity, which hinder the further application of such materials. Non-metallic based materials avoid such disadvantages and exhibit very substantial performance in overall water decomposition. This review provides useful knowledge of a well-designed OER electrocatalyst and a possible strategy for OER/HER dual-function catalytic performance for future development.     

非晶非贵金属催化剂的研究进展及展望

近年来电解水产氢作为一种具有前景的制备及储存可再生能源的方法受到了各界的广泛关注.在此过程中,电解水催化剂是提高能源转换效率的关键.优秀的催化剂应具备高催化活性、高稳定性、低成本以及可大规模生产等性质.科研工作者对电解水的两部分反应,即析氢反应以及析氧反应均进行了广泛及深入的研究.目前,贵金属催化剂,如铂基、钌基催化剂的催化活性要高于其他元素催化剂,但由于其价格昂贵,储量较少使得贵金属催化剂无法得到大规模应用,因此发展非贵金属催化剂对绿色能源的发展具有重要意义.一般而言,催化剂的结晶度越高,其催化活性越好,而近年来非晶催化剂以其更高的催化活性位密度也越来越受到人们的重视.同时,非晶催化剂的成分更加灵活,相比晶体催化剂来说非晶催化剂可以在更大范围内对成分进行调节.此外,非晶催化剂的制备通常都在较为温和的反应条件下进行,这也能够降低生成成本,促进其工业化发展.在这篇综述里我们介绍了电解水反应的基本原理,总结了近期非晶析氢、析氧以及双功能催化剂的研究进展.并随后探讨了电解水反应目前的难点并对非晶催化剂的制备进行了展望.