On the closure problem for Darcy's law

In a previous derivation of Darcy's law, the closure problem was presented in terms of an integro-differential equation for a second-order tensor. In this paper, we show that the closure problem can be transformed to a set of Stokes-like equations and we compare solutions of these equations with experimental data. The computational advantages of the transformed closure problem are considerable.Roman Letters A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the averaging volume, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within the averaging volume, m² - B second-order tensor used to respresent the velocity deviation - b vector used to represent the pressure deviation, m^–1 - C second-order tensor related to the permeability tensor, m^–2 - D second-order tensor used to represent the velocity deviation, m² - d vector used to represent the pressure deviation, m - g gravity vector, m/s² - I unit tensor - K C ^–1,–D, Darcy's law permeability tensor, m² - L characteristic length scale for volume averaged quantities, m - characteristic length scale for the-phase, m - l _i i=1, 2, 3, lattice vectors, m - n unit normal vector pointing from the-phase toward the-phase - n _e outwardly directed unit normal vector at the entrances and exits of the-phase - p pressure in the-phase, N/m ² - p intrinsic phase average pressure, N/m² - p –p , spatial deviation of the pressure in the-phase, N/m² - r position vector locating points in the-phase, m - r ₀ radius of the averaging volume, m - t time, s - v velocity vector in the-phase, m/s - v intrinsic phase average velocity in the-phase, m/s - v phase average or Darcy velocity in the \-phase, m/s - v –v , spatial deviation of the velocity in the-phase m/s - V averaging volume, m³ - V volume of the-phase contained in the averaging volume, m³ Greek Letters V /V volume fraction of the-phase - mass density of the-phase, kg/m³ - viscosity of the-phase, Nt/m²     

Deformation to breaking of deep water gravity waves

The results of laboratory observations of the deformation of deep water gravity waves leading to wave breaking are reported. The specially developed visualization technique which was used is described. A preliminary analysis of the results has led to similar conclusions than recently developed theories. As a main fact, the observed wave breaking appears as the result of, first, a modulational instability which causes the local wave steepness to approach a maximum and, second, a rapidly growing instability leading directly to the breaking.List of symbols L total wave length - H total wave height - crest elevation above still water level - trough depression below still water level - wave steepness =H/L - crest steepness =/L - trough steepness =/L - F ₁ forward horizontal length from zero-upcross point (A) to wave crest - F ₂ backward horizontal length from wave crest to zero-downcross point (B) - crest front steepness =/F ₁ - crest rear steepness =/F ₂ - vertical asymmetry factor=F ₂/F ₁ (describing the wave asymmetry with respect to a vertical axis through the wave crest) - µ horizontal asymmetry factor=/H (describing the wave asymmetry with respect to a horizontal axis: SWL) - T ₀ wavemaker period - L ₀ theoretical wave length of a small amplitude sinusoïdal wave generated at T _inf0 ^sup–1 frequency - ₀ average wave height     

Laminar forced convection in elliptic ducts

The problem of laminar forced convection heat transfer in short elliptical ducts with (i) uniform wall temperature and (ii) prescribed wall heat flux is examined in detail with the well known Lévêque theory of linear velocity profile near the wall. Moreover, consideration is given to the variation of the slope of the linear velocity profile with the position on the duct wall. A correction factor for the temperature dependent viscosity is included. Expressions for the local and average Nusselt numbers and wall temperatures are obtained. For the case of constant heat flux the Nusselt numbers are higher than for constant wall temperature.The results corresponding to the classical Graetz and Purday problems are deduced as special cases.Nomenclature a, b semiaxes of ellipse, b Graetz number (average), Re Pr D _e/Z - h _i ^o local heat transfer coefficient - J _n(x) Bessel function of order n - K thermal conductivity of the fluid - [X] Laplace transform of X - N _u ^o local Nusselt number, h _i ^o D _e/K - perimeter average Nusselt number - overall average Nusselt number - Nu _w wall Nusselt number - Nu Nusselt number at large distance from the inlet - p Laplace transform parameter - Pr Prandtl number, C _a/K - Re Reynolds number, D _e / _a - T temperature of the fluid - T ₁, T _W inlet and wall temperatures, respectively - u _z local isothermal velocity along the axis of the duct - average fluid velocity - x, y, z Cartesian coordinates, z-axis parallel to the axis of the duct (z=0 at duct inlet) - Z length of the duct - thermal diffusivity, K/C - * correction factor for the temperature dependent viscosity - (x) gamma function - coordinate measured normal to the wall of the duct - _a, _w viscosity of fluid at average and wall temperatures - , , z elliptic cylindrical coordinates - density of fluid - (z) heat flux     

Mixed convection on vertical plate for fluids of any prandtl number

A mixed convection parameter=(Ra) ^1/4/(Re)^1/2, with=Pr/(1+Pr) and=Pr/(1 +Pr)^1/2, is proposed to replace the conventional Richardson number, Gr/Re², for combined forced and free convection flow on an isothermal vertical plate. This parameter can readily be reduced to the controlling parameters for the relative importance of the forced and the free convection,Ra ^1/4/(Re ^1/2 Pr ^1/3) forPr 1, and (RaPr)^1/2/(RePr ^1/2 forPr 1. Furthermore, new coordinates and dependent variables are properly defined in terms of, so that the transformed nonsimilar boundary-layer equations give numerical solutions that are uniformly valid over the entire range of mixed convection intensity from forced convection limit to free convection limit for fluids of any Prandtl number from 0.001 to 10,000. The effects of mixed convection intensity and the Prandtl number on the velocity profiles, the temperature profiles, the wall friction, and the heat transfer rate are illustrated for both cases of buoyancy assisting and opposing flow conditions.

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Mischkonvektion an einer vertikalen Platte für Fluide beliebiger Prandtl-Zahl

Zusammenfassung Für die kombinierte Zwangs- und freie Konvektion an einer isothermen senkrechten Platte wird ein Mischkonvektions-Parameter=( Ra) ^1/4 (Re)^1/2, mit=Pr/(1 +Pr) und=Pr/(1 +Pr)^1/2 vorgeschlagen, den die gebräuchliche Richardson-Zahl, Gr/Re², ersetzen soll. Dieser Parameter kann ohne weiteres auf die maßgebenden Kennzahlen für den relativen Einfluß der erzwungenen und der freien Konvektion reduziert werden,Ra ^1/4/(Re ^1/2 Pr ^1/3) fürPr 1 und (RaPr)^1/4/(RePr)^1/2 fürPr 1. Weiterhin werden neue Koordinaten und abhängige Variablen als Funktion von definiert, so daß für die transformierten Grenzschichtgleichungen numerische Lösungen erstellt werden können, die über den gesamten Bereich der Mischkonvektion, von der freien Konvektion bis zur Zwangskonvektion, für Fluide jeglicher Prandtl-Zahl von 0.001 bis 10.000 gleichmäßig gültig sind. Der Einfluß der Intensität der Mischkonvektion und der Prandtl-Zahl auf die Geschwindigkeitsprofile, die Temperaturprofile, die Wandreibung und den Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten werden für die beiden Fälle der Strömung in und entgegengesetzt zur Schwerkraftrichtung dargestellt.

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Nomenclature C _f local friction coefficient - C _p specific heat capacity - f reduced stream function - g gravitational acceleration - Gr local Grashoff number,g T _w –T )x³/v² - Nu local Nusselt number - Pr Prandtl number,v/ - Ra local Rayleigh number,g T _w –T x ³/( v) - Re local Reynolds number,u x/v - Ri Richardson number,Gr/Re ² - T fluid temperature - T _w wall temperature - T free stream temperature - u velocity component in thex direction - u free stream velocity - v velocity component in they direction - x vertical coordinate measuring from the leading edge - y horizontal coordinate Greek symbols thermal diffusivity - thermal expansion coefficient - mixed convection parameter (Ra)1/4/Re)^1/2 - pseudo-similarity variable,(y/x) - ₀ conventional similarity variable,(y/x)Re ^1/2 - dimensionless temperature, (T–T T _W –T - unified mixed-flow parameter, [(Re) ^1/2 + (Ra)^1/4] - dynamic viscosity - kinematic viscosity - stretched streamwise coordinate or mixed convection parameter, [1 + (Re)^1/2/(Ra) ^1/4]^–1=/(1 +) - density - Pr/(1 + Pr) _w wall shear stress - stream function - Pr/(l+Pr)^1/3 This research was supported by a grand from the National Science Council of ROC     

Unsteady convective diffusion in a rotating parallel plate channel

The paper presents an exact analysis of the dispersion of a passive contaminant in a viscous fluid flowing in a parallel plate channel driven by a uniform pressure gradient. The channel rotates about an axis perpendicular to its walls with a uniform angular velocity resulting in a secondary flow. Using a generalized dispersion model which is valid for all time, we evaluate the longitudinal dispersion coefficientsK _i (i=1, 2, ...) as functions of time. It is shown thatK ₁=0 andK ₃,K ₄, ... decay rapidly in comparison withK ₂. ButK ₂ decreases with increasing (the dimensionless rotation parameter) for values of upto approximately =2.2. ThereafterK ₂ increases with further increase in and its value gets saturated for large values of (say, 500) and does not change any further with increase in . A physical explanation of this anomalous behaviour ofK ₂ is given.

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Instationäre konvektive Diffusion in einem rotierenden Parallelplattenkanal

Zusammenfassung In dieser Untersuchung wird eine exakte Analyse der Ausbreitung eines passiven Kontaminierungsstoffes in einer zähen Flüssigkeit gegeben, die, befördert durch einen gleichförmigen Druckgradienten, in einem Parallelplattenkanal strömt. Der Kanal rotiert mit gleichförmiger Winkelgeschwindigkeit um eine zu seinen Wänden senkrechte Achse, wodurch sich eine Sekundärströmung ausbildet. Unter Verwendung eines generalisierten, für alle Zeiten gültigen Dispersionsmodells werden die longitudinalen DispersionskoeffizientenK _i (i=1, 2, ...) als Funktionen der Zeit ermittelt. Es wird gezeigt, daßK ₁=0 gilt und dieK ₃,K ₄, ... gegenüberK ₂ schnell abnehmen.K ₂ nimmt ab, wenn , der dimensionslose Rotationsparameter, bis etwa zum Wert 2,2 ansteigt. Danach wächstK ₂ mit bis auf einem Endwert an, der etwa ab =500 erreicht wird. Dieses anomale Verhalten vonK ₂ findet eine physikalische Erklärung.

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List of symbols C solute concentration - D molecular diffusivity - K _i longitudinal dispersion coefficients - 2L depth of the channel - P ₀ dimensionless pressure gradient along main flow - Pe Péclet number - q velocity vector - Q _x,Q _y mass flux along the main flow and the secondary flow directions - dimensionless average velocity along the main flow direction - (x, y, z) Cartesian co-ordinates Greek symbols dimensionless rotation parameter - the inclination of side walls withx-axis - kinematic viscosity - fluid density - dimensionless time - angular velocity of the channel - dimensionless distance along the main flow direction - dimensionless distance along the vertical direction - dimensionless solute concentration - integral of the dispersion coefficientK ₂() over a time interval     

Similar solutions and the asymptotics of filtration equations

In this paper we consider the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the quasilinear equation of filtration as t. We prove that similar solutions of the equation u _t = (u )_xx asymptotically represent solutions of the Cauchy problem for the full equation u _t = [(u)]_xx if (u) is close to u for small u.     

The dynamics of solid-solid phase transitions 2. Incoherent interfaces

Incoherent phase transitions are more difficult to treat than their coherent counterparts. The interface, which appears as a single surface in the deformed configuration, is represented in its undeformed state by a separate surface in each phase. This leads to a rich but detailed kinematics, one in which defects such as vacancies and dislocations are generated by the moving interface. In this paper we develop a complete theory of incoherent phase transitions in the presence of deformation and mass transport, with phase interface structured by energy and stress. The final results are a complete set of interface conditions for an evolving incoherent interface.Frequently used symbols A_i,C_i generic subsurface of S_t - B_i undeformed phase-i region - C configurational bulk stress, Eshelby tensor - F deformation gradient - G inverse deformation gradient - H relative deformation gradient - J bulk Jacobian of the deformation - ¯K, K_i total (twice the mean) curvature of and S_i - Lin (U, V) linear transformations from U into V - Lin⁺ linear transformations of ³ with positive determinant - Orth⁺ rotations of ³ - Q^a external bulk mass supply of species a - ¯S bulk Cauchy stress tensor - S bulk Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor - S_i undeformed phase i interface - U_i relative velocity of S_i - Unim⁺ linear transformations of ³ with unit determinant - ¯V, V_i normal velocity of and S_i - intrinsic edge velocity of S and A _i S - W_i volume flow across the phase-i interface - X material point - b external body force - e internal bulk configurational force - f_i external interfacial force (configurational) - ¯g external interfacial force (deformational) - grad, div spatial gradient and divergence - gradient and divergence on - h relative deformation - h^a, diffusive mass flux of species a and list of mass fluxes - ¯m outward unit normal to a spatial control volume - ¯n, n_i unit normal to and S_i - n subspace of ³ orthogonal to n - ¯q^a external interfacial mass supply of species a - s ......... - ¯v, v_i compatible velocity fields of and S_i - ¯w, w_i compatible edge velocity fields for and A_i - x spatial point - y_i deformation or motion of phase i - y^. material velocity - generic subsurfaces of - , _i deformed body and deformed phase-i region - () energy supplied to by mass transport - symmetry group of the lattice - _i, surface jacobians - lattice - () power expended on - spatial control volume - S deformed phase interface - lattice point density - interfacial power density - , A total surface stress - C configurational surface stress for phase 1 (material) - ¯C_i configurational surface stress (spatial) - F_i tangential deformation gradient - G_i inverse tangential deformation gradient - H incoherency tensor - ¯1(x), 1_i(X) inclusions of ¯n(x) and n _i (X) into ³ - K configurational surface stress for phase 2 (material) - ¯L, l_i curvature tensor of and S_i - ¯P(x), P_i(X) projections of ³ onto ¯n(x) and n_i (X) - ¯S, S deformational surface stress (spatial and material) - ¯a, a normal part of total surface stress - c normal part of configurational surface stress for phase 1 (material) - e_i internal interfacial configurational force - ¯v, v_i unit normal to and A _i - (x),_i(X) projections of ³ onto ¯n(x) and n _i (X) - _i normal internal force (material) - bulk free energy - slip velocity - _i=(–1)ⁱ _i ......... - ^a, chemical potential of species a and list of potentials - ^a, bulk molar density of species a and list of molar densities - _i normal internal force (spatial) - surface tension - , _i effective shear - referential-to-spatial transform of field - interfacial energy - grand canonical potential - l unit tensor in ³ - x, vector and tensor product in ³ - (...)^., _t(...) material and spatial time derivative - , Div material gradient and divergence - gradient and divergence on S_i - (...), (...) normal time derivative following and S_i - (...) limit of a bulk field asx ,x_i - [...],...> jump and average of a bulk field across the interface - (...)_ext extension of a surface tensor to ³ - tangential part of a vector (tensor) on and S_i     

Flow in porous media III: Deformable media

Stokes flow in a deformable medium is considered in terms of an isotropic, linearly elastic solid matrix. The analysis is restricted to steady forms of the momentum equations and small deformation of the solid phase. Darcy's law can be used to determine the motion of the fluid phase; however, the determination of the Darcy's law permeability tensor represents part of the closure problem in which the position of the fluid-solid interface must be determined.Roman Letters A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the averaging volume, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A ^* interfacial area of the- interface contained within a unit cell, m² - A _e ^* area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within a unit cell, m² - E Young's modulus for the-phase, N/m² - e i unit base vectors (i = 1, 2, 3) - g gravity vector, m²/s - H height of elastic, porous bed, m - k unit base vector (=e ₃) - characteristic length scale for the-phase, m - L characteristic length scale for volume-averaged quantities, m - n unit normal vector pointing from the-phase toward the-phase (n = -n ) - p pressure in the-phase, N/m² - P p – g·r, N/m² - r ₀ radius of the averaging volume, m - r position vector, m - t time, s - T total stress tensor in the-phase, N/m² - T ⁰ hydrostatic stress tensor for the-phase, N/m² - u displacement vector for the-phase, m - V averaging volume, m₃ - V volume of the-phase contained within the averaging volume, m³ - v velocity vector for the-phase, m/s Greek Letters V /V, volume fraction of the-phase - mass density of the-phase, kg/m³ - shear coefficient of viscosity for the-phase, Nt/m² - first Lamé coefficient for the-phase, N/m² - second Lamé coefficient for the-phase, N/m² - bulk coefficient of viscosity for the-phase, Nt/m² - T –T ⁰ , a deviatoric stress tensor for the-phase, N/m²     

Oscillatory measurements of silicone oils —Loss and storage modulus master curves

The work describes a way to obtain loss modulus and storage modulus master curves from oscillatory measurements of silicone oils.The loss modulus master curve represents the dependence of the viscous flow behavior on · ₀ ^* and the storage modulus master curve — the dependence of the elastic flow behavior on · ₀ ^* .The relation between the values of the loss modulus and storage modulus master curves (at a certain frequency) is a measurement of the viscoelastic behavior of a system. The G/G-ratio depends on · ₀ ^* which leads to a viscoelastic master curve. The viscoelastic master curve represents the relation between the elastic and viscous oscillatory flow behavior.     

The wedge subjected to tractions: a paradox resolved

The classical two-dimensional solution provided by Lévy for the stress distribution in an elastic wedge, loaded by a uniform pressure on one face, becomes infinite when the opening angle 2 of the wedge satisfies the equation tan 2 = 2. Such pathological behavior prompted the investigation in this paper of the stresses and displacements that are induced by tractions of O(r ^–) as r0. The key point is to choose an Airy stress function which generates stresses capable of accommodating unrestricted loading. Fortunately conditions can be derived which pre-determine the form of the necessary Airy stress function. The results show that inhomogeneous boundary conditions can induce stresses of O(r ^–), O(r ^– ln r), or O(r ^– ln² r) as r0, depending on which conditions are satisfied. The stress function used by Williams is sufficient only if the induced stress and displacement behavior is of the power type. The wedge loaded by uniform antisymmetric shear tractions is shown in this paper to exhibit stresses of O(ln r) as r0 for the half-plane or crack geometry. At the critical opening angle 2, uniform antisymmetric normal and symmetric shear tractions also induce the above type of stress singularity. No anticipating such stresses, Lévy used an insufficiently general Airy stress function that led to the observed pathological behavior at 2.     

Flow birefringence of polymer melts: Application to the investigation of time dependent rheological properties

Summary Transient stresses including normal stresses, which are developed in a polymer melt by a suddenly imposed constant rate of shear, are investigated by mechanical measurement and, indirectly, with the aid of the flow birefringence technique. For the latter purpose use is made of the so-called stress-optical law, which is carefully checked.It appears that the essentially linear model of the rubberlike liquid, as proposed byLodge, is capable of describing the behaviour of polymer melts rather well, if the applied total shear does not exceed unity. In order to describe also steady state values of the stresses successfully, one should extend measurements to extremely low shear rates.These statements are verified with the aid of a method which was originally designed bySchwarzl andStruik for the practical calculation of interrelations between linear viscoelastic functions. In the present paper dynamic shear moduli are used as reference functions.

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Zusammenfassung Mit der Zeit anwachsende Spannungen, darunter auch Normalspannungen, wie sie sich nach dem plötzlichen Anlegen einer konstanten Schergeschwindigkeit in einer Polymerschmelze entwickeln, werden mit Hilfe mechanischer Messungen und indirekt mit Hilfe der Strömungsdoppelbrechung untersucht. Für den letzteren Zweck wird das sogenannte spannungsoptische Gesetz herangezogen, dessen Gültigkeit sorgfältig überprüft wird.Es ergibt sich, daß das im Wesen lineare Modell der gummiartigen Flüssigkeit, wie es vonLodge vorgeschlagen wurde, sich recht gut zur Beschreibung des Verhaltens von Polymerschmelzen eignet, solange der im ganzen angelegte Schub den Wert Eins nicht überschreitet. Um auch stationäre Werte der Spannungen in die Beschreibung erfolgreich einzubeziehen, sollte man die Messungen bis zu extrem niedrigen Schergeschwindigkeiten ausdehnen.Die gemachten Feststellungen werden mit Hilfe einer Methode verifiziert, die vonSchwarzl undStruik ursprünglich für die praktische Berechnung von Beziehungen zwischen Zustandsfunktionen entwickelt wurde, die dem linear viskoelastischen Verhalten entsprechen. In der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung dienen die dynamischen Schubmoduln als Bezugsfunktionen.

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a _T shift factor - B _ij Finger deformation tensor - C stress-optical coefficient, (m²/N) - f (p _jl ) undetermined scalar function - G shear modulus, (N/m²) - G(t) time dependent shear modulus, (N/m²) - G() shear storage modulus, (N/m²) - G() shear loss modulus, (N/m²) - G _r reduced shear storage modulus, (N/m²) - G _r reduced shear loss modulus, (N/m²) - H() shear relaxation time spectrum, (N/m²) - k Boltzmann constant, (Nm/°K) - n _ik refractive index tensor - p undetermined hydrostatic pressure, (N/m²) - p _ij ,p _ik stress tensor, (N/m²) - p ₂₁ shear stress, (N/m²) - p ₁₁ –p ₂₂ first normal stress difference, (N/m²) - p ₂₂ –p ₃₃ second normal stress difference, (N/m²) - q shear rate, (s^–1) - t, t time, (s) - T absolute temperature, (°K) - T ₀ reference temperature, (°K) - x the ratiot/ - x position vector of a material point after deformation, (m) - x position vector of a material point before deformation, (m) - ₀, ₁ constants in eq. [37] - ₀, ₁ constants in eq. [37] - shear deformation - (t, t) time dependent shear deformation - _ij unity tensor - n flow birefringence in the 1–2 plane - (q) non-Newtonian shear viscosity, (N s/m²) - ^* () complex dynamic viscosity, (N s/m²) - | ^* ()| absolute value of complex dynamic viscosity, (N s/m²) - () real part of complex dynamic viscosity, (N s/m²) - () imaginary part of complex dynamic viscosity, (N s/m²) - (t — t) memory function, (N/m² · s) - v number of effective chains per unit of volume, (m^–3) - temperature dependent density, (kg/m³) - ₀ density at reference temperatureT ₀, (kg/m³) - relaxation time, (s) - integration variable, (s) - (x) approximate intensity function - ₁ (x) error function - extinction angle - _m orientation angle of the stress ellipsoid - circular frequency, (s^–1) - 1 direction of flow - 2 direction of the velocity gradient - 3 indifferent direction - t time dependence The present investigation has been carried out under the auspices of the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z. W. O.).North Atlantic Treaty Organization Science Post Doctoral Fellow.Research Fellow, Delft University of Technology.With 11 figures and 2 tables     

Critical phenomena and waves in gas-liquid systems

The results of the hydraulic studies of gas-liquid media, wave processes in two-phase media and critical phenomena are described. Some methodological foundations to describe these media and methods to obtain the basic similarity criteria for the hydraulics and gas-dynamics of bubble suspensions are discussed. A detailed consideration is given for the phase transition processes on interfaces and the interface stability. A relation has been revealed between the wave and critical phenomena in two-phase systems.Nomenclature a thermal diffusivity - Ar Archimedes number - B gas constant - C heat capacity - C _p heat capacity at constant pressure - C _v heat capacity at constant volume - c ₀ acoustic velocity in the mixture - c _l acoustic velocity in the liquid - C _f flow resistance coefficient - G mass rate of flow - g gravitational acceleration - L latent heat of evaporation - l initial perturbation width - M Mach number - Nu Nusselt number - P pressure - Pr Prandtl number - R bubble radius - (3P ₀/R ₀ ² _f )^–1 bubble resonance frequency square - T temperature - U medium motion velocity - W heavy phase velocity - W light phase velocity - We Weber number - heat release coefficient - dispersion coefficient - void fraction - adiabatic index - film thickness - dimensionless film thickness - kinematic viscosity coefficient - dynamical viscosity coefficient - dissipation coefficient in the mixture - dispersion parameter - _f liquid phase density - light phase density - heat conductivity - surface tension - frequency, ₀ ² =3P ₀/ _f R ₀ ²     

Two-phase flow in heterogeneous porous media III: Laboratory experiments for flow parallel to a stratified system

Two-phase flow in stratified porous media is a problem of central importance in the study of oil recovery processes. In general, these flows are parallel to the stratifications, and it is this type of flow that we have investigated experimentally and theoretically in this study. The experiments were performed with a two-layer model of a stratified porous medium. The individual strata were composed of Aerolith-10, an artificial: sintered porous medium, and Berea sandstone, a natural porous medium reputed to be relatively homogeneous. Waterflooding experiments were performed in which the saturation field was measured by gamma-ray absorption. Data were obtained at 150 points distributed evenly over a flow domain of 0.1 × 0.6 m. The slabs of Aerolith-10 and Berea sandstone were of equal thickness, i.e. 5 centimeters thick. An intensive experimental study was carried out in order to accurately characterize the individual strata; however, this effort was hampered by both local heterogeneities and large-scale heterogeneities.The theoretical analysis of the waterflooding experiments was based on the method of large-scale averaging and the large-scale closure problem. The latter provides a precise method of discussing the crossflow phenomena, and it illustrates exactly how the crossflow influences the theoretical prediction of the large-scale permeability tensor. The theoretical analysis was restricted to the quasi-static theory of Quintard and Whitaker (1988), however, the dynamic effects described in Part I (Quintard and Whitaker 1990a) are discussed in terms of their influence on the crossflow.Roman Letters A interfacial area between the -region and the -region contained within V, m² - a vector that maps onto , m - b vector that maps onto , m - b vector that maps onto , m - B second order tensor that maps onto , m² - C second order tensor that maps onto , m² - E energy of the gamma emitter, keV - f fractional flow of the -phase - g gravitational vector, m/s² - h characteristic length of the large-scale averaging volume, m - H height of the stratified porous medium , m - i unit base vector in the x-direction - K local volume-averaged single-phase permeability, m² - K - {K}, large-scale spatial deviation permeability - { K} large-scale volume-averaged single-phase permeability, m² - K ^* large-scale single-phase permeability, m² - K ^** equivalent large-scale single-phase permeability, m² - K local volume-averaged -phase permeability in the -region, m² - K local volume-averaged -phase permeability in the -region, m² - K - {K } , large-scale spatial deviation for the -phase permeability, m² - K ^* large-scale permeability for the -phase, m² - l thickness of the porous medium, m - l characteristic length for the -region, m - l characteristic length for the -region, m - L length of the experimental porous medium, m - characteristic length for large-scale averaged quantities, m - n outward unit normal vector for the -region - n outward unit normal vector for the -region - n unit normal vector pointing from the -region toward the -region (n = - n ) - N number of photons - p pressure in the -phase, N/m² - p ₀ reference pressure in the -phase, N/m² - local volume-averaged intrinsic phase average pressure in the -phase, N/m² - large-scale volume-averaged pressure of the -phase, N/m² - large-scale intrinsic phase average pressure in the capillary region of the -phase, N/m² - - , large-scale spatial deviation for the -phase pressure, N/m² - p_c , capillary pressure, N/m² - p _c capillary pressure in the -region, N/m² - p capillary pressure in the -region, N/m² - {p _c } ^c large-scale capillary pressure, N/m² - q -phase velocity at the entrance of the porous medium, m/s - q -phase velocity at the entrance of the porous medium, m/s - S_wi irreducible water saturation - S /, local volume-averaged saturation for the -phase - S _i initial saturation for the -phase - S _r residual saturation for the -phase - S ^* { }^*/}^*, large-scale average saturation for the -phase - S saturation for the -phase in the -region - S saturation for the -phase in the -region - t time, s - v -phase velocity vector, m/s - v local volume-averaged phase average velocity for the -phase, m/s - {v } large-scale averaged velocity for the -phase, m/s - v local volume-averaged phase average velocity for the -phase in the -region, m/s - v local volume-averaged phase average velocity for the -phase in the -region, m/s - v -{v } , large-scale spatial deviation for the -phase velocity, m/s - v -{v } , large-scale spatial deviation for the -phase velocity in the -region, m/s - v -{v } , large-scale spatial deviation for the -phase velocity in the -region, m/s - V large-scale averaging volume, m³ - y position vector relative to the centroid of the large-scale averaging volume, m - {y}^c large-scale average of y over the capillary region, m Greek Letters local porosity - local porosity in the -region - local porosity in the -region - local volume fraction for the -phase - local volume fraction for the -phase in the -region - local volume fraction for the -phase in the -region - {}^* { }^*+{ }^*, large-scale spatial average volume fraction - { }^* large-scale spatial average volume fraction for the -phase - mass density of the -phase, kg/m³ - mass density of the -phase, kg/m³ - viscosity of the -phase, N s/m² - viscosity of the -phase, Ns/m² - V /V , volume fraction of the -region ( + =1) - V /V , volume fraction of the -region ( + =1) - attenuation coefficient to gamma-rays, m^-1 - -      

Free convection heat transfer from an isothermal plate with arbitrary inclination

This paper presents a new formulation for the laminar free convection from an arbitrarily inclined isothermal plate to fluids of any Prandtl number between 0.001 and infinity. A novel inclination parameter is proposed such that all cases of the horizontal, inclined and vertical plates can be described by a single set of transformed equations. Moreover, the self-similar equations for the limiting cases of the horizontal and vertical plates are recovered from the transformed equations by setting=0 and=1, respectively. Heated upward-facing plates with positive and negative inclination angles are investigated. A very accurate correlation equation of the local Nusselt number is developed for arbitrary inclination angle and for 0.001 Pr .

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Wärmeübertragung bei freier Konvektion an einer isothermen Platte mit beliebiger Neigung

Zusammenfasssung Diese Untersuchung stellt eine neue Formulierung der laminaren freien Konvektion von Flüssigkeiten mit einer Prandtl-Zahl zwischen 0,001 und unendlich an einer beliebig schräggestellten isothermen Platte dar. Ein neuer Neigungsparameter wird eingeführt, so daß alle Fälle der horizontalen, geneigten oder vertikalen Platte von einem einzigen Satz transformierter Gleichungen beschrieben werden können. Die unabhängigen Gleichungen für die beiden Fälle der horizontalen and vertikalen Platte wurden für=0 und=1 aus den transformierten Gleichungen wieder abgeleitet. Es wurden erwärmte aufwärtsgerichtete Platten mit positiven und negativen Neigungswinkeln untersucht. Eine sehr genaue Gleichung wurde für die lokale Nusselt-Zahl bei beliebigen Neigungswinkeln und für 0,001 Pr entwickelt.

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Nomenclature C _p specific heat - f reduced stream function - g gravitational acceleration - Gr local Grashof number,g(T _w –T _w ) x³/v² - h local heat transfer coefficient - k thermal conductivity - n constant exponent - Nu local Nusselt number,hx/k - p pressure - Pr Prandtl number, v/ - Ra local Rayleigh number,g(T _w –T )J x³/v - T fluid temperature - T _w wall temperature - T temperature of ambient fluid - u velocity component in x-direction - v velocity component in y-direction - x coordinate parallel to the plate - y coordinate normal to the plate Greek symbols thermal diffusivity - thermal expansion coefficient - (Ra¦sin¦)^1/4/( Ra cos()^1/5 - pseudo-similarity variable, (y/) - dimensionless temperature, (T–T )/(T _w–T ) - ( Ra cos)^1/5+(Rasin)^1/4 - v kinematic viscosity - 1/[1 +(Ra cos)^1/5/( Ra¦sin)^1/4] - density of fluid - Pr/(1+Pr) - _w wall shear stress - angle of plate inclination measured from the horizontal - stream function - dimensionless dynamic pressure     

Shear softening and thixotropic properties of wheat flour doughs in dynamic testing at high shear strain

Shear softening and thixotropic properties of wheat flour doughs are demonstrated in dynamic testing with a constant stress rheometer. This behaviour appears beyond the strictly linear domain (strain amplitude ₀ 0.2%),G,G and |^*| decreasing with ₀, the strain response to a sine stress wave yet retaining a sinusoidal shape. It is also shown thatG recovers progressively in function of rest time. In this domain, as well as in the strictly linear domain, the Cox-Merz rule did not apply but() and | ^*())| may be superimposed by using a shift factor, its value decreasing in the former domain when ₀ increases. Beyond a strain amplitude of about 10–20%, the strain response is progressively distorted and the shear softening effects become irreversible following rest.     

A mixing length model for turbulent flow in constant cross section ducts

In this paper, a study is made of the damping influence of the wall on turbulent fluid flow. By considering the oscillation of the whole of the boundary, van Driest's original hypothesis has been extended to obtain the wall damping factor in flow in a duct of constant cross section. The damping factor is used in conjunction with mixing length expressions to obtain the velocity field. Particular examples considered are plane parallel flow and axisymmetric flow in a pipe and in an annulus.

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Ein Modell für die Mischungslänge von turbulenten Strömungen in Rohren mit konstantem Querschnitt

Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wurde der dämpfende Wandeinfluß in turbulenten Strömungen untersucht. Unter Berücksichtigung der Schwingungen in der gesamten Grenzschicht wurde die ursprüngliche Theorie von van Driest erweitert und ein Dämpfungsfaktor an der Wand in Rohrströmungen mit konstantem Querschnitt ermittelt. Dieser Dämpfungsfaktor diente in Verbindung mit Ausdrücken für die Mischungslänge zur Bestimmung des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes. Ausgewählte Beispiele waren die ebene Parallelströmung sowie die Zylinderströmung in einem Rohr und einem Ringspalt.

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Nomenclature A, A^*(=Au/v) Parameter defined in text - b, b^*(=bu/v) semi-width of parallel plate channel - c(= 1/A) parameter defined in text - E[, /2] complete elliptic integral of the second kind - d damping factor - F, G, H functions - l, l^*(=/v) mixing length - M_O, _O functions - r, r^*(=ru/v) radius - A real part of function - R, S, T, U functions - u, u^*(=u/u) velocity in flow direction Z - friction velocity - x, y, z co-ordinates (z in flow direction) - y^*(=yu/v) non-dimensional wall distance - fluid density - , _eff kinematic viscosity, effective kinematic viscosity - phase angle, or polar coordinate angle - shear stress - (=r/r_W) radius ratio - angular velocity Suffixes w wall value - far from a wall     

Nonlinear analysis of the forced response of a beam with three mode interaction

An analysis is presented for the primary resonance of a clamped-hinged beam, which occurs when the frequency of excitation is near one of the natural frequencies,_n . Three mode interaction (₂ 3₁ and _{3 1} + 2₂) is considered and its influence on the response is studied. The case of two mode interaction (₂ 3₁) is also considered to compare it with the case of three mode interaction. The straight beam experiencing mid-plane stretching is governed by a nonlinear partial differential equation. By using Galerkin's method the governing equation is reduced to a system of nonautonomous ordinary differential equations. The method of multiple scales is applied to solve the system. Steady-state responses and their stability are examined. Results of numerical investigations show that there exists no significant difference between both modal interactions' influences on the responses.     

Mean and turbulent velocity measurements of supersonic mixing layers

The behavior of supersonic mixing layers under three conditions has been examined by schlieren photography and laser Doppler velocimetry. In the schlieren photographs, some large-scale, repetitive patterns were observed within the mixing layer; however, these structures do not appear to dominate the mixing layer character under the present flow conditions. It was found that higher levels of secondary freestream turbulence did not increase the peak turbulence intensity observed within the mixing layer, but slightly increased the growth rate. Higher levels of freestream turbulence also reduced the axial distance required for development of the mean velocity. At higher convective Mach numbers, the mixing layer growth rate was found to be smaller than that of an incompressible mixing layer at the same velocity and freestream density ratio. The increase in convective Mach number also caused a decrease in the turbulence intensity ( _u/U).List of symbols a speed of sound - b total mixing layer thickness between U ₁ – 0.1 U and U ₂ + 0.1 U - f normalized third moment of u-velocity, f u³/(U)³ - g normalized triple product of u² , g u²/(U)³ - h normalized triple product of u ², h u ²/(U)³ - l _u axial distance for similarity in the mean velocity - l _u axial distance for similarity in the turbulence intensity - M Mach number - M _c convective Mach number (for ₁ = ₂), M _c (U ₁ – U ₂)/(a ₁ + a ₂) - P static pressure - r freestream velocity ratio, r U ₂/U ₁ - Re unit Reynolds number, Re U/ - s freestream density ratio, s ₂/₁ - T _t total temperature - u instantaneous streamwise velocity - u deviation of u-velocity, uu – U - U local mean streamwise velocity - U ₁ primary freestream velocity - U ₂ secondary freestream velocity - average of freestream velocities, (U ₁ + U ₂)/2 - U freestream velocity difference, U U ₁ – U ₂ - instantaneous transverse velocity - v deviation of -velocity, – V - V local mean transverse velocity - x streamwise coordinate - y transverse coordinate - y ₀ transverse location of the mixing layer centerline - ensemble average - ratio of specific heats - boundary layer thickness (y-location at 99.5% of free-stream velocity) - similarity coordinate, (y – y ₀)/b - compressible boundary layer momentum thickness - viscosity - density - standard deviation - dimensionless velocity, (U – U ₂)/U - 1 primary stream - 2 secondary stream A version of this paper was presented at the 11th Symposium on Turbulence, October 17–19, 1988, University of Missouri-Rolla     

Flow in porous media II: The governing equations for immiscible,two-phase flow

The Stokes flow of two immiscible fluids through a rigid porous medium is analyzed using the method of volume averaging. The volume-averaged momentum equations, in terms of averaged quantities and spatial deviations, are identical in form to that obtained for single phase flow; however, the solution of the closure problem gives rise to additional terms not found in the traditional treatment of two-phase flow. Qualitative arguments suggest that the nontraditional terms may be important when / is of order one, and order of magnitude analysis indicates that they may be significant in terms of the motion of a fluid at very low volume fractions. The theory contains features that could give rise to hysteresis effects, but in the present form it is restricted to static contact line phenomena.Roman Letters (, = , , and ) A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the -phase contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the averaging volume, m² - A ^* interfacial area of the- interface contained within a unit cell, m² - A _e ^* area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within a unit cell, m² - g gravity vector, m²/s - H mean curvature of the- interface, m^–1 - H area average of the mean curvature, m^–1 - H – H , deviation of the mean curvature, m^–1 - I unit tensor - K Darcy's law permeability tensor, m² - K permeability tensor for the-phase, m² - K viscous drag tensor for the-phase equation of motion - K viscous drag tensor for the-phase equation of motion - L characteristic length scale for volume averaged quantities, m - characteristic length scale for the-phase, m - n unit normal vector pointing from the-phase toward the-phase (n = –n ) - p _c p – P , capillary pressure, N/m² - p pressure in the-phase, N/m² - p intrinsic phase average pressure for the-phase, N/m² - p – p , spatial deviation of the pressure in the-phase, N/m² - r ₀ radius of the averaging volume, m - t time, s - v velocity vector for the-phase, m/s - v phase average velocity vector for the-phase, m/s - v intrinsic phase average velocity vector for the-phase, m/s - v – v , spatial deviation of the velocity vector for the-phase, m/s - V averaging volume, m³ - V volume of the-phase contained within the averaging volume, m³ Greek Letters V /V, volume fraction of the-phase - mass density of the-phase, kg/m³ - viscosity of the-phase, Nt/m² - surface tension of the- interface, N/m - viscous stress tensor for the-phase, N/m² - / kinematic viscosity, m²/s     

A noninvasive method for the measurement of flow-induced surface displacement of a compliant surface

A noninvasive optical method is described which allows the measurement of the vertical component of the instantaneous displacement of a surface at one or more points. The method has been used to study the motion of a passive compliant layer responding to the random forcing of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer. However, in principle, the measurement technique described here can be used equally well with any surface capable of scattering light and to which optical access can be gained. The technique relies on the use of electro-optic position-sensitive detectors; this type of transducer produces changes in current which are linearly proportional to the displacement of a spot of light imaged onto the active area of the detector. The system can resolve displacements as small as 2 m for a point 1.8 mm in diameter; the final output signal of the system is found to be linear for displacements up to 200 m, and the overall frequency response is from DC to greater than 1 kHz. As an example of the use of the system, results detailing measurements obtained at both one and two points simultaneously are presented.List of symbols C _t elastic transverse wave speed = (G/)^1/2 - d ⁺ spot diameter normalized by viscous length scale - G frequency average of G() - G() shear storage modulus - G() shear loss modulus - l. viscous length scale = v/u _* - N total number of sampled data values - r separation vector for 2-point measurements = (, ) - rms root-mean-square value - R momentum thickness Reynolds number = U _t8/v - t time - u (y) mean streamwise component of velocity in boundary layer - u _* friction velocity = (t _w/)^1/2 - U free-stream velocity - x, y, z longitudinal, normal and spanwise directions - y _o undisturbed surface position - vertical component of compliant surface displacement - ₉₉ boundary layer thickness for which u(y) = 0.99 U _t8 - _l viscous sublayer thickness 5 l _* - frequency average of G()/ - boundary layer momentum thicknes = - fluid dynamic viscosity - v fluid kinematic viscosity = / - , longitudinal, spanwise components of separation vector r - fluid density - time delay - _w wall shear stress