Analytical prediction of break-out noise from a reactive rectangular plenum with four flexible walls

This paper describes an analytical calculation of break-out noise from a rectangular plenum with four flexible walls by incorporating three-dimensional effects along with the acoustical and structural wave coupling phenomena. The breakout noise from rectangular plenums is important and the coupling between acoustic waves within the plenum and structural waves in the flexible plenum walls plays a critical role in prediction of the transverse transmission loss. The first step in breakout noise prediction is to calculate the inside plenum pressure field and the normal flexible plenum wall vibration by using an impedance-mobility approach, which results in a compact matrix formulation. In the impedance-mobility compact matrix (IMCM) approach, it is presumed that the coupled response can be described in terms of finite sets of the uncoupled acoustic subsystem and the structural subsystem. The flexible walls of the plenum are modeled as an unfolded plate to calculate natural frequencies and mode shapes of the uncoupled structural subsystem. The second step is to calculate the radiated sound power from the flexible walls using Kirchhoff-Helmholtz (KH) integral formulation. Analytical results are validated with finite element and boundary element (FEM-BEM) numerical models.     

The effects of external lagging on low frequency sound transmission through the walls of rectangular ducts

Previous work by the author [1], on the transmission of internally propagated acoustic noise through the walls of rectangular ducts, is extended here in an investigation of the effects of external “lagging” (consisting of a layer of porous sound-absorbing material, and an impervious external covering) on the duct walls; this type of treatment is commonly applied as a noise control measure. A simple theoretical model, based, as before, on a coupled acoustic/structural wave system, is devised and shown to give reasonably accurate predictions in comparison with measurements of the wall transmission loss (though not in the case of lagging in which an external covering of very non-uniform thickness is incorporated). The conclusion is reached that external lagging used as an acoustic treatment is not, in general, particularly satisfactory.     

Low frequency acoustic transmission through the walls of rectangular ducts

A simple theory is described for the transmission of low frequency sound through the walls of rectangular ducts, particularly those in air conditioning systems. The model is based on a coupled acoustic/structural wave system, and it is assumed that the duct radiates in the same way as a finite-length line source incorporating a single travelling wave. Measurements of wall transmission loss on two types of duct system are compared to theoretical predictions, and good agreement is obtained within the frequency range of validity of the theory. It is concluded that the present approach should give reliable estimates of noise transmission in practical situations.     

Higher order mode acoustic transmission through the walls of rectangular ducts

As an extension of previous work on low frequency fundamental mode acoustic transmission through the walls of rectangular ducts, results are presented here on the transmission of internally propagated higher order acoustic modes through the duct walls. Subject to various assumptions, it is possible to obtain a closed form solution to the structural wave equation governing the motion of the duct's walls, and this is used to predict the response of the walls to the internal pressure field. The resultant acoustic radiation is estimated here by assuming that the duct radiates like a circular cylinder with the same surface velocity distribution. Both experimental and theoretical results are given and agreement between the two is tolerably good.     

Sound transmission in pipes with porous walls

Pipes with porous (permeable) walls have received the attention of several authors as a noise control element in automotive intake systems; however, a closed theory of sound transmission including the effect of the coupling of the internal and external acoustic fields and the presence of mean flow does not appear to be available. The present paper proposes an integro-differential system for the propagation of plane sound waves in pipes with porous walls, and presents its general numerical solution, as well as an approximate analytical solution. The predicted effect of the coupling between the internal and external acoustic fields in a circular pipe made of reinforced woven fabric walls is shown, and the transmission loss predictions are compared with the existing experimental data in the literature.     

主变压器噪声特性分析及复合隔声结构设计*

超高压变电站的主变压器的噪声影响已引起广泛关注。以某典型化设计的500kV变电站A的主变压器为例,进行了现场测试,得到其主变压器噪声能量主要集中在中低频范围内,且具备明显的线谱噪声特征。针对该噪声特点,提出了一种内插微穿孔板的双层带孔板型声学超材料的复合隔声结构。使用传递矩阵理论对该复合结构进行了分析,并在阻抗管中进行了实验验证。实验结果表明：该复合隔声结构具备针对性隔声要求,理论与实验传递损失曲线基本吻合。     

水介质管路弹性背腔微穿孔消声器的传递损失特性

为抑制水介质管路系统低频噪声,兼顾结构的紧凑性,提出弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声结构,弹性管壁为橡胶帘线复合材料,并推导了传递损失的数值解法。首先,基于Biot-Allard多孔弹性理论,将弹性微穿孔板等效为弹性多孔材料;然后,利用双尺度法建立帘布的周期性代表单元,求得其刚度矩阵;接着,基于分层理论,建立弹性管壁的多层复合材料模型,并与内部声场耦合计算,得到弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器的传递损失。在水介质驻波管中,利用双声源法测量弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器样机的传递损失曲线,并与扩张式管路消声器和刚性背腔微穿孔管路消声器进行对比,理论结果与试验结果吻合良好。研究表明,弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器属于反射耗散复合式消声器,具有低频域、宽频带的消声特性。样机B2在40~300 Hz和40~1200 Hz频段内的传递损失分别为36 dB和30 dB,而相同尺寸扩张式消声器在对应频段的传递损失分别为7 dB和11 dB。      

Mathematical model for characterizing noise transmission into finite cylindrical structures

This work presents a theoretical study of the sound transmission into a finite cylinder under coupled structural and acoustic vibration. Particular attention of this study is focused on evaluating a dimensionless quantity, "noise reduction," for characterizing noise transmission into a small cylindrical enclosure. An analytical expression of the exterior sound pressure resulting from an oblique plane wave impinging upon the cylindrical shell is first presented, which is approximated from the exterior sound pressure for an infinite cylindrical structure. Next, the analytical solution of the interior sound pressure is computed using modal-interaction theory for the coupled structural acoustic system. These results are then used to derive the analytical formula for the noise reduction. Finally, the model is used to predict and characterize the sound transmission into a ChamberCore cylindrical structure, and the results are compared with experimental data. The effects of incidence angle and internal acoustic damping on the sound transmission into the cylinder are also parametrically studied.     

声学超材料对低频噪声的消声特性

针对低频噪声较难消除的问题,设计了亥姆霍兹共振腔与声学超材料薄膜耦合的消声结构,在利用有限元软件进行屈曲分析薄膜的临界状态得知声学超材料薄膜结构临界失稳力为0.087 N·m,利用COMSOL声固耦合模块研究薄膜形态对传递损失峰值频率的影响。结果表明:薄膜扭转角度由0°增加到30°时,薄膜总体刚度增加,传递损失峰值对应频率向右偏移了30 Hz,变化并不明显。为了扩大频率偏移范围,在扭转30°的基础上,对扭矩棒施加垂直向下的压力,压力由0 kPa增加到2 kPa,薄膜预应力增大,系统刚度增加,使得传递损失峰值向右偏移了170 Hz。最后搭建实验平台,验证了薄膜在扭转时的频率偏移与仿真基本吻合,在不同压力时频率偏移一致,进而可以实现较大范围的低频率噪声控制。为声学超材料的设计和控制提供有效的依据。     

半波长管传声损失分析*

1/4波长管和Herschel-Quincke(HQ)管具有良好消声潜力,在其固有频率附近具有很高的消声量级,为了将这种消声潜力在更小的安装空间内和更宽的频带上发挥出来,设计了一种新的半波长管,通过对多管传声损失理论模型的推导,运用数值计算的方法,分析了传声损失的影响因素并对多分支管模型进行宽频带尺寸设计,最终实现在350～1350 Hz的宽频带的消声效果,并且通过实验验证了理论模型,同时利用实验数据对管端进行修正,结果证实了理论是正确的。所设计的多分支半波长管可以在复杂的应用场景进行灵活的结构设计,所以在航空发动机降噪、汽车尾气降噪和工厂排气降噪等领域具有更好的适应性和良好的应用前景。     

Comparison of various decentralised structural and cavity feedback control strategies for transmitted noise reduction through a double panel structure

This paper compares various decentralised control strategies, including structural and acoustic actuator–sensor configuration designs, to reduce noise transmission through a double panel structure. The comparison is based on identical control stability indexes. The double panel structure consists of two panels with air in between and offers the advantages of low sound transmission at high frequencies, low heat transmission, and low weight. The double panel structure is widely used, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. Nevertheless, the resonance of the cavity and the poor sound transmission loss at low frequencies limit the double panel's noise control performance. Applying active structural acoustic control to the panels or active noise control to the cavity has been discussed in many papers. In this paper, the resonances of the panels and the cavity are considered simultaneously to further reduce the transmitted noise through an existing double panel structure. A structural–acoustic coupled model is developed to investigate and compare various structural control and cavity control methods. Numerical analysis and real-time control results show that structural control should be applied to both panels. Three types of cavity control sources are presented and compared. The results indicate that the largest noise reduction is obtained with cavity control by loudspeakers modified to operate as incident pressure sources.     

去耦覆盖层降噪性能评价指标的理论探讨

去耦覆盖层是降低水下结构声辐射的一个重要措施。为了给工程上去耦覆盖层降噪性能评价指标的选择提供理论参考,建立了点激励力作用下敷设去耦覆盖层的四端简支撑矩形板水下振动和声辐射理论模型,定义了可能表征去耦覆盖层降噪性能的五项评价指标。研究结果表明:只有振动传递损失相对独立于基板的长度、宽度和点激励力位置,而且能较好地描述去耦覆盖层隔离基板振动向水层传递的性能;而湿面均方振速插入损失较振动传递损失则能更好地反映辐射声功率插入损失,尤其在低频。作为评价指标,振动传递损失和湿面均方振速插入损失分别有各自的优点和缺点。      

The acoustic modes of a rectangular cavity containing a rigid,incomplete partition

A theoretical and experimental study of the acoustic modes of a rectangular cavity containing a rigid, incomplete partition is presented. The theoretical results are obtained by using finite element techniques. It is shown that component mode synthesis techniques, developed for dynamic structural analysis, can be used for acoustic analysis to increase efficiency. The experimental measurements were made on a Perspex model. Good agreement is shown between theory and experiment.     

SEA and contribution analysis for interior noise of a high speed train

This paper presents a detailed Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) and contribution analysis of the interior noise of a high-speed train through extensive simulations and measurements. The SEA model was developed based on the actual geometrical parameters of a benchmark high-speed coach. Sound transmission loss levels of the structural components of the car body, which are required in the SEA model, were tested in a dedicated acoustic laboratory following international standard ISO 140-3:1995. Modal densities of these structural components were derived from measured frequency response functions using the modal counting method. Damping loss factors were obtained using the half-power bandwidth method and the vibration attenuation method. By considering the relationship between sound radiation and power transmission, coupling loss factors between structures and cavities were estimated. Source inputs to the SEA model were derived from field experiment data. Interior noise due to those sources was predicted using the SEA model and the prediction was generally in good agreement with measurement. Contribution analysis was then performed using this validated model through parametric study, and this analysis was further examined experimentally. In conclusion, for the coach that was investigated in this paper, the key factors for interior noise are sidewall vibration, bogie area noise, and floor sound transmission loss. Based on this and other engineering considerations, an interior noise control strategy can be defined.     

Sound transmission of cavity walls due to structure borne transmission via point and line connections

The author has published equations for predicting the air borne sound transmission of double leaf cavity walls due to the structure borne sound transmission across the air cavity via (possibly resilient) line connections, but has never published the full derivation of these equations. The author also derived equations for the case when the connections are rigid point connections but has never used them or published them or their derivations. This paper will present the full derivation of the author's theory of the air borne sound transmission of double leaf cavity walls due to the structure borne sound transmission across the air cavity via point or line connections which are modeled as four pole networks. The theoretical results will be compared with experimental results on wooden stud cavity walls from the National Research Council of Canada because the screw spacing is given for these results. This enables connections via studs and screws to be modeled as point connections and avoids the need to make any assumptions about the compliance of the equivalent point or line connections.     

Real-time active suppression of scattered acoustic radiation

Active noise control usually aims at reducing the total acoustic pressure due to a noise source; it may also be used in principle to reduce the scattered acoustic radiation from a reflecting body in order to render it invisible to incident acoustic waves. In this paper, a real-time control strategy is introduced to achieve, with ordinary noise sources and sensors, the effective suppression of the noise scattered by a 3-D surface. Numerical simulations of 2-D and 3-D control are used to illustrate the potential of this control strategy. Preliminary experimental results are also given for the 1-D case of a rigid body inserted into a duct.     

有限元-统计能量分析法的拖拉机驾驶室噪声研究*

对某拖拉机驾驶室内中频噪声进行预测,建立了拖拉机驾驶室FE-SEA(有限元统计能量分析)混合模型,通过理论计算和试验方法获取驾驶室结构内损耗因子等数据；加载振动和噪声激励后进行有限元-统计能量分析联合仿真,将仿真获取的驾驶室声压级与实测数据进行对比,分析对比表明该模型在中频段利用FE-SEA混合法分析所得结果与试验测试值拟合程度较高,分析各子系统对驾驶室声腔的能量贡献度,确定对驾驶室噪声贡献较大的子系统,针对性对驾驶室声学包进行整改,获得一定降噪效果。     

Sound transmission at low frequencies through the walls of distorted circular ducts

A theoretical treatment of sound transmission through the walls of distorted circular ducts is given, for plane mode transmission within the duct. The transmission mechanism is essentially that of “mode coupling”, whereby higher structural modes in the duct walls are excited, because of the wall distortion, by the internal sound field. The theory is in two parts: an approximate analytical model for the structural response of the walls to the internal sound field, and a structural radiation model. Computed results, based on the theory, are compared to measurements on “long-seam” air conditioning ducts. Where the duct geometry can be reliably specified, reasonably good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental data. It is concluded that mode coupling effects serve to account for the discrepancies between ideal and observed behaviour in sound transmission through duct walls.     

INSERTION LOSS OF A CAVITY-BACKED SEMI-CYLINDRICAL ENCLOSURE PANEL

In this paper, the insertion loss of a cavity-backed semi-cylindrical enclosure panel is studied theoretically and experimentally. The classical approach based on Narayanan [1] and Lee [2] is employed to the semi-cylindrical enclosure modelling. The theoretical model considers the three-dimensional acoustic modes of the semi-cylindrical cavity and the noise source vibration mode shape. The experimental result agrees reasonably with the theoretical prediction. It is found that the higher structural resonance in the semi-cylindrical can significantly deteriorate the insertion loss performance while only the (1,1) mode structural resonance in the rectangular models is the important one. The noise source panel vibrating in the (3,1) mode shape induces higher air pressure on the semi-cylindrical panel through the air cavity than the (1,1) mode shape.     

Transmission loss of damped asymmetric sandwich panels with orthotropic cores

A theoretical model of the acoustic performance of asymmetric sandwich panels is developed and verified by comparison with experimental data. The panel models consist of unequal elastic isotropic skins sandwiching an elastic orthotropic core. Damping is incorporated in both the skins and the core. The roles of various structural and material properties are determined via a parametric study. The importance of phase wave speeds and panel impedances for physically symmetric panels is discussed, as are implications for transmission loss characterization. For asymmetric panels it is seen that a relatively thick skin on one side produces some change in the transmission loss.