Ultra-high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography using supercontinuum light source

An ultra-high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was developed using a cost-effective supercontinuum laser. A spectral filter consists of a dispersive prism, a cylindrical lens and a right-angle prism was built to transmit the wavelengths in range 680–940 nm to the OCT system. The SD-OCT has achieved 1.9 μm axial resolution and the sensitivity was estimated to be 91.5 dB. A zero-crossing fringes matching method which maps the wavelengths to the pixel indices of the spectrometer was proposed for the OCT spectral calibration. A double sided foam tape as a static sample and the tip of a middle finger as a biological sample were measured by the OCT. The adhesive and the internal structure of the foam of the tape were successfully visualized in three dimensions. Sweat ducts was clearly observed in the OCT images at very high resolution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of ultra-high resolution visualization of sweat duct by OCT.     

Dual-modality photothermal optical coherence tomography and magnetic-resonance imaging of carbon nanotubes

We demonstrate polyethylene-glycol-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as contrast agents for both photothermal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI). Photothermal OCT was accomplished with a spectral domain OCT system with an amplitude-modulated 750 nm pump beam using 10 mW of power, and T(2) MRI was achieved with a 4.7 T animal system. Photothermal OCT and T(2) MRI achieved sensitivities of nanomolar concentrations to CNTs dispersed in amine-terminated polyethylene glycol, thus establishing the potential for dual-modality molecular imaging with CNTs.     

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with a Fresnel spectrometer

We propose a novel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) equipped with a Fresnel spectrometer, which utilizes a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) as both dispersion and focusing optics and thus spreads the spectral interferogram evenly in wavenumber domain because of the proportional relation between the focal length of the FZP and the wavenumber. With no need of the conversion calculation from wavelength to wavenumber in conventional SD-OCT, this new design is favorable for fast imaging with high resolution. As only a FZP and CCD are used, the Fresnel spectrometer is simple and compact. It is experimentally shown that its performance is as good as that of numerical interpolation in conventional SD-OCT. Imaging of bio-tissue by Fresnel SD-OCT is also demonstrated.     

Combined optical dispersion by prism and arrayed waveguide grating with multiple diffraction orders for Raman spectrometer

A compact dispersive device for Raman spectrometer was proposed to achieve a spectrum resolution below 0.55 nm in the spectral range of 800 to 1000 nm. A 41-channel arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) with eleven different diffraction orders was designed, and each output channel of this AWG contained eleven light signals with periodically 20 nm spaced wavelength. These signals were further cross-dispersed by a prism, and finally form a 41 × 11 spots array on a CCD. The detailed theoretical analysis and simulation of this dispersive device were introduced in this paper. Compared with commercial dispersive modules composed of grating, lens, and mirrors, the proposed structure is able to provide a compact device with higher spectrum resolution, which is attractive for handheld Raman spectrometer.     

Intraoperative spectral domain optical coherence tomography for vitreoretinal surgery

We demonstrate in vivo human retinal imaging using an intraoperative microscope-mounted optical coherence tomography system (MMOCT). Our optomechanical design adapts an Oculus Binocular Indirect Ophthalmo Microscope (BIOM3), suspended from a Leica ophthalmic surgical microscope, with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scanning and relay optics. The MMOCT enables wide-field noncontact real-time cross-sectional imaging of retinal structure, allowing for SD-OCT augmented intrasurgical microscopy for intraocular visualization. We experimentally quantify the axial and lateral resolution of the MMOCT and demonstrate fundus imaging at a 20Hz frame rate.     

Compressed sensing with linear-in-wavenumber sampling in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

We propose a novel method called compressed sensing with linear-in-wavenumber sampling (k-linear CS) to retrieve an image for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). An array of points that is evenly spaced in wavenumber domain is sampled from an original interferogram by a preset k-linear mask. Then the compressed sensing based on l1 norm minimization is applied on these points to reconstruct an A-scan data. To get an OCT image, this method uses less than 20% of the total data as required in the typical process and gets rid of the spectral calibration with numerical interpolation in traditional CS-OCT. Therefore k-linear CS is favorable for high speed imaging. It is demonstrated that the k-linear CS has the same axial resolution performance with ～30 dB higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as compared with the numerical interpolation. Imaging of bio-tissue by SD-OCT with k-linear CS is also demonstrated.     

Wavelength-dispersive device based on a Fourier-transform Michelson-type arrayed waveguide grating

We propose a new type of arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) device that operates as a Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometer without the need of scanning elements. The large input aperture size typical of a FT spectrometer eliminates the requirement for a narrow single-mode input waveguide while still achieving high spectral resolution with a markedly increased light-gathering capability (etendue). An example of the device with a resolution of 0.07 nm (approximately 10 GHz) and designed for a silicon-on-insulator platform is presented. The calculated spectra show no noticeable deterioration for aperture widths as large as 40 microm, yielding more than a 50-fold increase in aperture size compared with conventional AWG or echelle grating based devices at the equivalent resolution.     

In vivo human retinal imaging by ultrahigh-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography

An ultrahigh-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system is presented that achieves acquisition rates of 29,300 depth profiles/s. The sensitivity of SD-OCT and time domain OCT (TD-OCT) are experimentally compared, demonstrating a 21.7-dB improvement of SD-OCT over TD-OCT. In vivo images of the human retina are presented, demonstrating the ability to acquire high-quality structural images with an axial resolution of 6 microm at ultrahigh speed and with an ocular exposure level of less than 600 microW.     

基于CDP的宽波段光谱成像仪研究

为满足动态目标实时光谱成像的应用需求,设计了一种基于CDP(crossed dispersion prism)的静态、快照式的光谱成像仪。对其光谱成像原理进行了理论研究,并根据理论研究结果对宽波段CDP光谱成像仪光学系统进行设计。该光谱成像仪由CDP分光系统、成像光学系统和面阵探测器组成,视场角为4°,焦距为110 mm,工作波段为0.6~5.0 μm。设计结果表明,该仪器在0.6~5.0 μm的波段范围内具有较好的光谱成像能力,平均光谱分辨率为20 nm。该技术为实时获取动态目标光谱信息及位置信息提供了一种新方法,同时该技术在对未知高能目标探测、定位以及识别方面具有很大的潜力。     

Toward a UV-visible-near-infrared hyperspectral imaging platform for fast multiplex reflection spectroscopy

A reflection hyperspectral imaging system covering a 350-1000nm spectral range is realized by a UV-visible-near-IR Fourier transform imaging spectrometer. The system has a simple design and good spectral and spatial resolving performance. Accurate and fast microspectroscopic measurement results on novel colloidal crystal beads demonstrate the system has practical potential for high-throughput molecular multiplex assays.     

基于谱域相位分辨光学相干层析的纳米级表面形貌成像

提出了一种基于谱域相位分辨光学相干层析的纳米级表面形貌成像方法,由干涉光谱计算样品相邻两点的相位差,得到样品表面相位差分图,经过积分,重建样品表面形貌的定量分布.当相邻两点相位差的绝对值小于π,不产生相位包裹,避免了目前的干涉法相位解包裹存在的问题,将干涉法相邻两点相位差绝对值的限制条件由目前的π扩大到2π,提高了干涉法表面形貌成像的适用范围.参考面和样品置于同一平台之上,消除环境干扰及系统振动的影响,噪声幅度小于0.3 nm.通过对光学分辨率片及表面粗糙度标准样板的表面形貌成像,对本方法进行了验证,系统的轴向分辨率优于1 nm.     

可见近红外波段无人机载成像光谱仪设计

为了满足地物成像光谱分析的需要,设计了同轴安装、体积小、重量轻的适用于无人机载的棱镜-光栅-棱镜型可见近红外成像光谱仪.通过角放大率选择、光焦度分配、相对孔径计算设计了视场较大的前置物镜;通过光栅方程求解、体相位全息光栅布拉格条件约束、棱镜折射定律设计了光谱系统的初始结构;通过工作光谱上下限出射角与探测器光谱维宽度的关系确定了成像物镜的焦距;通过出射光角度明确了出射光谱的非线性.设计的无人机载成像光谱仪工作光谱范围为400~1 000nm,视场角为40°,全工作波段在空间截止频率20.8lp/mm处的传递函数值均大于0.67,光谱分辨率小于3nm.装调了无人机载成像光谱仪对室外绿化树木进行光谱推扫成像实验,实现了树叶的多光谱成像.该成像光谱仪能够有效实现光谱成像,性能良好.     

Concept of a high-resolution miniature spectrometer using an integrated filter array

A high-resolution miniature spectrometer has been demonstrated by utilizing a 128-channel integrated filter array, fabricated by using the combinatorial deposition technique, as a dispersive component whose passbands range from 722.0 to 880.0 nm with a bandwidth (or spectral resolution) from 1.7 to 3.8 nm and an average channel interval of 1.2 nm. The miniature spectrometer is smaller than 1 cm3 without any moving parts. This kind of miniature spectrometer has the advantages of very low payload, high resolution, and high reliability simultaneously, which are especially urgently needed for space applications.     

Fourier domain optical coherence tomography using optical demultiplexers imaging at 60,000,000 lines/s

We describe high-speed Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) using optical demultiplexers (ODs) for spectral dispersion. The OD enables separation of a narrow spectral band of 14 GHz (0.11 nm) from a broadband incident light at 256 different frequencies in 25.0 GHz intervals centered at 192.2 THz (1559.8 nm). OCT imaging of 60,000,000 axial scans per second was achieved through parallel signal acquisition using 256 balanced photoreceivers to simultaneously detect all the output signals from the ODs in a Fourier domain OCT system. OCT imaging at a 16 kHz frame rate, 1100 A-lines per frame, 3 mm depth range, and 23 microm resolution was demonstrated using a resonant scanner for lateral scanning.     

基于AOTF的成像光谱仪及其在同色异谱目标鉴别中的应用

为了同时获得同色异谱目标的光谱信息和空间分布信息,设计了基于声光可调谐滤波器(acousto-optic tunable filter, AOTF)的成像光谱仪,主要包括前置成像透镜组、AOTF滤光成像模块、AOTF驱动器、CCD图像检测器、图像采集卡和计算机。在计算机的控制下,实现波长的快速扫描,获取每个设定波段下的灰度图像,构建一个光谱图像立方体,因此可以获得图像中任意一点的光谱信息。所设计的成像光谱仪,光谱范围为550 ～1 000 nm,光谱分辨率2.6 nm(@632 nm),光谱扫描速度快,任意两个波长之间的切换时间小于80 μs,整个仪器无机械运动部件,功耗低,抗振能力强。利用该仪器对真假玫瑰花进行了鉴别试验,对涂改物证进行了信息复原实验,并成功地辨别出真假玫瑰花和复原出涂改物证,证实了该成像光谱仪具有优异的同色异谱目标鉴别本领,在同色异谱物质的鉴别上具有广阔的应用前景。     

谱线漂移对星载成像光谱仪辐射测量精度的影响

分析了谱线漂移在地面辐射定标、星上辐射定标和在轨对地观测等环节对成像光谱仪辐射测量的影响,建立了从实验室辐射定标到星上辐射定标再到在轨对地观测全过程的辐射传递模型,并通过仿真分析求解了成像光谱仪入瞳处辐射测量不确定与谱线漂移之间的关系。结果表明,谱线漂移导致的辐射测量误差与谱线漂移量和入瞳辐亮度的分布梯度成正比;光谱带宽偏差对测量精度的影响程度较中心波长误差高一个数量级。对于可见近红外(VNIR)波段平均光谱带宽10 nm、短波红外(SWIR)波段平均光谱带宽20 nm的典型成像光谱仪,要保证谱线漂移引起的辐射测量不确定度小于6%,实现成像光谱仪在轨观测时入瞳处的辐射测量绝对精度优于10%,可见近红外波段中心波长偏差应不大于2 nm,光谱带宽偏差应不大于0.1 nm,短波红外波段中心波长偏差应不大于3 nm,光谱带宽偏差应不大于0.1 nm。     

Demonstration of a high-speed nonscanning imaging spectrometer

We report results from a field demonstration of a nonscanning high-speed imaging spectrometer [computed-tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS)] capable of simultaneously recording spatial and spectral information about a rapidly changing scene. High-speed spectral imaging was demonstrated by collection of spectral and spatial snapshots of a missile in flight. This instrument is based on computed-tomography concepts and operates in the visible spectrum (430-710nm). Raw image data were recorded at video frame rate (30frames / s) and an integration time of 2ms. An iterative reconstruction of the spatial and spectral scene information from each raw image took 10s. We present representative missile spectral signatures from the missile firing. The accuracy of the high-speed spectrometer is demonstrated by comparison of extended-source static-scene spectra acquired by a nonimaging reference spectrometer with spectra acquired by use of CTIS imaging of the same static scenes.     

Modeling of arrayed waveguide grating for wavelength interrogation application

We have proposed and discussed a design of arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) for the application of wavelength interrogation. The spectral responses of a silica-based 16 channel AWG with channel spacing 1.6 nm have been simulated when different receiver waveguide spacing are used. It was found that the 3-dB bandwidth is reduced about 50% as the receiver waveguide spacing increasing from 20 μm to 30 μm. The effect of bandwidth of the spectral response on wavelength resolution of AWG based interrogator has been estimated and discussed.     

Integrated multimodal endomicroscopy platform for simultaneous en face optical coherence and two-photon fluorescence imaging

We report an all-fiber-optic scanning, multimodal endomicroscope capable of simultaneous optical coherence tomography (OCT) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging. Both imaging modalities share the same miniature fiber-optic scanning endomicroscope, which consists of a double-clad fiber with a core operating in single mode at both the OCT (1310 nm) and two-photon excitation (1550 nm) wavelengths, a piezoelectric two-dimensional fiber-optic beam scanner, and a miniature aspherical compound lens suitable for simultaneous acquisition of en face OCT and TPF images. A fiber-optic wavelength division multiplexer was employed in the integrated platform to combine the low coherence OCT light source and the femtosecond two-photon excitation laser into the same optical path. Preliminary imaging results of cell cultures and mouse tissue ex vivo demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous real-time OCT and TPF imaging in a scanning endomicroscopy setting for the first time.     

用于水果品质检测的小型成像光谱仪

利用成像光谱可同时获得水果的成像信息和光谱信息,实现水果外部和内部品质的高精度、无损伤、无污染的大面积瞬态检测。为了获得水果的成像光谱,设计了一种以自主研发的凸面光栅作为核心元件的小型成像光谱仪,它具有成像质量好、体积小、重量轻等优点,光谱分辨率在578nm波长处达2.1nm,光谱谱线弯曲和色畸变均小于0.6%。对该小型成像光谱仪进行了检测和苹果成像光谱测量实验,结果表明:该成像光谱仪满足设计要求且可以快速的获得苹果的高精度成像光谱,从而进行水果的品质检测。