可见光波段卷云散射特性的研究

卷云一般分布在对流层上部到平流层下部,主要由各种形状的冰晶粒子组成。卷云散射特性的研究利用了前期建立的单个冰晶粒子散射性质数据库,并且假定卷云中粒子谱分布符合Г分布,计算得出可见光波段卷云平均散射性质：消光效率因子、吸收效率因子、单次散射反照率、非对称因子与有效尺度以及波长的变化关系。其次对计算得出的变化曲线进行分析得...     

中纬度卷云光学特性的研究

为研究中纬度卷云的光学散射特性,介绍了冰晶粒子谱的双峰分布模型及中纬度卷云冰水含量的分布模型,并结合冰晶形状分布,建立起一个简单的研究卷云特性的模型,而后计算了在0．5～10μm范围内中纬度卷云的的消光系数、散射系数、吸收系数。计算结果表明：中纬度卷云温度上升时,卷云的光学特性参数随温度变化行为的基本一致;中纬度卷云的...     

基于六角形和球形冰晶模型的卷云辐射特征研究

卷云中冰晶粒子的单次光散射计算是卷云辐射传输及云微物理参数反演的重要基础。近年,利用高观测频率的静止气象卫星数据来反演水云和卷云的光学和微物理参数,进而计算地表光通量的研究倍受重视。然而,很多研究中卷云的冰晶用球形模型来模拟。由于不同形状和尺度大小的冰晶对电磁波的散射特征的不同,导致不同冰晶模型计算的卷云环境下卫星观测的辐射值及地表光通量的不同。利用不同尺度大小和电磁波波长的球形和六角形冰晶的单次散射数据,结合RSTAR辐射传输模式来定量分析了卷云环境下不同形状的冰晶模型对计算卫星观测的辐射和地表光通量中的影响。结果显示利用不同形状的冰晶模块来计算的卫星观测的辐射,地表向下辐射通量明显不同。波长在0.4～1.0 μm之间的大气窗口部分的光谱辐射通量的差距最大。总辐射通量受云粒子形状的影响显著。研究证实了正确选择冰晶模型对卫星反演卷云微物理和光学参数的反演及计算地表光通量的重要性。该结果对于云微物理参数的反演及地表向下辐射通量的模拟具有参考价值。     

基于Mie散射的卷云光学特性

基于中纬度卷云冰晶双峰、热带卷云冰晶三峰分布模型，利用Mie散射理论计算了1～13脚范围内中纬度及热带卷云的消光系数、散射系数、吸收系数。计算结果表明，由不同形状冰晶构成的热带卷云的相应光学参数比中纬度卷云的光学参数大些，但11支子弹玫瑰形状的相应参数要小一些；两种卷云在2．8～3．1μm，9．8～13μm范围内都存在两个基本相同的透射通带；在计算中纬度卷云的光学参数时，可以只考虑中空六棱柱与实心六棱柱中的一种，但计算热带卷云的光学参数时，实心六棱柱与空心六棱柱需要同时考虑。     

中纬度卷云中冰晶形状浓度分布的研究

在中纬度卷云冰晶双峰厂分布的基础上,对不同温度下的冰晶粒子的分布进行了计算,得到中纬度卷云的浓度分布谱。计算结果表明：在-15～-55℃时,在所有形状的冰晶粒子中,卷云的散射特性主要由柱状和子弹玫瑰状的冰晶粒子决定,柱状冰晶粒子含量随温度的降低而增加,而板状和子弹玫瑰状则减少。     

随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的散射特性研究

利用离散偶极子近似方法研究卷云中随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的取向比对散射特性的影响,数值计算了在小尺度范围内随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的散射特征量,包括散射相函数、消光效率因子、不对称因子、单次散射反照率和线偏振度。研究表明:取向比对随机取向六角形冰晶粒子散射特征量的影响比较明显,并且此影响随着粒子尺度参数的变化而变化,与入射波长无关;相同尺度参量和不同取向比粒子的散射相函数的角分布曲线均有一个交点,并且随着粒子尺度参量的增加,交点所对应的散射角度值逐渐向小角度方向移动。此研究结果为气溶胶粒形检测和识别提供了理论依据。     

基于多重散射的卷云辐射传输特性

采用空间离散化,并利用散射矩阵方法计算了卷云在3．72tim和6．85tim波长上的辐射传输特性,研究了卷云的冰晶粒子形状、组分和光学厚度等因素对卷云的辐射传榆特性的影响。仿真结果表明,随着平均冰晶尺度的增加,卷云的反射函数会逐渐减小;对于不同形状,但具有相同最大粒子尺寸的粒子组成的卷云,反射函数也会有所不同;随着光学厚度的增加,卷云的反射函数会逐渐增大,直至饱和,而透射函数逐渐减小;随着太阳天顶角的增大,卷云的反射函数逐渐增大。透射函数逐渐减小。     

基于组合拟合法的冰晶粒子的光散射计算

利用组合拟合法计算了冰晶粒子的单次散射特性。给出了消光效率因子、单次散射反照度及非对称因子的拟合公式,利用拟合公式对有效粒子尺度为20μm和120μm的六种冰晶粒子的消光效率因子、单次散射反照度及非对称因子进行了计算。结果表明,粒子的消光效率因子、单次散射反照率和非对称因子随着入射波长的增加有着较大的起伏,后两者随着波长的增加而变化趋势基本一致;对于单次散射反照率来说,在可见光波段,反照率非常接近于1;在短波段,粒子的非对称因子变化较小,并且随着波长的增加,非对称因子会逐渐增大。     

太赫兹波被动遥感卷云微物理参数的敏感性试验分析

太赫兹波长和典型卷云的冰晶粒子尺度处于同一量级,其在遥感卷云微物理参数(粒子尺度和冰水路径)方面具有广阔的应用前景.为了评估卷云微物理参数对太赫兹波传输特性的影响及其在太赫兹波段的敏感性,基于大气辐射传输模式分别模拟计算了晴空和有云条件下大气层顶的太赫兹辐射光谱特征,分析了这两种条件下辐射亮温差值的特点,研究了卷云冰晶粒子形状、粒子尺度及冰水路径对太赫兹辐射传输特性的影响,并定量计算了相关敏感系数.结果表明:卷云冰晶粒子形状、粒子尺度、冰水路径等对太赫兹波传输特性均有不同程度的影响,卷云效应也因通道频率而异,太赫兹波对卷云的粒子尺度和冰水路径有较高的敏感性,是理论上被动遥感卷云微物理特性的最佳波段.研究结果对于进一步发展太赫兹波被动遥感卷云技术、提高卷云参数的反演精度具有重要意义.     

基于散射比值的粒子特性提取

前向小角度的散射辐射分布与散射介质的粒子大小和光学厚度有关。基于一种新型变视场光度计,测量不同天气条件下的前向小角度散射比值、大气光学厚度τ和气溶胶粒子的Angstrom指数α,并与DISORT方法模拟结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:散射比值随光学厚度的增大而增大;但当光学厚度τ1时,散射比值取决于粒子有效尺度,粒子尺度越大,散射比值越小。卷云冰晶尺度较大时(De10μm),其散射比值小于气溶胶粒子和水云,这为区别薄卷云与气溶胶提供了一种新方法。给出一种提取卷云光学厚度的简单方法,证明了卷云的消光系数在短波段与波长无关。以上研究为地基探测大气特性提供了一定参考价值。     

Modeling single-scattering properties of small cirrus particles by use of a size-shape distribution of ice spheroids and cylinders

In this study, we model single-scattering properties of small cirrus crystals using mixtures of polydisperse, randomly oriented spheroids and cylinders with varying aspect ratios and with a refractive index representative of water ice at a wavelength of 1.88 μm. The Stokes scattering matrix elements averaged over wide shape distributions of spheroids and cylinders are compared with those computed for polydisperse surface-equivalent spheres. The shape-averaged phase function for a mixture of oblate and prolate spheroids is smooth, featureless, and nearly flat at side-scattering angles and closely resembles those typically measured for cirrus. Compared with the ensemble-averaged phase function for spheroids, that for a shape distribution of cylinders shows a relatively deeper minimum at side-scattering angles. This may indicate that light scattering from realistic cirrus crystals can be better represented by a shape mixture of ice spheroids. Interestingly, the single-scattering properties of shape-averaged oblate and prolate cylinders are very similar to those of compact cylinders with a diameter-to-length ratio of unity. The differences in the optical cross sections, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter between the spherical and the nonspherical particles studied appear to be relatively small. This may suggest that for a given optical thickness, the influence of particle shape on the radiative forcing caused by a cloud composed of small ice crystals can be negligible.     

Sensitivity of depolarized lidar signals to cloud and aerosol particle properties

Measurements from depolarized lidars provide a promising method to retrieve both cloud and aerosol properties and a versatile complement to passive satellite-based sensors. For lidar observations of clouds and aerosols, multiple scattering plays an important role in the scattering process. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to investigate the sensitivity of lidar backscattering depolarization to cloud and aerosol properties. Lidar parameters are chosen to be similar to those of the upcoming space-based CALIPSO lidar. Cases are considered that consist of a single cloud or aerosol layer, as well as a case in which cirrus clouds overlay different types of aerosols. It is demonstrated that besides thermodynamic cloud phase, the depolarized lidar signal may provide additional information on ice or aerosol particle shapes. However, our results show little sensitivity to ice or aerosol particle sizes. Additionally, for the case of multiple but overlapping layers involving both clouds and aerosols, the depolarized lidar contains information that can help identify the particle properties of each layer.     

A review of the light scattering properties of cirrus

In this review paper the light scattering properties of naturally occurring ice crystals that are found in cirrus are discussed. Cirrus, also referred to as ice crystal clouds, due to their cold temperatures, consist of a variety of non-spherical ice particles which may take on a variety of geometrical forms. These geometrical forms can range from symmetric pristine hexagonal ice columns and plates, single bullets and bullet-rosettes to non-symmetric aggregates of these shapes. These aggregates may also consist of highly complex three-dimensional structures, which may themselves consist of symmetric components. Not only does cirrus consist of a wide variety of shapes but also sizes too, and these sizes can range between <10 μm to over 1 cm. With such a variety of shapes and sizes predicting the light scattering properties from such an ensemble of ice crystals is the current challenge. This challenge is important to overcome since with cirrus being so high in the Earth's atmosphere it has an important influence on the Earth-atmosphere radiation balance and consequently adds to the uncertainty of predicting climate change. This is why it is important to represent as accurately as possible the single-scattering properties of cirrus ice crystals within general circulation models so that uncertainties in climate change predictions can be reduced.In this review paper the current measurements and observations of ice crystal size and shape are discussed and how these observations relate to current ice crystal models is reviewed. The light scattering properties of the current ice crystal models are also discussed and it is shown how space-based instruments may be used to test these models. The need for particular microphysical and space-based measurements is stressed in order to further constrain ice crystal light scattering models.     

Irregularly shaped ice aggregates in optical modeling of convectively generated ice clouds

We propose a model of irregular shaped ice particles for satellite and ground-based cloud remote sensing applications. Microphysical observations have shown that ice particles generated in convective clouds tend to have highly irregular structures as a result of aggregation process. To simulate such complex structures, we used spatial Poisson–Voronoi tessellations. Furthermore, we adopted fractal-like shapes that were consistent with the proposed mass-dimension and area ratio-dimension relationships of measured cirrus particles. Single-scattering properties of the modeled “Voronoi aggregates” at visible wavelengths with size parameters up to 2246 were estimated from numerical calculations using the finite-difference time-domain method and the geometrical-optics integral-equation method. The phase functions for randomly oriented Voronoi aggregates showed features with no halos in the forward-scattering direction and a flat angular dependence in the side-to-backscattering directions. These characteristics and resultant asymmetry factors agreed with those of measured ice particles. Moreover, we confirmed the weak size and shape dependences of these scattering properties for the Voronoi aggregates, as well as high backscattering depolarization ratios and low linear polarizations.     

激光在准球形边界卷云中传输的衰减和透过特性

高空卷云主要由各种不同形状的冰晶粒子组成,是地空链路上激光信号传输的重要影响因素。依据高空卷云中冰晶粒子的分布特征和散射特性,采用C版本的离散纵标法（CDISORT）,充分考虑地球球形曲率及云层冰晶粒子多次散射影响因素,研究准球形边界云层的激光透过率和衰减特性,并比较了太阳天顶角不同时平面平行模式和准球面模式下卷云大气激光透过率的差异,数值计算了三种激光波长（0.65,1.06和3.8 μm）在卷云中传输时的衰减和透过特性。计算结果表明：较小太阳天顶角（小于80°）入射时,两种模式下卷云大气激光透过率相对误差很小,其中0.65 μm激光波长入射时两种模式下的相对误差仅为1.72%,较大太阳天顶角（大于80°）入射时,两种模式下卷云大气激光透过率相对误差明显增大,0.65 μm激光波长入射时两种模式下的相对误差最大达到69%;卷云粒子单次散射时,激光在云层的衰减与卷云粒子有效半径、传输距离、光学厚度及激光波长等因素有关,随光学厚度的增加,云层的激光透过率减少,1.06 μm激光波长入射时透过率最大,3.8 μm激光波长入射时透过率最小;0.65和1.06 μm激光波长入射时,随云层粒子有效半径的增加激光透过率逐渐增加,而3.8 μm波长激光,随云层粒子有效半径的增加激光透过率逐渐减少,随相对方位角的增加,云层的激光透过率减少,且不同卷云传输模型对激光透过率也存在不同的影响。该研究工作将为开展地空链路星载、机载激光通信、激光雷达探测等工程系统中的激光信号云层传输特性的应用提供理论支持,同时也可进一步拓展为地空链路激光遥感、制导和预警等应用提供预先理论研究基础。     

Testing an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals using midlatitude in situ estimates of ice water content,volume extinction coefficient and the total solar optical depth

In this paper an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals is tested against midlatitude in situ estimates of ice water content, volume extinction coefficient and the total solar optical depth. During the Winter of 2005 and Spring 2006 the FAAM (Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements) BAE-146 G-LUXE aircraft flew three flights as part of the CAESAR (Cirrus and Anvils: European Satellite and Airborne Radiation measurements project) campaign of flying in cirrus around the UK. The suite of microphysical instrumentation onboard the aircraft included the PMS 2D-C probe and the Stratton Park Engineering Company (SPEC) cloud particle imager (CPI). The campaign characterized cirrus properties such as ice water content, volume extinction coefficient, ice crystal geometric shape and ice crystal effective dimension. Cirrus cloud temperatures ranged approximately between 215 and 240 K. From the CPI instrument 60–80% of the ice crystal habits were estimated to be either indeterminate or ‘irregular’ (though such irregular crystals could be composed of pristine components) of some form with hexagonal columns and hexagonal plates accounting for generally much less than 3% of the ice crystal population. The CPI estimated integrated ice water content ranged between 5±2 and 45±22 gm^?2, whilst the CPI estimate of the total solar optical depth was found to lie between 0.2±0.1 and 1.0±0.5. The CPI estimate of the mean ice crystal effective dimension was found to range between about 59±9 and 90±75 μm.The particle size distribution (PSD) function was estimated using a PSD scheme that requires as input the in situ estimated IWC and measured in-cloud temperature. The CPI estimates of the bulk and microphysical properties of the midlatitude cirrus are used to test whether an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals together with a PSD scheme can predict CPI in situ estimates to within the experimental uncertainty. This paper demonstrates that the ensemble model coupled with a PSD scheme can predict the ice water content and the integrated ice water content to generally well within the experimental uncertainty if a varying density with respect to size is assumed. The ensemble model together with a PSD scheme is also shown to predict the CPI estimated volume extinction coefficient and the derived total solar optical depth to generally well within the experimental uncertainty. The paper demonstrates that an ensemble model of cirrus combined with a PSD scheme can predict the radiative properties of cirrus without the need to invoke the concept of an ice crystal effective dimension.     

Infrared radiative transfer modelling in a 3D scattering cloudy atmosphere: Application to limb sounding measurements of cirrus

The Monte Carlo cloud scattering forward model (McClouds_FM) has been developed to simulate limb radiative transfer in the presence of cirrus clouds, for the purposes of simulating cloud contaminated measurements made by an infrared limb sounding instrument, e.g. the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). A reverse method three-dimensional Monte Carlo transfer model is combined with a line-by-line model for radiative transfer through the non-cloudy atmosphere to explicitly account for the effects of multiple scattering by the clouds. The ice cloud microphysics are characterised by a size distribution of randomly oriented ice crystals, with the single scattering properties of the distribution determined by accurate calculations accounting for non-spherical habit.A comparison of McClouds_FM simulations and real MIPAS spectra of cirrus shows good agreement. Of particular interest are several noticeable spectral features (i.e. H₂O absorption lines) in the data that are replicated in the simulations: these can only be explained by upwelling tropospheric radiation scattered into the line-of-sight by the cloud ice particles.     

An algorithm to determine cirrus properties from analysis of multiple-scattering influence on lidar signals

A Monte Carlo-based evaluation of the multiple-scattering influence on ground-based Raman lidar measurements is presented. The lidar returns from cirrus clouds are analyzed in order to evaluate vertical profiles of the extinction and backscattering coefficients. Results show that for the typical cirrus cloud, the presence of the multiple scattering can lead to an underestimation of the extinction coefficient by as large as 200% whereas the backscattering coefficient is almost unaffected for the Raman lidar technique. An algorithm to select one or a set of phase functions which fit to the lidar data is also presented. It is an iterative procedure based on Monte Carlo scattering simulation. By comparison of the experimental value of the lidar ratio, corrected for the multiple scattering influence, and the phase function used in the Monte Carlo simulation, one can determine a suitable phase function. The validity and sensitivity of the algorithm have been demonstrated by applying it to simulated cases. The application to some real cases indicates that our procedure allows for the establishing of a practical scattering model for the cirrus clouds.