Jumping of a droplet on a superhydrophobic surface in AC electrowetting

Abstract  

Consistent droplet bouncing driven by AC electrowetting was achieved by introducing a superhydrophobic surface instead of conventional hydrophobic surfaces. A superhydrophobic surface is very effective to reduce interfacial energy barrier or adhesion, allowing complete detachment of a droplet from the substrate. While a fixed electric potential (100 V_rms) was applied, the shape deformation and the droplet bouncing were significantly influenced by the frequency of the AC electrowetting. Consistent droplet bouncing only occurred at very narrow frequency ranges (e.g., 30–31 Hz for 8 μL droplets), indicating that resonance dominates the droplet bouncing. Interestingly, the resonance was 1/2 sub-harmonics, where every other actuation was skipped, when the droplet was in the air. Theoretical evaluation of the resonant frequency based on the linear theory implies that the fundamental resonance between the AC electrowetting and the vertical vibration of the shape oscillation could be important to produce consistent droplet bouncing.     

Numerical study on the desorption processes of oil droplets inside oil-contaminated sand under cavitation micro-jets

The removal of the adsorbed oil droplet is critical to deoiling treatment of oil-bearing solid waste. Ultrasonic cavitation is regarded as an extremely useful method to assist the oil droplets desorption in the deoiling treatment. In this paper, the effects of cavitation micro-jets on the oil droplets desorption were studied. The adsorbed states of oil droplets in the oil-contaminated sand were investigated using a microscope. Three representative absorbed states of the oil droplets can be summarized as: (1) the individual oil droplet adsorbed on the particle surface (2) the clustered oil droplets adsorbed on the particle surface; (3) the oil droplet adsorbed in a gap between particles. The micro-jet generation during the bubble collapse near a rigid wall under different acoustic pressure amplitudes at an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was investigated numerically. The desorption processes of the oil droplets at the three representative absorbed states under micro-jets were also simulated subsequently. The results showed that the acoustic pressure has a great influence on the velocity of micro-jet, and the initial diameter of cavitation bubbles is significant for the cross-sectional area of micro-jets. The wall jet caused by a micro-jet impacting on the solid wall is the most important factor for the removal of the absorbed oil droplets. The oil droplet is broken by the jet impinging, and then it breaks away from the solid wall due to the shear force generated by the wall jet. In addition to a higher sound pressure, the cavitation bubble at a larger initial diameter is more important for the desorption of the clustered oil droplets. Conversely, the micro-jet generated by the cavitation bubble at a smaller initial diameter (0.1 mm) is more appropriate for the desorption of the oil droplet in a narrow or sharp-angled gap.     

结冰环境热合成双射流激励器工作特性数值研究

为研究结冰环境中热合成双射流激励器工作特性,采用离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM),结合动网格方法,数值研究了结冰环境中来流速度、液滴含量、液滴直径对激励器工作特性的影响.结果表明,来流速度较小时,双射流激励器出口形成热合成射流融合区,由于热射流的加热作用,温度较高,环境中的过冷液滴难以进入...     

Entrained droplets in underexpanded gas jet in water

Abstract  

A visualization study was performed to investigate the flow of an underexpanded nitrogen gas jet injected into water. The stagnation pressure was varied in the range 0.5–8.0 MPa. The gas jet length and expansion angle were obtained from time-averaged images captured using a high-speed camera. The gas jet length and expansion angle increased approximately linearly with increasing stagnation pressure. The entrainment velocity and the velocity of entrained water droplets in the gas jet were obtained by particle image velocimetry.     

液滴撞击加热壁面传热实验研究

本文采用高速摄像仪对水滴和乙醇液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发过程进行了实验观测, 分析了液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发特性参数. 实验中, 两种液体初始温度均为20 ℃, 不锈钢壁面初始温度范围为68-126℃. 水滴初始直径为2.07 mm, 撞击壁面时Weber 数为2-44; 乙醇液滴初始直径为1.64 mm, Weber数为3-88. 结果表明, 液滴受到重力、表面张力及流动性的影响, 在蒸发过程的大部分时间内, 水滴高度持续降低而接触直径几乎不变; 蒸发后期, 液滴发生回缩, 水滴的接触直径、高度和接触角出现振荡现象. 乙醇液滴的接触角随时间的增加呈现先减小随后保持不变的趋势, 而接触直径和高度则持续减小, 直到液滴完全蒸发. 液滴蒸发总时长与液体物性和壁面温度有关, 随壁面温度的升高而减小, 与液滴撞击壁面时的Weber 数无关. 同时, 随着壁面温度的升高, 液滴显热部分占总换热量的比重增大, 显热部分能量不可忽略, 本文实验条件下得到水滴的平均热流密度为0.014-0.110 W·mm^-2.     

Effect of the liquid temperature on the interaction behavior for single water droplet impacting on the immiscible liquid

The interaction of single water droplet impacting on immiscible liquid surface was focused with the temperature varying from 50 ℃ to 210 ℃. The impact behavior is recorded with a high-speed camera running at 2000 frames per second. It is found that droplet diameter, oil temperature, and Weber number have important influences on impact behaviors. Three typical phenomena, including penetration, crater-jet, and crater-jet-secondary jet, were observed. Penetration only occurs when the Weber number is below 105. With Weber number increasing to 302, the jet begins to appear. Moreover, to gain deeper physical insight into the crater formation and jet formation, the energy of droplet impingement onto the liquid pool surface was estimated. The oil temperature has a significant effect on the energy conversion efficiency. High temperature is beneficial to improve energy conversion efficiency.     

水滴结冰结霜及合成双射流的防霜防冰实验

对水滴结冰结霜过程及合成双射流作用时水滴结冰结霜过程分别进行了实验研究.实验中将半导体制冷片作为实验板将温度从室温降低到-30℃,采用电子显微镜观测无合成双射流和开启合成双射流作用的水滴凝固结冰结霜过程.结果显示:水滴从下部向上逐渐凝固,并且水滴表面凝固速度大于内部凝固速度.由于水凝固为冰,密度减小、体积增大,使得水滴形态改变,顶端突出,变成锥形.由于合成双射流强迫产生对流换热,凝固水滴不会像无激励器作用时在表面生成针叶状的霜,而是在水滴表面均匀形成一层白色的颗粒状霜.随着时间推移,霜的厚度并没有增加,并且水滴的高度降低,凝固水滴的锥形尖端逐渐变得平坦,水滴与冷板平面的接触面积增加.      

Droplets from the metal surfaces irradiated by a high-intensity pulsed ion beam

Droplet behavior from the surfaces of pure metals Ti and Al ablated by high-intensity pulsed ion beam (HIPIB) with an ion current density from 30 to 200 A/cm² has been investigated to explore the mechanism of mass transfer on HIPIB-irradiated materials. Droplet ejection on the ablated metal surface is studied by scanning electron microscope observation, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis and profilometer measurement. The presence of ejected droplets from the irradiated surfaces is detected on both the surfaces of irradiated metals and substrates locating adjacent to the ablated surfaces. Moreover, the number density of droplets observed on both the surfaces tends to increase with increasing the ion current density. This phenomenon correlates to the fact that higher ion-beam intensity led to a more intense ablation, i.e. a severer droplet ejection. In addition, surface roughness (R_a) for the respective metals is continuously increased with increasing the ion current density, indicating a more significant disturbance on the melted surfaces caused by the correspondingly severer droplet ejection. Combined with the previous finding of selective ablation on titanium, it is concluded that the droplet ejection is the efficient cause of cratering and disturbance on HIPIB-ablated surfaces.     

Transient convective burning of interactive fuel droplets in single-layer arrays

The transient convective burning of n-octane droplets interacting within single-layer arrays in a hot gas flow perpendicular to the layer is studied numerically, with considerations of droplet surface regression, deceleration due to the drag of the droplets, internal liquid motion, variable properties, non-uniform liquid temperature and surface tension. Infinite periodic arrays, semi-infinite periodic arrays with one row of droplets (linear array) or two rows of droplets, and finite arrays with nine droplets with centers in a plane are investigated. All arrays are aligned orthogonal to the free stream direction. This paper compares the behavior of semi-infinite periodic arrays and finite arrays with the behavior of previously studied infinite periodic arrays. Furthermore, it identifies the critical values of the initial Damköhler number for bifurcations in flame behavior at various initial droplet spacing for all these arrays. The initial flame shape is either an envelope flame or a wake flame as determined by the initial Damköhler number, the array configuration and the initial droplet spacing. The critical initial Damköhler number separating initial wake flames from initial envelope flames decreases with increasing interaction amongst droplets at intermediate droplet spacing (when the number of rows in the array increases or the initial droplet spacing decreases for a specific number of rows in the array). In the transient process, an initial wake flame has a tendency to develop from a wake flame to an envelope flame, with the moment of wake-to-envelope transition advanced for the increasing interaction amongst droplets at intermediate droplet spacing. For the array with nine droplets with centers in a plane, the droplets at different types of positions have different critical initial Damköhler number and different wake-to-envelope transition time for initial wake flame.     

Appearance of cool flame in flame spread over fuel droplets in microgravity

This research conducted microgravity experiments to investigate phenomena appearing around a droplet existing outside the flame-spread limit. n-Decane droplets are tethered at intersections of SiC fibers. The flame spreads to two- or three-interactive droplets to heat a droplet placed outside the flame-spread limit of the interactive droplets. The cool-flame appearance during the flame spread over droplets was detected using different methods. The droplet diameter was measured with a back illumination to evaluate the vaporization-rate constant and to judge whether the cool flame appears or not. The temperature around the droplet was measured by the thin-filament pyrometry using a near-infrared camera to detect the temperature rise due to cool-flame appearance. The infrared radiation distribution from the combustion products was measured using a mid-wave infrared camera to judge the cool-flame appearance. The results show that a cool flame appears around the droplet existing outside the hot-flame-spread limit and the vaporization completes with the cool flame if the heat input from the hot flame is sufficiently large. This type of flame spread is called hot-to-cool flame spread. The definition of flame spread should be extended considering the cool flame.     

Visualization of aggregation process of dispersed water droplets and the effect of aggregation on secondary atomization of emulsified fuel droplets

The effect of aggregation of dispersed water droplets on secondary atomization of emulsified fuel droplets in a heating process was investigated. Secondary atomization was observed using a single droplet experiment in which a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsified fuel droplet prepared using colored water was heated by a halogen heater. The initial diameter of dispersed water droplets before heating was controlled, and the change in the diameter of dispersed water droplets was measured by image analysis. As a result, the aggregation process of dispersed water droplets in the heating process was successfully visualized. The dispersed water droplet diameter increased with an increase in W/O emulsified fuel droplet temperature. The occurrence probability of micro-explosion increased with an increase in the dispersed water droplet diameter in emulsified fuel droplets. It is suggested that the occurrence probability of micro-explosion can be increased by accelerating the aggregation and coalescence of dispersed water droplets below 430 K, which is the average temperature of the starting point of puffing.     

Effects of fine fuel droplets on a laminar flame stabilized in a partially prevaporized spray stream

A partially prevaporized spray burner was developed to investigate the interaction between fuel droplets and a flame. Monodispersed partially prevaporized ethanol sprays with narrow diameter distribution were generated by the condensation method using rapid pressure reduction of a saturated ethanol vapor–air mixture. A tilted flat flame was stabilized at the nozzle exit using a hot wire. Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) was applied to measurements of the droplet velocity; the laminar burning velocity was obtained from gas velocity derived from the droplet velocity. Observations were made of flames in partially prevaporized spray streams with mean droplet diameters of 7 μm and the liquid equivalence ratios of 0.2; the total equivalence ratio was varied. In all cases, a sharp vaporization plane was observed in front of the blue flame. Flame oscillation was observed on the fuel-rich side. At strain rates under 50 s⁻¹, the change in the burning velocity with the strain rate is small in fuel-lean spray streams. In spray streams of 0.7 and 0.8 in the total equivalence ratio, burning velocity increases with strain rates of greater than 50 s⁻¹. However, in spray streams with 0.9 and 1.0 in the total equivalence ratio, burning velocity decreases as the strain rate increases. At strain rates greater than 80 s⁻¹, burning velocity decreases with an increased gas equivalence ratio. The effect of mean droplet diameter, and the entry length of droplets into a flame on the laminar burning velocity, were also investigated to interpret the effect of the strain rate on the laminar burning velocity of partially prevaporized sprays.     

溶液液滴在热等离子体射流中的运动和蒸发

为考察溶液注入热等离子体喷涂过程中喷雾参数对涂层质量的影响,本文建立了溶液液滴在热等离子体中运动蒸发的数学模型。模拟了液滴在不同参数下的运动和蒸发的过程,考虑了液滴、热等离子气流及液滴表面气体混合物随温度及组分的物性变化以及斯蒂芬流的影响,得到液滴的运动轨迹,蒸发速率以及半径和表面温度的变化。结果表明在一定范围内增大液...     

EHD atomization characteristics of a point-plate system with a porous point electrode

An electrohydrodynamic (EHD) atomization from a point-to-plate system, with a wet porous point as a corona electrode, has been studied. And the atomized water droplets from the wet porous point, as well as the water droplet traces, the water droplet charge-to-mass ratios, and the water droplet number concentrations, were investigated. It was observed that the wet porous point can atomize abundant amounts of water droplet, 2.8, 2.6 and 2.2 mg/min for negative, AC and positive corona, respectively. The migrated water droplet traces were observed. The positive wet porous point atomized very fine water droplets than those obtained with the negative wet porous point. Moreover, the water droplets atomized from the AC corona showed granular-like larger traces. A weak corona discharge can atomize water droplets very effectively. On the other hand, an intensive corona discharge can eject more water droplets. As a result with the wet porous point, the maximum corona-current-based and corona-power-based water droplet atomization yields of Y_C = 3.34, 3.32 and 3.25 μg/μAs and Y_P = 0.35, 0.40 and 0.27 mg/Ws have been obtained for the negative, AC and positive corona discharges.     

Experimental investigation of spray characteristics of a liquid jet in a turbulent subsonic gaseous crossflow

Two perforated plates with different solidity ratios, S=50% and 67%, were used to investigate the effect of the velocity fluctuations of a subsonic gaseous crossflow on the spray characteristics of a liquid jet including droplet size and velocity distributions. The experiments were conducted over a range of jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio of q=16.5-172, and two gas Weber numbers of ?We_g=2.7 and 5.9, corresponding to the enhanced capillary breakup and bag breakup regimes, respectively. The experimental results of this study revealed that the distribution of droplets size associated with a turbulent and a uniform crossflow for each specific breakup regime were approximately identical. The bimodal and single peak distributions of droplets size, respectively, associated with enhanced capillary and bag breakup regimes were generally consistent with the literature reports. However, the transition of the liquid primary breakup regime from enhanced capillary to bag breakup mode was delayed in a turbulent crossflow compared to its uniform counterpart. The general behavior of droplets size-velocity profiles were also consistent with the literature reports. Nonetheless, complex variations in the distribution of droplets velocity when changing the crossflow turbulence intensity were observed and linked with the presence of instabilities on the liquid jet's surface. Finally, the present experiments allowed shedding more light on the reason why the breakup mechanisms of a liquid jet in a conventional uniform crossflow should not be generalized to predict the distinct breakup process of a liquid jet in a turbulent crossflow.     

Moderate micro-explosion during the combustion of iron wire in atmospheric air

The combustion of a thin iron wire in atmospheric air was investigated through the in-situ high-speed videography and the sampled product characterization. During the iron wire burning, a hot spherical ball was found to form at the wire tip and propagate with a speed of around 3.5 cm/s along the wire. Meanwhile, small bright droplets were randomly ejected from the burning ball. In fact, the burning spherical ball is hollow to be a ferric bubble according to the SEM image of sampled product. The high-speed videography further indicates that the small droplet ejection occurs largely owing to the bubble bursting, that is called the moderate micro-explosion to be different from the conventional micro-explosion process. For this bubble bursting process, the volume expansion rate inside the burning bubble needs not to be very fast but the bubble size should be adequate. If the bubble is too small (e.g. <50 μm), the droplet ejection during bubble bursting may be difficult to occur. Furthermore, the bubble formation is mainly attributed to the fact that carbon dissolved in iron can be preferentially oxidized to produce CO₂, which nucleates to generate a large bubble inside the ferric ball. It is noted that less than 0.05%wt of carbon content is enough for the bubble formation. It thereby suggests that carbon content should be accurately measured to predict the micro-explosion phenomena during iron combustion.     

基于MRT-LB伪势模型的液滴撞击液膜数值研究

运用改进的格子玻尔兹曼（LB）伪势多松弛多相模型，研究单/双液滴撞击液膜的流动特性.考察单液滴在不同气液相密度比时撞击液膜的发展.随着密度比的减小，冠状水花顶端开始向内弯曲，且底部半径显著减小.在大密度比情况下研究双液滴撞击液膜.结果表明：双液滴撞击液膜有中心射流的形成；液滴水平间距的增大，延缓中心射流的出现，并降低初始中心射流的高度；随Re数的增加，中心射流的高度明显增大.     

GaAs表面不同运动状态H2SO4-H2O2-H2O液滴的红外辐射特性

利用红外热像实时监测系统,研究了GaAs表面不同运动状态(包括静止状态、缓慢运动状态、快速运动状态)下H₂SO₄-H₂O₂-H₂O液滴的红外辐射特性,并对实验结果和研究价值进行分析.主要的实验结论包括：静止状态时,反应生成热在液滴内部向上对流,液滴顶部为红外辐射灰度峰值,并向液滴边缘陡降,同时,生成热将沿GaAs基片向周边扩散;缓慢运动时,液滴后存在类似于“彗尾”的热残留现象,表现为温度降低、灰度峰值与液滴运动同向的“双重运动特性”,灰度峰值位移曲线与液滴实际位移存在差异,温度最高点有可能位于“慧尾”中;快速运动时,液滴未与GaAs反应便脱离基片,表现为“液膜轨迹”现象,辐射灰度从液膜边缘到液膜中心为半椭圆面的平缓过渡,并分析了轨迹中心灰度值的分布与变化特性.液滴运动热行为红外监测方法的提出,在推动液滴自身研究的同时,也将进一步推动红外技术与材料科学、化学科学等交叉学科的融合. 关键词： 红外热像 实时监测 液滴 砷化镓     

纳米氦液滴-超低温化学研究装置

成功研制了新一代纳米氦液滴实验装置．氦液滴是由高压的高纯氦气通过超低温的脉冲阀绝热膨胀形成的,通过调节连接在超低温氦冷头上的脉冲阀的温度(10～30 K)及脉冲阀内氦气的背景压力(10～40 atm),氦液滴的大小在包含103到105个氦原子间连续可调,和传统的连续氦液滴束源比较起来,脉冲束源的强度提高了一个量级以上,提供了一个和商品化脉冲激光器结合使用,研究超低温条件下超流体氦中的化学反应动力学的机会．通过研究氦液滴中包裹的CH₃I分子的光解动力学来对仪器的性能进行测试,利用离子速度影像技术研究了超低温纳米氦液滴中包裹的CH₃I分子在252 nm下的光解动力学,光解产物甲基通过(2+1)共振增强多光子电离并运用离子影像进行检测,结果表明光解产物的平动能及角分布被氦原子环境有效的弛豫．也证实了运用脉冲氦液滴束源研究衰减光谱的可行性,通过对氦液滴中掺杂苯的衰减光谱的研究,还发现小于3%的衰减信号都可以被检测到,表明所研制的脉冲氦液滴束的稳定性及检测器的灵敏度都是很高的．     

Investigation of Error Sources in Temperature Measurement Using Thermocouples in Water Impingement Cooling

The reliability of thermocouples with separation measuring junction in temperature measurement in the cooling process of hot steel plates with impingement jet has been investigated using direct and inverse finite element analysis (FEA). It is concluded that while the attachment of thermocouple wires on surface has negligible influence on surface temperature distribution during air cooling, the conduction of wires in a jet impingement water cooling process has significant effect on the measured temperature. The disturbance of the temperature field due to the introduction of a small hole for the installation of internal thermocouple has also been studied and showed similar but less pronounced effects to those of the surface measurement. An increased distortion of the temperature field is evident when the thermocouple is attached on the top surface directly above the bottom surface of hole.