湍流燃烧二阶矩模型的研究进展

湍流燃烧模型在燃烧过程数值模拟中十分重要。商业软件中仍然应用的简单模型,如EBU和预设PDF模型,常常不能很好地模拟有限反应动力学。目前通行的湍流燃烧模型,如层流小火焰模型和条件矩模型,只对一定的火焰类型和火焰结构的效果较好。PDF方程模型更通用,但计算量太大,用于大涡模拟更是如此。另一类是统计矩模型,即基于湍流模型的思路,用雷诺展开和取平均,封闭未知项的二阶矩模型,但是遇到了高度非线性的温度指数函数的困难。不同研究者采取了不同的近似处理,都低估了时平均反应率。作者彻底放弃各种近似方法,构建了终版的二阶矩模型,用于不同的单相和两相燃烧的雷诺平均模拟和大涡模拟,得到了实验验证和直接数值模拟的验证。     

旋流燃烧器复合小火焰模型的大涡模拟

对低旋燃烧器内的流动和燃烧进行了大涡模拟,其中化学反应分别采用传统的扩散小火焰模型和所提出的复合小火焰模型描述。复合小火焰模型借助于燃烧区索引的概念区分当地的燃烧模式,若当地的燃烧为扩散燃烧,则调用扩散小火焰库,否则调用预混小火焰库。数值结果与实验数据的对比表明,采用大涡模拟方法结合小火焰模型能够很好地模拟实验室尺度的低旋燃烧器,且采用复合小火焰模型能够得到更加符合实际的结果。     

预混燃烧中CMC亚模型的先验性分析

本文用直接数值模拟的方法对各项同性湍流中的H_2/air平面火焰进行了研究。模拟了当量比分别为0.6和1.0的两种预混火焰,采用了9种组分19步反应的详细机理.对预混燃烧中的CMC亚模型进行了先验性分析.发现clipped Gaussian和Beta function两种方法都能定性描述过程变量的概率分布,但是Beta function的结果与直接数值模拟更接近.AMC和Girimaji两种模型都能较好地模拟标量耗散率的条件平均分布,在贫燃的情况下模型预测的结果更接近直接数值模拟的结果。     

湍流煤粉火焰中多相燃烧的跨尺度模拟方法及应用

通过"湍流涡团尺度"与"边界层反应尺度"的关联,建立了湍流煤粉火焰中多相燃烧的跨尺度模拟方法。该方法能够预报湍流脉动宏观规律对静止颗粒边界层内气相反应(如挥发分火焰、CO火焰)的影响。将该方法用于煤粉旋流燃烧数值模拟中,结果显示:与完全忽略边界层气相反应的单膜模型相比,跨尺度模拟的预报结果与Lockwood实验数据有更好的符合。     

HCCI工况下氨氢混合物燃烧的直接数值模拟

本文利用直接数值模拟方法对均质压燃(HCCI, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)工况下氨氢混合物的着火和燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明,着火首先从局部孤立区域处发生,随后发展到整个计算区域;最高燃烧温度和热释率随着掺氢比的增加而增加;通过与零维计算结果对比,发现湍流和热分层使得氨氢混合物着火提前。利用直接数值模拟数据计算了反应锋面的位移速度,并据此分析了自着火和火焰传播这两种燃烧模式。发现在低掺氢比的情况下,燃烧模式以自着火为主;而在高掺氢比的情况下,燃烧模式以火焰传播为主。     

燃烧管内悬浮铝粉燃烧爆炸过程的研究

 铝粉的燃烧与加速机理一直是相关部门研究的热点。为了深入研究其在受限空间内的燃烧与传播特性，基于双流体模型、湍流k-ε模型以及铝粉燃烧等模型，选用SIMPLE格式，对大型卧式燃烧管内铝粉颗粒与空气的两相悬浮流湍流燃烧加速转爆炸现象进行了数值研究，得到了铝粉火焰在管内的燃烧传播过程中管内各相关参数的详细变化情况，并与相关的实验结果吻合。     

二阶矩湍流燃烧模型的考虑浮力的DNS及LES检验

本文用谱方法对考虑浮力的三维槽道湍流反应流动进行了直接模拟,用直接模拟统计结果对二阶矩亚网格湍流燃烧模型(SOM-SGS)进行了检验,结果显示SOM-SGS模型具有合理性.进一步用SOM-SGS模型成功预报了甲烷-空气射流火焰,其统计结果显示了RANS模拟中代数SOM燃烧模型的合理性.     

旋流喷雾燃烧的直接数值模拟

对三维旋流喷雾燃烧进行了初步的直接数值模拟,其中液滴蒸发采用无限热传导蒸发模型描述,气相燃烧采用自适应单步反应机理,液滴的跟踪在拉格朗日框架中进行。模拟结果表明,喷雾燃烧的火焰结构十分复杂,仅采用传统的非预混燃烧模型是不够的。在蒸发和燃烧共存并存在强烈相互作用的区域,组分与混合物份额之间存在着复杂的关联,这给发展精确的湍流喷雾燃烧模型带来了挑战。     

可燃悬浮寺燃烧诱导激波可其加速过程研究

以铝粉为例，基于双流体模型，分别采用ＴＶＤ格式和ＭａｃＣｏｍａｃｋ格式计算气相和颗粒相流场，基于Ａｒｒｉｈｅｎｉｕｓ定律及管道壁面湍流ｋ－ε模型计算流场反应速度，对水平燃烧管内可燃悬浮粉尘在弱点火条件下激波的产生及加强过程进行了理论分析与数值模拟。研究发现，壁面湍流在火焰加速及燃烧诱导激波过程中起着关键作用，数值计算结果揭示了可燃悬浮粉尘云中压缩波到激波的转捩机制及气固两相流场参数的变化规律。计算     

高温空气燃烧炉内湍流混合特性的数值研究

应用自行研发的三维流动、燃烧、传热和污染物NO_x湍流生成的数值模拟程序,对高温空气燃烧实验模型炉进行了湍流扩散燃烧混合特性的数值模拟.数值预报了燃烧室内气体燃料和空气的混合物分数及其湍流脉动的三维分布.数值研究结果表明:在一定的几何条件和气体动力学条件下,高温空气燃烧的湍流混合在更广泛的区域内以较小梯度的进行;混合物分数的脉动主要分布在燃烧区,这表明高温空气燃烧的火焰厚度更大,具有燃烧释热更趋均匀的特性.数值模拟结果与相关的实验结果有相同的规律.     

Premixed flames for arbitrary combinations of strain and curvature

Many modeling strategies for combustion rely on laminar flamelet concepts to determine structure and properties of multi-dimensional and turbulent flames. Using flamelet tabulation strategies, the user anticipates certain aspects of the combustion process prior to the simulation and selects a flamelet model which mimics local flame conditions in the more complex configuration. Flame stretch, which can be decomposed into contributions from strain and curvature, is one of the conditions influencing a flame’s properties, structure, and stability. The objective of this work is to study premixed flame structures in the strain-curvature space using a recently published composition space model (CSM) and three physical space models for canonical flame configurations (stagnation flame, spherical expanding flame and inwardly propagating flame). Flames with effective Lewis numbers both smaller and larger than unity are considered. For canonical laminar flames, the stretch components are inherently determined through boundary conditions and their specific flame configuration. Therefore, canonical flames can only represent a certain sub-set of stretch effects experienced by multi-dimensional and turbulent flames. On the contrary, the CSM allows arbitrary combinations of strain and curvature to be prescribed for premixed flames exceeding the conditions attainable with the canonical flame setups. Thereby, also influences of negative strain effects and large curvatures can be studied. A parameter variation with the CSM shows that flame structures still significantly change outside the region of the canonical flame configurations. Furthermore, limits in the strain-curvature space are discussed. The present paper highlights advantages of composition space modeling which is achieved by detaching the representation of the flame structure from a specific canonical flame configuration in physical space.     

The impact of dilatation,scrambling, and pressure transport in turbulent premixed flames

Premixed turbulent flames feature strong interactions between chemical reactions and turbulence that affect scalar and turbulence statistics. The focus of the present work is on clarifying the impact of pressure dilatation/flamelet scrambling effects with a comprehensive second-moment closure used for evaluation purposes. Model extensions that take into account flamelet orientation and molecular diffusion are derived. Isothermal pressure transport is included with an additional variable density contribution derived for the flamelet regime of combustion. Full closure is assessed by comparisons with Direct Numerical Simulations (DNSs) of statistically ‘steady’ fully developed premixed turbulent planar flames at different expansion ratios. Subsequently, the prediction of lean premixed turbulent methane–air flames featuring fractal grid generated turbulence in an opposed jet geometry is considered. The overall agreement shows that ‘dilatation’ effects contribute to counter-gradient transport and can also increase the turbulent kinetic energy significantly. Levels of anisotropy are broadly consistent with the DNS data and key aspects of opposed jet flames are well predicted. However, it is also shown that complications arise due to interactions between the imposed pressure gradient and combustion and that redistribution is affected along with the scalar flux at the leading edge. The latter is strongly affected by the reaction rate closure and, potentially, by pressure transport. Overall, the derived models offer significant improvements and can readily be applied to the modelling of premixed turbulent flames at practical rates of heat release.     

A quantitative method for a priori evaluation of combustion reaction models

In recent years, direct numerical simulations have been used increasingly to evaluate the validity and performance of combustion reaction models. This study presents a new, quantitative method to determine the ideal model performance attainable by a given parameterization of the state variables. Data from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of unsteady CO/H₂–air jet flames is analysed to determine how well various parameterizations represent the data, and how well specific models based on those parameterizations perform. Results show that the equilibrium model performs poorly relative to an ideal model parameterized by the mixture fraction. The steady laminar flamelet model performs quite well relative to an ideal model parameterized by mixture fraction and dissipation rate in some cases. However, at low dissipation rates or at dissipation rates exceeding the steady extinction limit, the steady flamelet model performs poorly. Interestingly, even in many cases where the steady flamelet model fails (particularly at low dissipation rate), the DNS data suggests that the state may be parameterized well by the mixture fraction and dissipation rate. A progress variable based on the CO₂ mass fraction is proposed, together with a new model based on the CO₂ progress variable. This model performs nearly ideally, and demonstrates the ability to capture extinction with remarkable accuracy for the CO/H₂ flames considered.     

Capturing multi-regime combustion in turbulent flames with a virtual chemistry approach

Multiple flame regimes are encountered in industrial combustion chambers, where premixed, stratified and non-premixed flame regions may coexist. To obtain a predictive tool for pollutant formation predictions, chemical flame modeling must take into account the influence of such complex flame structure. The objective of this article is to apply and compare two reduced chemistry models on both laminar and turbulent multi-regime flame configurations in order to analyze their capabilities in predicting flame structure and CO formation. The challenged approaches are (i) a premixed flamelet-based tabulated chemistry method, whose thermochemical variables are parameterized by a mixture fraction and a progress variable, and (ii) a virtual chemical scheme which has been optimized to retrieve the properties of canonical premixed and non-premixed 1-D laminar flames. The methods are first applied to compute a series of laminar partially-premixed methane-air counterflow flames. Results are compared to detailed chemistry simulations. Both approaches reproduced the thermal flame structure but only the virtual chemistry captures the CO formation in all ranges of equivalence ratio from stoichiometry premixed flame to pure non-premixed flame. Finally, the two chemical models combined with the Thickened Flame model for LES are challenged on a piloted turbulent jet flame with inhomogeneous inlet, the Sydney inhomogeneous burner. Mean and RMS of temperature and CO mass fraction radial profiles are compared to available experimental data. Scatter data in mixture fraction space and Wasserstein metric of numerical and experimental data are also studied. The analyses confirm again that the virtual chemistry approach is able to account for the impact of multi-regime turbulent combustion on the CO formation.     

Modelling of turbulent lifted jet flames using flamelets: a priori assessment and a posteriori validation

This study focuses on the modelling of turbulent lifted jet flames using flamelets and a presumed Probability Density Function (PDF) approach with interest in both flame lift-off height and flame brush structure. First, flamelet models used to capture contributions from premixed and non-premixed modes of the partially premixed combustion in the lifted jet flame are assessed using a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data for a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame. The joint PDFs of mixture fraction Z and progress variable c, including their statistical correlation, are obtained using a copula method, which is also validated using the DNS data. The statistically independent PDFs are found to be generally inadequate to represent the joint PDFs from the DNS data. The effects of Z–c correlation and the contribution from the non-premixed combustion mode on the flame lift-off height are studied systematically by including one effect at a time in the simulations used for a posteriori validation. A simple model including the effects of chemical kinetics and scalar dissipation rate is suggested and used for non-premixed combustion contributions. The results clearly show that both Z–c correlation and non-premixed combustion effects are required in the premixed flamelets approach to get good agreement with the measured flame lift-off heights as a function of jet velocity. The flame brush structure reported in earlier experimental studies is also captured reasonably well for various axial positions. It seems that flame stabilisation is influenced by both premixed and non-premixed combustion modes, and their mutual influences.     

Stratified turbulent Bunsen flames: flame surface analysis and flame surface density modelling

In this paper it is investigated whether the Flame Surface Density (FSD) model, developed for turbulent premixed combustion, is also applicable to stratified flames. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of turbulent stratified Bunsen flames have been carried out, using the Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) reduction method for reaction kinetics. Before examining the suitability of the FSD model, flame surfaces are characterized in terms of thickness, curvature and stratification.

All flames are in the Thin Reaction Zones regime, and the maximum equivalence ratio range covers 0.1?φ?1.3. For all flames, local flame thicknesses correspond very well to those observed in stretchless, steady premixed flamelets. Extracted curvature radii and mixing length scales are significantly larger than the flame thickness, implying that the stratified flames all burn in a premixed mode. The remaining challenge is accounting for the large variation in (subfilter) mass burning rate.

In this contribution, the FSD model is proven to be applicable for Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of stratified flames for the equivalence ratio range 0.1?φ?1.3. Subfilter mass burning rate variations are taken into account by a subfilter Probability Density Function (PDF) for the mixture fraction, on which the mass burning rate directly depends. A priori analysis point out that for small stratifications (0.4?φ?1.0), the replacement of the subfilter PDF (obtained from DNS data) by the corresponding Dirac function is appropriate. Integration of the Dirac function with the mass burning rate m=m(φ), can then adequately model the filtered mass burning rate obtained from filtered DNS data. For a larger stratification (0.1?φ?1.3), and filter widths up to ten flame thicknesses, a β-function for the subfilter PDF yields substantially better predictions than a Dirac function. Finally, inclusion of a simple algebraic model for the FSD resulted only in small additional deviations from DNS data, thereby rendering this approach promising for application in LES.     

Alkali metal emissions in an early-stage pulverized-coal flame: DNS analysis of reacting layers and chemistry tabulation

The intricate coupling between coal pyrolysis, gas phase combustion and the emissions of alkali metal, such as sodium, is studied in the early stage of a temporally evolving three-dimensional planar turbulent jet carrying pulverized-coal particles. Complex chemistry is used to account for both the combustion of volatile hydrocarbons and the sodium containing species. The response of the sodium chemistry is analyzed in the mixture fraction space, along with the topology of the reactions zones. Combustion is found to start preferentially in partially premixed flames, which then evolve toward diffusion-like reactive layers and reach chemical equilibrium. From the direct numerical simulation (DNS) database, the possibility of modeling the dynamics of sodium species using one-dimensional premixed flamelet generated manifolds (FGM) is investigated. A chemical lookup table is constructed for the combustion of the partially premixed volatiles and an additional three-dimensional simulation is performed to compare the tabulated sodium species against their reference counterparts with complex chemistry. Quantitative analysis of the performance of the developed chemistry tabulation confirms the validity of the approach. Perspectives for the modeling of sodium emissions in pulverized-coal furnaces and boilers are finally drawn.     

DNS assessment of relation between mean reaction and scalar dissipation rates in the flamelet regime of premixed turbulent combustion

The linear relation between the mean rate of product creation and the mean scalar dissipation rate, derived in the seminal paper by K.N.C. Bray [‘The interaction between turbulence and combustion’, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 17 (1979), pp. 223–233], is the cornerstone for models of premixed turbulent combustion that deal with the dissipation rate in order to close the reaction rate. In the present work, this linear relation is straightforwardly validated by analysing data computed earlier in the 3D Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of three statistically stationary, 1D, planar turbulent flames associated with the flamelet regime of premixed combustion. Although the linear relation does not hold at the leading and trailing edges of the mean flame brush, such a result is expected within the framework of Bray's theory. However, the present DNS yields substantially larger (smaller) values of an input parameter c_m (or K₂ = 1/(2c_m ? 1)), involved by the studied linear relation, when compared to the commonly used value of c_m = 0.7 (or K₂ = 2.5). To gain further insight into the issue and into the eventual dependence of c_m on mixture composition, the DNS data are combined with the results of numerical simulations of stationary, 1D, planar laminar methane–air flames with complex chemistry, with the results being reported in terms of differently defined combustion progress variables c, i.e. the normalised temperature, density, or mole fraction of CH₄, O₂, CO₂ or H₂O. Such a study indicates the dependence of c_m both on the definition of c and on the equivalence ratio. Nevertheless, K₂ and c_m can be estimated by processing the results of simulations of counterpart laminar premixed flames. Similar conclusions were also drawn by skipping the DNS data, but invoking a presumed beta probability density function in order to evaluate c_m for the differently defined c's and various equivalence ratios.     

Unsteady flamelet/progress variable approach for non-premixed turbulent lifted flames

The unsteady flamelet/progress variable approach has been developed for the prediction of a lifted flame to capture the extinction and re-ignition physics. In this work inclusion of the time variant behavior in the flamelet generation embedded in the large eddy simulation technique, allows better understanding of partially premixed flame dynamics. In the process sufficient simulations to generate unsteady laminar flamelets are performed, which are a function of time. These flamelets are used for the generation of the look-up table and the flamelet library is produced. This library is used for the calculation of temperature and other species in the computational domain as the solution progresses. The library constitutes filtered quantities of all the scalars as a function of mean mixture fraction, mixture fraction variance and mean progress variable. Mixture fraction and progress variable distributions are assumed to be β-PDF and δ-PDF respectively. The technique used here is known as the unsteady flamelet progress variable (UFPV) approach. One of the well known lifted flames is considered for the present modeling which shows flame lift-off. The results are compared with the experimental data for the mixture fraction and temperature. Lift off height is predicted from the numerical calculations and compared with the experimentally given value. Comparisons show a reasonably good agreement and the UFPV combustion model appears to be a promising technique for the prediction of lifted and partially premixed flames.