The spontaneous generation of magnetic and chromomagnetic fields at high temperature in the standard model

The spontaneous generation of magnetic and chromomagnetic fields at high temperature is investigated in the standard model. The consistent effective potential including the one-loop and the daisy diagrams of all boson and fermion fields is calculated. The mixing of the generated fields due to the quark loop diagram is studied in detail. It is found that the quark contribution increases the magnetic and chromomagnetic field strengths as compared with the separate generation of fields. The magnetized vacuum state is stable due to the magnetic gauge field masses included in the daisy diagrams. Some applications of the results obtained are discussed. Received: 25 October 2001 / Published online: 26 July 2002     

Dynamics of nanoparticle agglomeration in a magnetic fluid in a varying magnetic field

It is found that the dependence of the magnetic nanoparticle agglomerate length in a magnetic fluid on the applied magnetic field has three characteristic segments: a substantial increase in the agglomerate length with the magnetic field in the range of weak fields, a segment with an insignificant increase in the average length of agglomerates upon an increase in the field, and a sharp increase in the agglomerate length with a further increase in the field. It is shown that the agglomerate length increases in the range of strong magnetic fields due to a decrease in the spacing between adjacent agglomerates down to their complete coalescence. The total number of agglomerates decreases thereby.     

高速飞行器磁控阻力特性

采用低磁雷诺数磁流体数学模型,对外加磁场下的高超声速半球体流场进行数值模拟.选取三种简单理想磁场(轴向、径向、周向均布磁场),分析了不同磁场类型对流场结构、气动阻力与洛伦兹阻力的影响及作用机理.研究发现,轴向磁场径向"挤压"效应使得激波外形凸出,且壁面静压存在"饱和现象";径向磁场存在轴向"外推"效应,较大的磁场强度会导致肩部形成高温区;周向磁场下感应电场的存在导致增阻效果很差.进而对比了两种相同驻点磁感应强度特殊分布磁场(偶极子磁场、螺线管磁场)下的流场,发现了不同于理想磁场的径向"扩张"效应.按增阻效果从大到小依次为径向磁场、螺线管磁场、轴向磁场、偶极子磁场、周向磁场.     

不同磁致纵向涡形式对空气对流换热的影响

为揭示不同磁致纵向涡对通道内空气对流换热的影响规律,分别就两极和四极钕铁硼永磁体作用下的矩形通道内的对流换热进行了数值模拟。模拟以通道入口段的流动和换热为对象,得到了不同Re和不同壁温下的流场和温度场, 对流换热的Nu和阻力系数,以及场协同数Fc。结果表明,不同纵向涡形式下的流场和温度场的协同性不同,具有八纵向涡形式的对流换热的协同性优于四纵向涡形式,强化效果也优于四纵向涡。     

Magnetic moment of an electron gas on the surface of constant negative curvature

The magnetic moment of an electron gas on the surface of constant negative curvature is investigated. It is shown that the surface curvature leads to the appearance of the region of the monotonic dependence M(B) at low magnetic fields. At high magnetic fields, the dependence of the magnetic moment on a magnetic field is the oscillating one. The effect of the surface curvature is to increase the region of the monotonic dependence of the magnetic moment and to break the periodicity of oscillations of the magnetic moment as a function of an inverse magnetic field.Received: 17 September 2003, Published online: 8 December 2003PACS: 73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states - 75.75. + a Magnetic properties of nanostructures     

An all-optical, high-sensitivity magnetic gradiometer

Optical magnetometers have reached sensitivities that make them interesting candidates for the measurement of weak magnetic fields also outside physics laboratories. In order to overcome problems with stray magnetic fields a common solution with existing magnetometers is to operate a pair of them in a gradiometer configuration: one sensor measures the signal plus the stray fields, while the other one is mounted such that it is only influenced by the stray fields. In the difference signal the stray fields cancel. We have constructed such a gradiometer consisting of two sensors based on coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances in a thermal cesium vapor. Using a magnetic bias field the intrinsically scalar CPT magnetometer can be turned into a true vector magnetometer that is insensitive to magnetic fields perpendicular to a chosen measurement direction. We describe how to align and calibrate the gradiometer. Stray field suppression by more than two orders of magnitude has been achieved, limited by the sensitivity of the magnetometer. This makes possible the detection of picotesla flux density changes in a weakly shielded or even unshielded environment. Received: 3 April 2002 / Published online: 15 November 2002 RID="*" ID="*"New address: Département de Physique, Université de Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland RID="**" ID="**"Corresponding author. Fax: +41-26/300-9631, E-mail: robert.wynands@unifr.ch     

Axial magnetic fields in relativistic self-focusing channels

Based on an improved cavitation model for the electron dynamics, an exact analysis is presented of the generation of axial magnetic fields in the relativistic self-focusing channels produced by circularly polarized light in plasmas. Two kinds of waveguiding structures are considered: single-channel waveguides and plasma filaments surrounded by a light field. It is found that due to large electron density gradients in the cavitation plasma, magnetic fields of megagauss values with opposite directions separated by a neutral sheet, where the magnetic field passes through zero, can be produced.     

Multifunctional phenomena in sublimed dysprosium in high magnetic fields: The magnetocaloric effect and magnetostriction

With the use of sublimed dysprosium having a controllable impurity composition, two physical functional phenomena induced by a magnetic field are studied: magnetostriction and the magnetocaloric effect, which is estimated by independent direct and indirect methods. A giant magnetostriction value at the “order–order” magnetic phase transition and a large magnetocaloric effect in high magnetic fields at the “order–disorder” transition are shown. Both phenomena are discussed in relation to the complex field and temperature behavior of metallic-dysprosium magnetization, the measurement of which is carried out in wide intervals of temperature and magnetic fields (to 14 T).     

Effects of Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields on Shallow Donor Impurity Binding Energy in a Parabolic Quantum Well

We have calculated variationally the ground state binding energy of a hydrogenic donor impurity in a parabolic quantum well in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields. These homogeneous crossed fields are such that the magnetic field is parallel to the heterostructure layers and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the magnetic field. The dependence of the donor impurity binding energy to the well width and the strength of the electric and magnetic fields are discussed. We hope that the obtained results will provide important improvements in device applications, especially for a suitable choice of both fields in the narrow well widths.     

Chaos in the hydrogen atom interacting with external fields

In this review we discuss the chaotic dynamics (both classical and quantal aspects) of a simple atomic system, namely hydrogen atom interacting with time independent and time dependent external fields. These include: i) static electric field, ii) static magnetic field, iii) combined electric and magnetic fields, in parallel and perpendicular configuration, iv) instantaneous and generalized van der Waals field, v) mass anisotropy and vi) linearly and circularly polarized microwave fields.     

Second quantized scalar QED in homogeneous time-dependent electromagnetic fields

We formulate the second quantization of a charged scalar field in homogeneous, time-dependent electromagnetic fields, in which the Hamiltonian is an infinite system of decoupled, time-dependent oscillators for electric fields, but it is another infinite system of coupled, time-dependent oscillators for magnetic fields. We then employ the quantum invariant method to find various quantum states for the charged field. For time-dependent electric fields, a pair of quantum invariant operators for each oscillator with the given momentum plays the role of the time-dependent annihilation and the creation operators, constructs the exact quantum states, and gives the vacuum persistence amplitude as well as the pair-production rate. We also find the quantum invariants for the coupled oscillators for the charged field in time-dependent magnetic fields and advance a perturbation method when the magnetic fields change adiabatically. Finally, the quantum state and the pair production are discussed when a time-dependent electric field is present in parallel to the magnetic field.     

Theoretical study ofμ + site in YBa2Cu3O x site in YBa2Cu3O x

The muon is a useful probe of magnetic fields in superconductors, but knowing the field seen by the muon is often of limited value until we know where the muon is in the crystal lattice. Here we employ two independent theoretical methods to search for candidate muon sites:the potential energy field method, which seeks the minimum of the electrostatic potential of theμ ⁺, and themagnetic dipolar field method, which compares the calculated magnetic field (due to host electronic or nuclear dipolar fields) with the observed local fields at the muon. Work supported by Canadian NRC and NSERC.     

Effect of magnetic fields on out-of-plane orientations of nematic liquid crystalline polymers under simple shear flow

The effect of magnetic fields on out-of-plane orientations of liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) under simple shear flows is numerically analyzed using the Doi–Hess equation. The evolution equation for the probability distribution function of the LCP molecules is directly solved without any approximation closure. The initial director is parallel to the vorticity direction. Two cases of the magnetic fields are considered (1) the magnetic field parallel to the flow direction, and (2) the magnetic field parallel to the velocity gradient direction. For both cases a log-rolling orientation state is detected at low shear rates. However, the director is quickly aligned along the direction of magnetic fields because of the deformation of molecules. The field affects on the scalar order parameter rather than the major orientation direction for the magnetic field parallel to the flow direction. On the other hand regarding the magnetic field along the vorticity gradient direction, the effect of the magnetic field is more remarkable on the major orientation in comparison with the effect on the scalar order parameter. Also it is be found that the order parameter is increased obviously with increasing the magnetic fields. It is an efficient way to improve the performance of LCP materials.     

Potential hazards of NMR imaging. No evidence of the possible effects of static and changing magnetic fields on cardiac function of the rat and guinea pig

Clinical proton NMR imaging uses magnetic field strengths in the range 0.1 to 0.5 T. In addition to the large static magnetic field, patients are exposed to magnetic field gradients during imaging and under extreme conditions, such as power failure or quenching, the field may collapse precipitously. A potential source of hazard to patients under these conditions is the induction of thoracic currents which may trigger ventricular fibrillation. In the present experiments, a 0.16 T resistive magnet with a time constant of 60 ms, powered by a programmable power supply, was used to examine any possible effects of static and changing magnetic field on the ECG and arterial blood pressure of anesthetized rats and guinea pigs. Animals were exposed to the following field conditions: static fields of 0.16 T; sine, triangular, and square wave modulated fields from 0.1 to 2 Hz; rapid field switches in excess of 2.0 T/s for 25 ms timed to occur at different stages of the cardiac cycle, including the vulnerable period during ventricular repolarization; and AC fields of 50 Hz. No change was observed in the blood pressure, heart rate, or ECG under any of the field conditions examined.     

Magnetized neutron-star mergers and gravitational-wave signals

We investigate the influence of magnetic fields upon the dynamics of, and resulting gravitational waves from, a binary neutron-star merger in full general relativity coupled to ideal magnetohydrodynamics. We consider two merger scenarios: one where the stars have aligned poloidal magnetic fields and one without. Both mergers result in a strongly differentially rotating object. In comparison to the nonmagnetized scenario, the aligned magnetic fields delay the full merger of the stars. During and after merger we observe phenomena driven by the magnetic field, including Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in shear layers, winding of the field lines, and transition from poloidal to toroidal magnetic fields. These effects not only mediate the production of electromagnetic radiation, but also can have a strong influence on the gravitational waves. Thus, there are promising prospects for studying such systems with both types of waves.     

强磁场对Al-Si合金凝固组织中硅分布的影响

为了揭示强磁场对金属凝固组织的影响规律，本文研究了Al-14.98%Si(质量分数)和Al-9.2%Si(质量分数)合金在强磁场作用下凝固组织的变化趋势，分析了强磁场对合金凝固组织中Si分布的影响.研究发现，均恒磁场和梯度磁场分别通过洛伦兹力和磁化力的作用对合金的凝固组织产生影响，强磁场可以显著改变初晶硅在合金中的分布状况.在均恒磁场作用条件下初晶硅在合金中均匀分布；在梯度磁场条件下，由于磁化力和浮力的共同作用，初晶硅在试样的上部或下部聚集.同时，磁化力也改变了共晶体在合金中的组织形态，使试样上部和下部共晶体的层片间距明显不同.理论和实验分析表明，Al-Si合金在强磁场中凝固时，磁场能作用于凝固过程，使共晶体中的Al含量增大，共晶点向左偏移. 关键词： 强磁场 凝固过程 共晶组织 Al-Si合金     

Bifurcations of the shape of a magnetic fluid droplet in a rotating magnetic field

An analysis is made of the behavior of a magnetic droplet suspended in a liquid in a high-frequency uniform, rotating magnetic field. In weak fields the droplet is spheroidal while in strong fields it is disk-shaped. The observed change in the shape of the droplet as the amplitude of the field increases depends on the magnetic permeability μ of the liquid and takes place according to three scenarios: (a) for small μ the spheroidal droplet is continuously converted into a disk; (b) for intermediate μ there is a range of fields in which the droplet becomes a triaxial ellipsoid with its major axis lying in the plane of the field, and spheroid-triaxial ellipsoid-disk transitions take place as a result of a soft bifurcation; (c) at high μ both transitions are hard. Theoretical calculations are made of the stability curve for the various droplet shapes. It is predicted that a change in the types of droplet shape bifurcations will occur in strong fields. A comparison is made with the experimental data.     

Manipulating electromagnetic radiation with magnetic photonic crystals

We examine manipulating electromagnetic waves in magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs) with external magnetic fields. We predict new giant magnetoreflectivity and giant magnetorefractivity effects: with an external magnetic field of a magnitude much smaller than the anisotropy field of the ferromagnet, the MPC can be changed from completely reflecting to nonreflecting with corresponding changes in the angle of refraction. Application to the storage of electromagnetic radiation is also discussed.     

Ionization Waves in Glow Discharges with Non-Uniform Magnetic Fields

The properties of ionization waves self-excited in glow discharges with a non-uniform axial magnetic fields are investigated experimentally. The fundamental frequency remains almost constant over the tube for the variable magnetic fields, while the amplitude decreases with increasing the field. The wavelength becomes longer at the cathode side of the magnetic coil and shorter at the anode side with increasing the local magnetic field. The dependence of the wavelength on the magnetic field is explained by the changes of the axial electric field in the non-uniform magnetic field.     

A modified analytical model of the alkali-metal atomic magnetometer employing longitudinal carrier field

Alkali-metal atomic magnetometers employing longitudinal carrier magnetic field have ultrahigh sensitivity to measure transverse magnetic fields and have been applied in a variety of precise-measurement science and technologies. In practice, the magnetometer response is not rigorously proportional to the measured transverse magnetic fields and the existing fundamental analytical model of this magnetometer is effective only when the amplitudes of the measured fields are very small. In this paper, we present a modified analytical model to characterize the practical performance of the magnetometer more definitely. We find out how the longitudinal magnetization of the alkali metal atoms vary with larger transverse fields. The linear-response capacity of the magnetometer is determined by these factors: the amplitude and frequency of the longitudinal carrier field, longitudinal and transverse spin relaxation time of the alkali spins and rotation frequency of the transverse fields. We give a detailed and rigorous theoretical derivation by using the perturbation-iteration method and simulation experiments are conducted to verify the validity and correctness of the proposed modified model. This model can be helpful for measuring larger fields more accurately and configuring a desirable magnetometer with proper linear range.