HFO-1234yf在家用空调中替代R22的理论分析

随着京都议定书和蒙特利尔议定书的执行,寻找HCFCs制冷剂的替代制冷剂成了当务之急。环保制冷剂HFO-1234yf的ODP为0,GWP为4,已经在欧洲国家应用于汽车空调中替代R134a。文中对HFO-1234yf替代R22进行理论循环分析对比。通过理论分析,结果发现:标准工况下HFO-1234yf单位制冷量比R22低37.6%,单位容积制冷量低47.6%,同时排气温度比R22低23.78℃,在高温环境中有利于压缩机的运行,适用于高温工况。高温工况下HFO-1234yf单位制冷量比R22低31.9%,排气温度低21.71℃,使用HFO-1234yf替代R22需要增加制冷剂充注量,并加大压缩机工作容积。同时对润滑油分析表明,HFO-1234yf可以使用PAG、POE及PVE润滑油,与矿物油的互溶性还需要进一步研究。     

HFO-1234yf在空调系统中应用研究进展

随着环境问题的加剧,制冷行业HCFCs制冷剂的替代受到普遍关注。新型环保制冷剂HFO-1234yf已在汽车空调中得到应用。主要从基本性质、燃烧性能、毒性、相容性及系统循环性能等方面介绍HFO-1234yf,并与R22替代制冷剂如R32、R290、R1270相比较,指出其替代R22的可行性,建议加强对HFO-1234yf在家用空调系统中替代R22的系列研究。     

HCFCs制冷剂替代物研究进展及性能分析

目前制冷空调行业使用量最大的HCFCs制冷剂正在处于加速淘汰阶段,替代物的选择至关重要.文中从基本热物性、循环性能等多角度,具体介绍了多种HCFCs制冷剂的替代物,包括R290、R32、R1234yf( R1234ze)等,为国内HFCFs制冷剂的替代提供参考.     

活塞压缩机内制冷剂R1234yf泄漏模拟研究

基于活塞压缩机R1234yf制冷剂泄漏问题,运用Fluent模拟软件对活塞压缩机一个运动周期内制冷剂R1234yf的内部流场和泄漏趋势进行模拟,通过对不同吸气温度和吸气压力下制冷剂R1234yf的泄漏速度以及泄漏质量流量的对比分析,确定了制冷剂R1234yf在活塞压缩机内的泄漏规律,为制冷剂R1234yf的推广提供依据。     

R1234yf在直线压缩机中替代R134a的实验研究

汽车空调系统中使用较多的制冷剂是R134a,但其GWP(全球变暖潜能值)高达1300,R1234yf作为一种新型制冷剂,其GWP仅为4,且具有与R134a相似的热力学性质。基于动磁式无油直线压缩机对R1234yf和R134a两种制冷剂的性能进行了试验分析,结果表明,当换热器温度分别为-3℃(蒸发器)、40℃(冷凝器)时,R1234yf和R134a的冷却能力分别为92 W和117 W;在冷凝器温度为50℃时,R1234yf的冷却性能与R134a几乎相同。验证了R1234yf替代R134a的可行性。     

R1234yf/RE170混合工质用于汽车空调的可行性

目前汽车空调常用的制冷剂四氟乙烷(R134a)存在较高的温室效应指数(GWP=1 300),会对环境造成不利的影响。将R1234yf和RE170以质量配比为70:30组成新型混合制冷剂(代号NCUR04)应用于汽车空调中,通过热力学性质、环境特性、循环性能、安全特性、润滑特性方面综合考虑替代R134a的可行性,并与潜在替代制冷剂R1234yf进行对比。研究表明:NCUR04环境性能、热力学性质较R134a和R1234yf优异;单位质量制冷量分别比R134a和R1234yf高24.7%和66.2%;单位容积制冷量比R134a低4.5%,比R1234yf高5.9%;能效比(COP)分别比R134a和R1234yf高1.4%和8.8%;排气温度比R134a低2.4℃,比R1234yf高5.5℃;与POE润滑油互溶性良好。因此,NCUR04替代R134a用于汽车空调具有可行性。     

低GWP的HCFCs替代制冷剂的可行性研究

阐述了目前HCFCs替代的形势、替代制冷剂和替代技术路线。从各个方面介绍了几种有潜力的单一替代制冷剂R32、R161、R1234yf和R1234ze等。并对将来替代制冷剂的发展进行分析,认为混合制冷剂是大势所趋。     

R1234yf热泵系统的能量和(火用)分析

低GWP值制冷剂R1234yf作为R134a较为理想的替代品而备受关注,该研究针对R1234yf热泵系统建立了能量和分析方程,分析了蒸发温度对系统COP、压缩机压比和损的影响。结果表明:R134a系统的制冷COP高于R1234yf系统1.07%-2.06%,制热COP高1.05%-1.74%,同时随着压比的不断升高,压缩机不可逆损失增大。现有的R134a系统不需作较大调整,可选用R1234yf替代。     

R1234yf充注量对新型车用热泵空调系统制冷性能的影响

为了探究出新型车用热泵空调系统制冷剂R1234yf的最佳充注量,进一步提升系统制冷性能。本文以搭建的准二级压缩型热泵空调系统为研究对象,通过实时记录系统参数变化,对系统的制冷性能进行分析。结果表明：在制冷剂R1234yf充注量为550 g时,系统的制冷量和COP分别达到最高值6.34 kW、2.63,排气温度降低到最低值77.8℃;并且在充注量为550 g时,系统的过冷度与过热度出现交汇,此时系统的制冷性能最佳,系统运行最稳定。     

HFC134a与HFO1234yf用于汽车空调的理论分析

对HFC134a和HFO1234yf应用于汽车空调进行了理论分析,研究表明:HFC134a的排气温度明显高于HFO1234yf,HFC134a的排气温度随着蒸发温度的升高而降低,HFO1234yf的排气温度随着蒸发温度的升高而升高;HFC134a与HFO1234yf的单位制冷量都是随着蒸发温度的升高而增大,但HFC134a的单位制冷量明显高于HFO1234yf,其平均高于HFO1234yf约34.9kW/kg;HFO1234yf压缩机输入功率明显高于HFC134a;HFC134a的系统COP高于HFO1234yf的系统COP,且二者都是随着蒸发温度的升高而升高,蒸发温度为-10℃时,其系统COP分别为3.739和3.493,蒸发温度为18℃时,其系统COP分别为9.6和9.36。     

带膨胀机的HFC134a与HFO1234yf制冷系统分析

对带膨胀机的R134a与R1234yf制冷系统进行理论分析,并与不带膨胀机的系统进行比较。研究表明:HFC134a的排气温度明显高于HFO1234yf,HFC134a的排气温度随着蒸发温度的升高而降低,HFO1234yf的排气温度随着蒸发温度的升高而升高;HFC134a与HFO1234yf的单位制冷量都是随着蒸发温度的升高而增大,但HFC134a的单位制冷量明显高于HFO1234yf,其平均高于HFO1234yf约34.9kW/kg;HFO1234yf压缩机输入功率明显高于HFC134a,HFC134a的系统COP高于HFO1234yf的系统COP,且二者都是随着蒸发温度的升高而升高。在制冷系统中加入膨胀机后,对HFC134a产生了显著的影响,在蒸发温度-10℃时变化最为明显,其单位制冷量增大32%,压缩机输入功率降低12.1%,系统COP降低19.8%,膨胀机的加入并没有影响HFO1234yf系统,其各项参数均未发生明显变化。在HFO1234yf制冷系统中应用膨胀机的效果逊于HFC134a制冷系统。     

Performance investigation of some hydro-fluorocarbon refrigerants with low global warming as substitutes to R134a in refrigeration systems

In this study, the performances of R152a, R161, and R1234yf with very low global warming potential were investigated theoretically as alternatives to R134a in vapor compression refrigeration systems. The results obtained showed that the saturation vapor pressures for R152a and R1234yf are very close to that of R134a, which indicates similar properties, while that of R161, between the temperature range of ?30 to 40°C, deviated significantly by 49.2%. R152a emerged as the most energy efficient of the investigated refrigerants with average power per ton of refrigeration (PPTR) of 30.5% less than that of R134a. R152a and R161 exhibited a higher volumetric refrigerating capacity (VRC) and coefficient of performance (COP) than R134a. The highest COP was obtained using R152a in the system with an average value of 43.5% higher than that of R134a, while the average COPs for R161 and R1234yf are 4.8% higher and 7.1% lower, respectively. Generally, R152a performed better than the other two alternatives as R134a substitute in that it has similar saturation pressure as R134a, exhibited lowest PPTR, very high VRC, and highest COP. Major system redesign will be required before R161 can be employed as R134a substitute. Also, low performance of R1234yf in terms of PPTR, VRC and COP will increase its indirect contributions to global warming.     

Influence of water on HFO-1234yf oxidation pyrolysis via ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation

ABSTRACT

The effect of water molecules on HFO-1234yf oxidation pyrolysis was investigated by ReaxFF-molecular dynamics simulation from 1900 to 4200?K. The initial pyrolysis of HFO-1234yf starts around 2500?K and the water molecules participate in chemical reactions at 2800?K when the reactants pyrolysis reached the highest reaction rate. The primary products including HF, COF₂ and CO₂ are observed at 2600, 2700 and 2900?K, respectively. The influence of water molecules on products is mainly reflected in the promotion activity on the conversion from COF₂ to CO₂ and the generation of HF molecules. Four formation pathways are observed and calculated to further elucidate the procedure of pyrolysis. The main conversion process from H₂O to HF is the ?F?+?H₂O?=?HF+?OH reaction, and the paths from H₂O to ?OH radical and COF₂ to ?CFO radical which are promoted by ?F and ?H radical, respectively, have relatively low energy barriers of 10.44 and 40.29?kJ/mol, and both reaction processes released HF molecules.     

新型环保绝缘气体反式-1,1,1,4,4,4-六氟-2-丁烯的红外吸收特性及检测技术研究

六氟化硫气体在电力领域的广泛应用带来日益严峻的环保压力,寻求可替代的新型环保绝缘气体已成为化学及电气学科领域研究的热点。反式-1,1,1,4,4,4-六氟-2-丁烯[HFO-1336mzz(E)]气体因其优良的环保特性及高介电强度受到国内外的广泛关注。开展光谱吸收特性及检测技术的研究对深化电气性能的研究意义重大。采用自组装压强、温度可调控多次反射长光程池,组合傅里叶变换红外分光光度计（FTIR）及真空泵等搭建实验测试系统,通过FTIR实验及仿真模拟首先研究了HFO-1336mzz(E)气体在常温常压、1 100~1 350 cm-1波段的红外吸收特性;并对测试背景中可能存在的CO₂和H₂O进行谱线交叉干扰分析;重点研究了压强、温度对HFO-1336mzz(E)气体在1 100~1 350 cm-1波段红外光谱吸收特性的影响;同时基于非分散红外（NDIR）技术对HFO-1336mzz(E)气体低浓度泄漏及高浓度混合比传感器进行了仿真测试。结果表明：HFO-1336mzz(E)的三个强吸收峰的中心波数分别为1 152,1 267及1 333 cm-1,模拟仿真红外光谱与气体实测结果吻合较好;1 333 cm-1处干燥空气背景中CO₂吸收强度数量级低至10-6,在150 nm滤波带宽内水分子峰面积积分影响因子约为1.44×10-3,谱线交叉干扰均可忽略不计,而痕量泄漏检测时需要湿度补偿;选择HFO-1336mzz(E)气体在1 333及1 267 cm-1位置分别作为NDIR技术实现低浓度泄漏及高浓度混合比检测的吸收谱线切实可行;光谱吸收系数及谱线展宽随着压强升高而增大,1 333及1 267 cm-1位置吸收系数随压强的变化率分别为0.273和0.118 cm-1·kPa-1;随温度的升高峰值吸收系数减小,谱线展宽变窄,但不同位置吸收系数变化差异较大,1 333及1 267 cm-1位置吸收系数随温度的变化率分别为-0.105 6和-0.035 cm-1·K-1。传感器仿真测试结果显示1 333 cm-1处5 cm光程可实现0~1 800 μL·L-1低浓度痕量泄漏测试,1 267 cm-1位置2 mm光程可实现0~10%高浓度混合比测试。该研究为基于红外光谱吸收原理的光学气体传感器的研制提供实验与理论依据。     

新的适用于整个热力面的1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(R134a)跨接状态方程

1前言作者建立了一个新型的符合临界重整化群理论的跨接状态方程，能够描述物质的整个区域热力性质山。鉴于R134a是R12的新的主要替代制冷剂，为了计算其整个区域的热力性质，本文将新跨接状态方程应用于R134a，以便提供一个能在整个区域计算R134a热力性质的状态方程。2新跨接状态方程作者建立了以下型式的新跨接状态方程l‘］：上式中，西方一r一IDZ户一p巾c；，一DI—TD；T—To／T；产为密度；pc为临界密度；T为温度；To为临界温度；矿对比过余Helmholtz自由能；A是Helmholtz自由能。新函数中，a。一30，a，一10；0—0．325和西一…     

Thermodynamics of the γ-α transformation of cerium

The thermodynamic functions for cerium in the vicinity of the isomorphous γ-α phase transformation are calculated from the results of adiabatic experiments. The experimental data are approximated within a modified model of a binary solution. This model is fitted to the experimental results. The behavior of the thermodynamic functions in the ranges of temperatures and pressures covering the γ-α phase transformation is actually characteristic of a critical point of the liquid-vapor type. The critical exponent for the density is found to be β = 0.46. The other exponents are virtually identical to those obtained in the framework of the classical models describing the thermodynamic functions in the vicinity of the critical point.