动态冰浆流动的浓度分布及粘性研究

动态冰浆是一种固-液两相流体。文中采用理论模型研究了动态冰浆在非均质流动情况下的冰晶浓度分布,分析了冰晶浓度、冰浆流速、管道直径、冰晶粒径大小对冰浆的动态粘度的影响。分析表明:在高冰晶浓度、低流速情况下,冰浆的平均粘度不仅和冰晶浓度和载流溶液的粘度相关,还受到冰浆流速、管道直径和冰晶颗粒大小的影响。     

冰浆流动换热特性的综述及模拟分析

综述冰浆输送过程和在换热器中的流动换热特性研究现状。目前对冰浆流动特性研究主要是为了解决输送冷流体过程中的压降、摩阻系数等问题,输送途径主要是直管、弯管,可控因变量包括含冰率、管道直径、冰浆粘度、流速、Re数等参数。此外,还对冰浆在水平直管中流动情况进行了数值模拟,提出了最值冰浆浓度和第一临界速度、第二临界速度等参数,并推测冰浆流动换热应从三段进行考虑。冰浆在换热器中的流动换热过程与管道输送相比,通道结构更复杂导致阻力损失变大、换热增强、相变程度大,同时还要考虑固体颗粒与流体之间的耦合作用,因此目前的研究主要停留在实验阶段,在实验基础上进行半经验公式的推导。基础性理论研究主要涉及两相流动、颗粒力学和相变潜热三方面。此外,对未来研究方向提出几点建议,尤其是应从微观颗粒受力和晶体结构角度探讨冰浆的流动换热情况,脱离原有单相流体研究方式,冰浆颗粒流动至少分三段研究。     

冰浆流动特性研究进展

冰浆是当前载冷和蓄冷材料领域的研究热点,有着良好的流动和换热性能。综述了冰浆在管道、泵等输配部件内的流动特性;探讨了含冰率、流速、初始溶液浓度等因素对冰浆流动形态、流变特性以及流动压降的影响;在总结冰浆流态转换规律的基础上,分析了冰浆的流变模型和其在不同部件中流动的压降特性。     

动态冰浆流动特性分析

阐述了动态冰浆流变性质的Bingham模型,并利用该模型计算了冰浆在层流和湍流状态下的摩擦因子,得到了冰浆在水平直管内流动的压降曲线,分别就层流和湍流情形分析了各种参数对流动压降的影响。     

动态冰浆传热特性的研究

动态冰浆由于具有较强的蓄能和传热能力,日益受到人们的重视。文中建立了动态冰浆传热特性的数理模型,并利用已知的载流溶液和冰晶的物性参数,得到了动态冰浆在水平直管、等热流加热条件下的传热系数,根据计算结果,分析了传热系数随着冰浆浓度的变化的规律和冰浆流速和管径对动态冰浆传热性能的影响。     

竖直矩形窄缝内流动沸腾压降实验与模型研究

本文实验研究了水在间隙为2.1、2.2、3.6 mm的垂直矩形窄通道内流动沸腾压降,包括入口过冷的情况,得到了在不同操作条件下压降随热流密度的变化曲线,同时分析了曲线变化的原因.实验结果发现:在实验参数范围内,流动沸腾的压降随着质量流速、热流密度和入口干度增加而增大;随着窄缝间隙的增大而减小.窄通道内的压降计算与大通道有显著不同,本文针对窄通道的特点,修正了传统的压降计算模型,模型预测值与实验结果比较,误差在±15.4%之内.     

翅片管气化器管内相变传热流动数值模拟

采用Fluent多相流混合物模型,通过用户自定义程序(UDF)实现了液氮相变模拟,模拟了不同进口流速对翅片管气化器管内流体换热量、压力降、含气率及汽化体积的影响,并分析了各参数随进口流速改变而变化的原因。由数值模拟可知,翅片管内流体进出口焓差、含气率及单位质量汽化体积随进口流速的增加而减少,而压力降和总换热量随进口流速的增加而增大,其中压力降增大的主要原因是由加速压降引起。     

离子浓度及表面结构对岩石孔隙内水流动特性的影响

酸性环境引发的岩石孔隙表面溶解增加了孔隙内水溶液的盐离子浓度,破坏了孔隙的表面结构.本文采用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了纳米级岩石孔隙内水溶液的流动特性,分析了盐离子浓度和孔隙表面结构对水流速度分布的影响及原因.研究结果表明:纳米级岩石孔隙内的水溶液流动符合泊肃叶流动特性,流速呈"抛物线"分布;随盐离子浓度增加,水溶液内部氢键网络变得更为致密,水黏度随其呈线性增长;水溶液中离子浓度越大,孔隙表面对水流动的阻力越大,最大流速越小,速度分布的"抛物线"曲率半径越大;岩石孔隙表面结构的破坏改变了流动表面的粗糙程度,增加了孔隙表面对H2O分子的吸引力.随表面结构破坏程度的增大,水溶液在近壁区域的密度增大,流速降低;当表面破坏程度达到50%时,水溶液在近壁区域出现了明显的负边界滑移现象.     

高特征参数下绝缘圆管内液态金属MHD效应研究

液态金属磁流体动力学(MHD)效应是聚变堆液态包层需要解决的关键问题之一。通过实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了高特征参数下绝缘圆管内液态金属MHD效应,获得了强磁场下绝缘圆管内压降变化和流速分布的规律。研究结果表明,绝缘圆管内液态金属MHD压降随外加磁场强度的增加而线性增大,随管道内平均流速的增加也呈线性增长的关系,且压降实验结果与数值模拟及理论结果吻合较好;流速分布的特点为哈特曼层内流速变化剧烈,速度梯度大。基于压降的实验数据分析可得,强磁场环境下绝缘圆管中层流湍流的转换分界点约为Re/Ha=45。     

随机填充增殖剂球床内载气流动特性数值模拟

固态氚增殖包层是聚变堆及聚变-裂变混合堆产氚包层的重要候选结构之一,其球床通道内载气流动特性将影响氚提取效率。利用离散元方法(DEM)生成随机填充增殖剂球床,通过径向孔隙率分布验证其合理性,计算流体力学(CFD)模拟计算其通道内气体流场特征。模拟得到:球床内吹扫氦气流速随孔隙率波动并随入口流速增大而均匀增大,通道内氦气流向及流速变化显著,Blake-Kozeny方程可良好预测该随机填充球床通道压降。     

托卡马克真空室内线圈水冷管道接头强化二次流的数值研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)理论，研究了不同曲率半径的螺旋导流片的托卡马克真空室内线圈水冷管道接头。利用湍流数值模拟方法，分析了线圈管道接头导流片曲率半径比、冷却水入口流速对线圈管道内流体平均雷诺数分布的影响。结果表明，不同导流片曲率半径比的线圈管道内的流体雷诺数分布曲线相似，平均雷诺数随入口流速的增加而增大，管道接头出口雷诺数随导流片曲率半径比的增大而减小，导流片曲率半径比小的管接头更适用于线圈水冷曲线管的二次流强化。此外，还为导流片曲率半径比为0.2的管接头拟合了管接头出口雷诺数与入口流速的关系式，为进一步研究类似于托卡马克真空室内线圈管道的曲线管接头的二次流强化提供理论基础。     

Numerical Simulation Study on Flow Laws and Heat Transfer of Gas Hydrate in the Spiral Flow Pipeline with Long Twisted Band

The natural gas hydrate plugging problems in the mixed pipeline are becoming more and more serious. The hydrate plugging has gradually become an important problem to ensure the safety of pipeline operation. The deposition and heat transfer characteristics of natural gas hydrate particles in the spiral flow pipeline have been studied. The DPM model (discrete phase model) was used to simulate the motion of solid particles, which was used to simulate the complex spiral flow characteristics of hydrate in the pipeline with a long twisted band. The deposition and heat transfer characteristics of gas hydrate particles in the spiral flow pipeline were studied. The velocity distribution, pressure drop distribution, heat transfer characteristics, and particle settling characteristics in the pipeline were investigated. The numerical results showed that compared with the straight flow without a long twisted band, two obvious eddies are formed in the flow field with a long twisted band, and the velocities are maximum at the center of the vortices. Along the direction of the pipeline, the two vortices move toward the pipe wall from near the twisted band, which can effectively carry the hydrate particles deposited on the wall. With the same Reynolds number, the twisted rate was greater, the spiral strength was weaker, the tangential velocity was smaller, and the pressure drop was smaller. Therefore, the pressure loss can be reduced as much as possible with effect of the spiral flow. In a straight light flow, the Nusselt number is in a parabolic shape with the opening downwards. At the center of the pipe, the Nusselt number gradually decreased toward the pipe wall at the maximum, and at the near wall, the attenuation gradient of the Nu number was large. For spiral flow, the curve presented by the Nusselt number was a trough at the center of the pipe and a peak at 1/2 of the pipe diameter. With the reduction of twist rate, the Nusselt number becomes larger. Therefore, the spiral flow can make the temperature distribution more even and prevent the large temperature difference, resulting in the mass formation of hydrate particles in the pipeline wall. Spiral flow has a good carrying effect. Under the same condition, the spiral flow carried hydrate particles at a distance about 3–4 times farther than that of the straight flow.     

分离式螺旋热管蓄冰过程动态特性模拟

在提出分离式螺旋热管蓄冷空调系统的基础上,建立了螺旋热管蒸发段蓄冰过程的理论模型,分析了单位时间内管外结冰厚度、管外冰层厚度、蓄冰率、单位时间蓄冷量以及系统总蓄冷量随时间的变化关系,并对三种不同管径的螺旋热管的蓄冰特性进行了分析研究,研究结果表明在螺旋热管曲率半径相同的条件下,增大管径可以提高系统的单位时间蓄冷量。     

Numerical Simulation of Swirl Flow Characteristics of CO2 Hydrate Slurry by Short Twisted Band

The development of oil and gas resources is gradually transferring to the deep sea, and the hydrate plugging of submarine pipelines at high pressures and low temperatures is becoming an important problem to ensure the safety of pipeline operations. The swirl flow is a new method to expand the boundary of hydrate safe flow. Numerical simulation of the hydrate slurry flow characteristics in a horizontal pipeline by twisted band has been carried out, and the flow of CO₂ hydrate slurry in low concentration has been simulated by the RSM and DPM models. The results show that the heat transfer efficiency is also related to Re and particle concentration. The velocity distribution has the form of symmetrical double peaks, and the peaks finally merge at the center of the pipeline. Vortexes firstly appear on both sides of the edge of the twisted band, and then move to the middle part of the twisted band. Finally, the vortex center almost coincides with the velocity center. The rotation direction of hydrate particles is the same as the twisted direction of the twisted band, twist rate (Y) is smaller, Re is larger, and the symmetric vortex lines merge farther away. The initial swirl number is mainly related to Y, but not Re. The swirl flow attenuates exponentially, and its attenuation rate is mainly related to Re, but not Y. Compared with ordinary pipelines, the swirl flow can obviously improve the transportation distance of hydrate slurry.     

浆氮制备及其管内流动特性的实验研究

本文对冻结一融化法制备浆氮进行了研究,考查了真空泵抽速及冻结、融化时间对浆氮性质的影响,得到了制备含有细小固氮颗粒浆氮的方法。并研究了浆氮在内径10 mm的水平长直圆管中的流动性质。实验结果表明,当真空泵抽速大于4 L/s且冻结与融化时间分别为10 s与5 s时制备效率高且生成的固氮颗粒直径约1 mm。浆氮在水平圆管内流动时单位长度的压降略高于液相压降,且随流速和固相体积分数的增加而增加,在低速时固相体积分数对流动压降有明显影响。     

The effects of flow structure and particle mass loading on particle dispersion in particle-laden swirling jets

A direct numerical simulation of particle dispersion in particle-laden swirling jets issued into a rectangular container through a round nozzle is carried out. The swirl number is S=1.42 when the bubble vortex breakdown takes place. Two cases are simulated for comparison, i.e. five types of particles with Stokes numbers St=0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 respectively under the same flow rate, and four types of particles with St=0.5, 1, 5 and 10 respectively under the same mass loading. After simulation, it is found that the rectangular flow domain induces an important modification to the flow structure. It influences the dispersion characteristics in the peripheral cross area, forming a centrosymmetric dispersion of particles in the cross-sectional area. A quantitative analysis of the non-uniform particle dispersion is carried out. Moreover, the effect of mass loading on particle dispersion is explored and explained. It indicates the correlation between the inter-phase moment coupling and particle mass loading via the change of probability density function of the inter-phase velocity difference. Heavy mass loading causes an insufficient inter-phase momentum transport and the worse dispersion of large particles than that of small mass loading.     

水平管内油气水三相流分流型阻力特性实验研究

对水平管内油气水三相流的摩擦阻力压降特性进行了实验研究,水平管实验段由有机玻璃管制成,内径为40mm,所用的实验工质为:46#机械油,自来水和空气。油、气、水三相的折算速度范围分别为:0.05-0.51m／s、0.05-1.51m／s、0.02-50.6 m／s。按照气液界面总体特征将水平管内油气水三相流的流型分为泡状流、间歇流(段塞流和弹状流)、分层流及环状流。对各种典型流型下的摩擦阻力压降应用改进的Chisholm关系式及油水两相压降关系式进行分析,对Chisholm关系式中的参数C进行了重新定义。发现改进的Chisholm关系式能够较好地对管内油气水三相摩阻压降进行预测,因此改进Chisholm关系式可以作为摩擦压降计算的通用关系式。