Novel optical devices based on the tunable refractive index of magnetic fluid and their characteristics

As a new type of functional material, magnetic fluid (MF) is a stable colloid of magnetic nanoparticles, dressed with surfactant and dispersed in the carrier liquid uniformly. The MF has many unique optical properties, and the most important one is its tunable refractive index property. This paper summarizes the properties of the MF refractive index and the related optical devices. The refractive index can be easily controlled by external magnetic field, temperature, and so on. But the tunable refractive index of MF has a relaxation effect. As a result, the response time is more than milliseconds and the MF is only suitable for low speed environment. Compared with the traditional optical devices, the magnetic fluid based optical devices have the tuning ability. Compared with the tunable optical devices (the electro-optic devices (LiNbO₃) of more than 10 GHz modulation speed, acoustic-optic devices (Ge) of more than 20 MHz modulation speed), the speed of the magnetic fluid based optical devices is low. Now there are many applications of magnetic fluid based on the refractive index in the field of optical information communication and sensing technology, such as tunable beam splitter, optical-fiber modulator, tunable optical gratings, tunable optical filter, optical logic device, tunable interferometer, and electromagnetic sensor. With the development of the research and application of magnetic fluid,a new method, structure and material to improve the response time can be found, which will play an important role in the fields of optical information communication and sensing technology.     

Optical sensing characteristics of the photonic crystal fiber filled with magnetic fluid

A novel photonic crystal fiber sensing theory filled with magnetic fluid is proposed based on the change of the MF refractive index under varied magnetic field. The magnetically induced tuning of the magnetic fluid filled PCF propagation properties were investigated by the full-vector finite element method with a perfectly matched layer. Theoretical calculations show that both the effective refractive index and the effective mode area increase vs. the increased magnetic field, and the PCF filled MF with larger d/Λ is more sensitive to magnetic field. When the wavelength λ = 1550 nm, the duty ratio d/Λ = 0.9, d/Λ = 0.6, the effective refractive indexes increase respectively from 1.598279 to 1.617572, from 1.61948 to 1.632484, and the effective mode areas increase respectively from 3.561115 μm² to 7.052360 μm², from 6.167494 μm² to 37.221998 μm² as the magnetic field changes from 25 Oe to 175 Oe. This scheme provides theoretical foundation to use magnetic field to control light in photonic crystal fiber and also offers a potential method for magnetic field sensing based on the TIR-PCF.     

基于硅柱-磁性液体体系的光子晶体的可调谐负折射特性研究

本文研究了硅柱在MnFe₂O₄磁性液体背景中排列成六边形结构的二维光子晶体的可调谐负折射特性. 利用平面波展开法和时域有限差分法理论研究了硅柱-磁性液体体系二维光子晶体的带隙结构、等频曲线和负折射现象随外磁场强度的变化关系. 模拟结果表明, 硅柱-磁性液体体系二维光子晶体工作在TE模式时, 其负折射特性可由外磁场调节. 在固定背景溶液的磁性颗粒体积分数和入射光频率时, 所研究的折射光束的偏转角和光子晶体的负折射率绝对值随外磁场的增大而增大, 而在固定背景溶液的磁性颗粒体积分数和外磁场强度时, 负折射角和负折射率的绝对值随入射光归一化频率增大而减小. 固定外场强度和入射光频率时, 所研究结构的负折射特性随背景溶液的磁性颗粒体积分数增大而变弱.     

Intrinsic magnetic topological materials

Topological states of matter possess bulk electronic structures categorized by topological invariants and edge/surface states due to the bulk-boundary correspondence. Topological materials hold great potential in the development of dissipationless spintronics, information storage and quantum computation, particularly if combined with magnetic order intrinsically or extrinsically. Here, we review the recent progress in the exploration of intrinsic magnetic topological materials, including but not limited to magnetic topological insulators, magnetic topological metals, and magnetic Weyl semimetals. We pay special attention to their characteristic band features such as the gap of topological surface state, gapped Dirac cone induced by magnetization (either bulk or surface), Weyl nodal point/line and Fermi arc, as well as the exotic transport responses resulting from such band features. We conclude with a brief envision for experimental explorations of new physics or effects by incorporating other orders in intrinsic magnetic topological materials.     

减反、防静电、抗电磁辐射膜的研制

金属膜具有复折射率N =n -ik ,同时又具有金属的导电特性。采用含有一层金属Cu的膜系代替原有的ITO透明导电膜来制作应用于CMT的减反、防静电、抗电磁辐射膜。经过理论分析 ,计算机辅助设计 ,最后进行实验验证 ,提出了一种全新的制作减反、防静电、抗电磁辐射膜的方法。测量结果验证了方法的可行性     

Effects of external electric and magnetic fields on the linear and nonlinear intersubband optical properties of finite semi-parabolic quantum dots

In this work, influences of external electric and magnetic fields on the optical rectification coefficient, the linear and the third-order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients as well as refractive index changes of finite semi-parabolic quantum dots are investigated. In this regard, energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the system are calculated numerically, and optical properties are obtained using the compact density matrix approach. The results show that external electric and magnetic fields have a great influence on these optical quantities.     

Microstructure and magnetic property of electroless-plated CoNiFeB soft underlayer

An electroless-plated CoFeNiB film as a soft underlayer in perpendicular magnetic recording is studied by magneto-optical Kerr effect microscope, magnetic force microscopy (MFM), and transmission electron microscopy. A stray field is evidently suppressed for the anisotropic CoFeNiB film, which is under an applied field during the plating process. The lines of magnetic flux show that the Ni seed layer have no intrinsic effect on the homogenous magnetic state of the CoFeNiB layer. The interaction between a MFM tip and the CoFeNiB layer is clearly observed by electron holography indicating the excellent soft magnetic properties required by the soft underlayer.     

The influence of magnetic field on refractive index profile of ferronematic cell

This paper presents the study of the influence of magnetic field on the refractive index profile of homeotropically oriented 6CHBT-based ferronematic liquid crystal cell. The direction of magnetic field was chosen in a way which ensures the one-dimensional deformation of directors field. The FN cell was placed between polarizers. On a basis of Burylov-Raikher model and measurements of light transmission throughout the ferronematic layer the mean volume concentration of magnetic particles dispersed in 6CHBT and refractive index profiles induced by magnetic filed were determined. Moreover the range of magnetic field intensity was determined in which the distribution of tilt angle can be described in a scope of the Burylov-Raikher theory and the small tilt angle approximation.     

基于光子晶体光纤交叉敏感分离的磁场温度传感研究

提出了一种基于定向耦合效应和表面等离子共振效应的交叉敏感分离的磁场温度传感结构.在光子晶体光纤的一个特定空气孔中填充磁流体,利用磁流体的磁光效应和定向耦合效应形成磁场传感通道;在垂直方向的另一空气孔的内壁镀金纳米薄膜并填充甲苯液体,利用甲苯的温敏效应和表面等离子共振效应形成温度传感通道.对应输出谱出现两个损耗峰,测量损耗峰位置可以间接测出磁场强度和温度变化.通过理论计算()和结构优化,在90—270 Oe1 Oe=10~3/(4π) A/m范围内,磁场强度的灵敏度最高可达1.16 nm/Oe;在25—60?C范围内,温度的灵敏度可达-9.07 nm/?C.虽然填充的两种液体的折射率都受环境温度的影响,但通过建立灵敏度系数矩阵,可以消除磁场强度与温度的交叉敏感,实现磁场温度双参量的高灵敏度检测.     

可双参量同时测量的光纤磁场传感器

设计并制作了一种马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(Mach-Zehnder Interferometer,MZI)与光纤布喇格光栅级联的光纤磁场传感器,其中MZI由相当于分光器的锥结构和相当于耦合器的花生锥结构级联组成,封装在填充了磁流体的毛细管中.由于磁流体的有效折射率会随着外界磁场强度的改变而变化,故可通过观察干涉谱的特征波长的变化来测量外界磁场强度,而光纤布喇格光栅透射峰对磁场强度不敏感.当磁场强度由0mT变化到20mT时,马赫-曾德尔干涉峰的灵敏度为0.11nm/mT.温度特性实验测得马赫-曾德尔干涉峰和光纤布喇格光栅透射峰的温度灵敏度分别为0.401 5nm/℃和0.011 4nm/℃.因此,可利用敏感矩阵实现双参量同时测量.     

Effect of magnetic fields on the linear and nonlinear intersubband optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in square and graded quantum wells

In this study, both the intersubband optical absorption coefficients and the refractive index changes as dependent on the magnetic field are calculated in square and graded quantum wells. Our results show that the position and the magnitude of the linear and total absorption coefficients and refractive index changes depend on the magnetic field strength and the shape of potential. The incident optical intensity has a great effect on the total absorption and refractive index changes.     

Refraction of surface spin waves in spatially inhomogeneous ferrodielectrics with biaxial magnetic anisotropy

The refractive index of surface spin waves propagating in a ferromagnetic medium with a nonuniform distribution of the parameters of uniaxial and orthorhombic magnetic anisotropies and exchange coupling is determined within the spin-density formalism. The coefficients of reflection and transmission of spin waves at the interface between two homogeneous magnets with different constants of uniaxial and orthorhombic magnetic anisotropies, exchange coupling, and saturation magnetization are calculated. The dependences of the intensity of a reflected wave and the refractive index on the wave frequency and the strength of an external dc homogeneous magnetic field are determined.     

System of magnetic particles in an external magnetic field: Surface and bulk structure

A system of particles with spin interaction in an external magnetic field is studied using a general formalism applicable to the solid, liquid, or glassy state. Explicit results are given in the mean spherical, LOGA, and EXP approximations. The Laplace transform of the wall-particle correlation function near a surface is obtained. From it, analytical expressions for the orientational density profile are derived and used to calculate the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility in the bulk. Magnetostriction is also discussed.     

Effect of laser radiation on optical properties of disk shaped quantum dot in magnetic fields

The optical absorption coefficients and changes in the refractive index in GaAs/AlGaAs, disk shaped quantum dots (DSQD) with simultaneously applied laser and magnetic field are studied in detail. The use of the density matrix formalism is made to study the variations in linear and non-linear polarizability with the frequency of the electric field. It is found that the absorption coefficient and the refractive index changes depend not only on the optical wave but also on the strength of the static magnetic field.     

Independent determination of the complex refractive index and wave impedance by time-domain terahertz spectroscopy

We present a method for simultaneous determination of the refractive index and wave impedance - or equivalently of the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability - of bulk samples. Two independent complex spectroscopic quantities required for an unambiguous evaluation are experimentally obtained by temporal windowing of time domain waveforms measured in the transmission or reflection geometry. We discuss several approaches that can be used for the evaluation of the complex refractive index and wave impedance; three are quantitatively analyzed and compared. Successful evaluation of the dielectric and magnetic dispersion then crucially depends on the accuracy of the wave impedance measurements.     

雷达波段内磁性吸波颗粒光散射特性分析

针对目前在微波雷达隐身技术中广泛运用的吸波材料颗粒,根据米氏(Mie)散射理论对磁性吸波颗粒在雷达波段内的光散射特性进行了数值模拟和计算分析.在Mie系数中引入磁导率变量,分别计算了磁导率、折射率及颗粒粒径等参数对吸波颗粒光散射特性的影响;同时对比分析了磁性与非磁性吸波颗粒的散射光强、散射系数、吸收系数等散射特性规律.数值计算结果表明,颗粒磁特性的变化对其散射性能造成影响,磁导率的增大将使颗粒的吸收性能增强而后向散射强度减弱,有利于吸波颗粒雷达散射截面的减小,同时磁导率变化对颗粒散射特性的影响受到复折射率的制约.     

基于酒精与磁流体填充的单模-空芯-单模光纤结构温度磁场双参数传感器

提出了一种基于空芯光纤模间干涉原理的环境温度和磁场双参数传感器,为了使光入射进空芯光纤壁中,将空芯光纤与单模光纤错位熔接,传感部分用毛细玻璃管封装,空芯光纤内外分别填充酒精和磁流体.除了光纤材料的热光效应和热膨胀效应外,环境温度变化会引起两种溶液折射率的变化,而磁场变化仅引起空芯光纤外的磁流体折射率变化.理论计算可知空芯光纤壁中可支持多个模式传输并相互干涉,各模式传输相位对内外溶液折射率变化灵敏程度不同.因此,干涉谱中两个含有不同模式成分的波谷,即波谷1和波谷2,它们的漂移可以作为指示信号,通过建立敏感矩阵可同时解调出周围环境温度与磁场的变化.实验中,在28—58℃范围内,温度传感灵敏度可达-468 pm/℃;在0—169 Oe范围内磁场传感灵敏度可达82 pm/Oe.该传感器具有高灵敏度与高机械强度,并且能够实现温度与磁场的同时测量,有效消除了温度波动对磁场测量信号的干扰.     

永磁性大块金属玻璃Nd60Al10Fe20Co10低温磁性的研究

研究了Nd6 0 Al1 0 Fe2 0 Co1 0 大块金属玻璃磁性随温度的变化关系 ,结果表明Nd6 0 Al1 0 Fe2 0 Co1 0 在室温下表现为永磁性 ,随着温度的降低 ,矫顽力和磁滞回线形状都有很大的变化 .交流磁化率在 18K左右出现尖峰而且峰值温度随频率变化 ,表明该大块非晶体系中存在自旋玻璃态     

Nonlocal response of electric and magnetic modes in a silver cuboid dimer

The nonlocal effect on the spontaneous emission of a silver cuboid dimer is investigated using a local analog model. Magnetic as well as electric dipole excitations are introduced to excite different gap modes. The nonlocal response of electric and magnetic modes on various parameters of gap(width and refractive index) are investigated. Unidirectional radiation is achieved by the interaction between electric and magnetic modes in both local and nonlocal models. Compared to local simulations, the resonant wavelength is blue shifted and the spontaneous emission enhancement is weakened in the nonlocal model. The relative shifts of the resonant wavelengths get larger in smaller gaps with a higher refractive index.