3-乙氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇酸在聚邻甲苯胺-Cu~(2+)膜电极上的电氧化

采用循环伏安法制备了聚邻甲苯胺(POT)膜电极,再以浸泡吸附法在此膜中嵌入Cu2+,制成POT-Cu2+膜电极.研究了POT-Cu2+膜电极对3-乙氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇酸的电氧化行为,并讨论了影响电氧化活性的主要因素.结果表明,50℃下,在含有0.5mol.L-13-乙氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇酸的1.5mol.L-1氢氧化钠溶液中,POT-Cu2+膜电极具有高的电氧化活性和良好的稳定性.将该电极用于3-乙氧基-4-羟基苯乙醇酸电解氧化脱羧制备乙基香兰素,在0.55V(vsSCE)下恒电位电解1h,乙基香兰素的产率可达89%以上,电流效率达97%以上.     

生姜组织膜L—抗坏血酸传感器的制备及药片测定中应用

用生姜组织同氧电极配合,制成植物组织膜L-抗坏血酸传感器。在4.0×10~(5-)～1.1×10~(-3)mol/L浓度范围内,响应信号与L-抗坏血酸呈线性关系。电极寿命至少30天。用于药片中L-抗坏血酸含量测定。结果与药典法和极谱法相符。     

α-羟基酸在不同的手性配体交换色谱固定相上分离性能的考察

合成了L-羟基脯氨酸，L-脯氨酸，L-苯丙氨酸3种硅胶链合手性配体交换色谱固定相，并用于α-羟基酸的直接光学分离，取得了较为满意的结果。对不同的手性配体交换色谱固定相的分离性能进行了比较，并详细考察了流动相pH值、金属离子浓度、柱温等因素对分离效果的影响，从而进一步优化了色谱分离条件。     

12-钼磷酸的BrÖnsted酸位和Lewis酸位

研究了加热、抽空等预处理对固态12-钼磷酸(PMA)酸位的影响。发现了PMA上除存在B-酸位外,还可生成L-酸位。研究了PMA上L-酸位的成因,水在两类酸位形成过程中的作用,L-酸位与B-酸位的相对强度,以及PMA上酸强度的分布。据此,对Miscno等认为PMA中只存在质子酸和酸强度分布均匀的观点提出了不同的看法。     

大豆黄素的电化学行为及其循环伏安测定

在pH 7.5的三羟甲基氨基甲烷-盐酸(Tris-盐酸)缓冲溶液的底液中,采用循环伏安法测定大豆黄素,得到一良好的氧化峰,其峰电位在0.53 V处;峰电流与大豆黄素的浓度在1.2×10-7～9.6×10-6mol·L-1范围内呈线性关系.该方法的检出限(3S/N)为8.0×10-8mol·L-1.用此法测定红车轴草中大豆黄素含量,加标平均回收率为98.0%;对1.6×10-6mol·L-1大豆黄素平行测定8次,进行精密度试验,相对标准偏差为0.81%.根据大豆黄素在玻碳电极上的电化学行为,表明大豆黄素的电极过程具有吸附性和不可逆性.     

十六烷基三辛基铵静电吸附氯金酸的Langmiur—Blodgett膜及其修饰…

首次尝试用Ｌａｎｇｍｉｕｒ－Ｂｌｏｄｇｅｔｔ（ＬＢ）技术修饰ＰＶＣ液膜离子选择性电极，在ＰＶＣ液膜表面上制得十六烷基三辛基铵－氯金酸ＬＢ膜，明显改善了ＰＶＣ液膜金离子选择性电极的某些工作性能。电极线性响应范围为１×１０＾－２～１×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，对常见的９种阳离子和４种阴离子的干扰能力明显的增强，响应速度也有所提高。若能改进挂膜方式，可望进一步改善有关性能。     

L－天冬氨酸微生物电极的研制

本文以大肠杆菌为天冬氨酸脱氨反应的酶源,采用氨气敏电极为基础电极研制成L-天冬氨酸微生物电极。对细菌培养条件、固定方法及电极工作条件等进行了研究,测定L-天冬氨酸E～1gC曲线斜率为55mV,线性范围为6.0×10^-4～8.0×10^-3mol/L,寿命可达10天。     

L—谷氨酰胺动物组织电极的研制及应用

将含有谷氨酰胺酶的猪肾组织切片固定于聚酯膜和聚碳酸酯膜之间,并与氨电极偶合制成L-谷氨酰胺传感器。线性范围10~(-4)～5×10~(-2)mol/L,响应时间5min。测量细胞培养基RPMI—1640,结果与实际值吻合。标准加入回收率98.75％。     

纳米ZnO修饰电极上低电位检测酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸和乙醇

纳米ZnO修饰玻碳电极在0．23V对烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）的氧化具有很好的催化活性,与裸电极上NADH的氧化电位0．70V相比,该电位降低了0．47V,同时增强了抗干扰能力,并在很大程度上减小了电极污染．以乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）为例,制备了ADH／ZnO修饰电极,可用于脱氢酶底物乙醇的快速、灵敏检测,并具有良好的重现性和稳定性．研究表明纳米ZnO为构建脱氢酶底物的电化学传感器提供了一种新的生物兼容性材料．     

多壁碳纳米管化学修饰玻碳电极用于曲酸的伏安测定

考查了曲酸在多壁碳纳米管化学修饰电极上的电化学行为,相对于裸玻碳电极,多壁碳纳米管化学修饰电极测定曲酸的峰电流明显增加.示差脉冲伏安法测定曲酸的线性范围为1.0×10-5～1.0×10-9mol·L-1,检出限(3S/N)为5.0×10-6mol·L-1.用此修饰电极连续测定一种酱油样品的曲酸含量,得到一致的结果,而用裸玻碳电极时所得结果明显降低,由此可见,修饰电极的稳定性显著提高.方法用于酱油、黄酒等复杂样中曲酸的直接测定,加标平均回收率为99.5%,测定值的相对标准偏差均小于5%.     

The advantage of using carbon nanotubes compared with edge plane pyrolytic graphite as an electrode material for oxidase-based biosensors

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising materials for use in amperometric biosensors. The defect sites at their ends, and on their sidewalls, are considered to be edge plane-like defects and show high electrocatalytic activity toward several biological molecules. However, electrocatalytic activity toward H(2)O(2) has not been compared among bamboo-structured CNTs (BCNTs), which have many defect sites; hollow-structured CNTs (HCNTs), which have few defect sites; edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPG); and traditional glassy carbon (GC). The advantages of using CNTs in electrodes for biosensors are still equivocal. To confirm the utility of CNTs, we analyzed the electrochemical performance of these four carbon electrodes. The slope of the calibration curve for H(2)O(2) at potentials of both +0.6 V and -0.1 V obtained with a BCNT paste electrode (BCNTPE) was more than 10 times greater than the slopes obtained with an HCNT paste electrode and a GC electrode, reflecting the BCNT's larger number of defect sites. Although the slope with the EPG electrode (EPGE) was about 40 times greater than that with BCNTPE at +0.6 V, the slopes with these two carbon electrodes were nearly equivalent at -0.1 V. EPGE demonstrated excessive electrochemical activity, detecting currents on the basis of consumption of oxygen and oxidation of ascorbic acid, even at -0.1 V. In contrast, BCNTPE could dominantly detect a cathodic current for H(2)O(2) at -0.1 V, even when interfering molecules were added. BCNTPE possesses appropriate electrochemical activity and is an effective electrode materials for developing interference-free oxidase-based biosensors operated by the application of an appropriate potential.     

Altered flavin patterns in photobehavioral mutants of Phycomyces blakesleeanus.

Flavins were extracted from sporangiophores of the lower fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus and identified by HPLC with fluorescence detection. In the wild-type strain NRRL1555 they were found to be present at the following concentrations: riboflavin (5.5 x 10(-6) M), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) (4.0 x 10(-6) M) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (1.4 x 10(-6) M). The HPLC elution profiles of the wild type were compared to a set of behavioral mutants (genotype mad) with specific defects in their light-transduction pathway. The photoreceptor mutants C109 (madB), C111 (madB) and L1 (madC) had normal amounts of flavins. The most prominent changes were found in single mutants with a defective madA gene which contained about 25% of riboflavin and about 10% of FMN and FAD normally found in the wild type. A hypertropic mutant with a defective madH gene contained instead 80% of riboflavin and 120% of FMN and FAD. The double mutant L52 (madA madC) and the triple mutant L72 (madA madB madC) had normal amounts of FAD and FMN. This indicates that the madC mutation, which itself causes loss of light sensitivity and which affects the near-UV/blue-light receptor (Galland and Lipson, 1985, Photochem. Photobiol. 41, 331-335) functions as a restorer of the flavin content in a genetic madA background. The double mutant L51 (madA madB) had about 40% of FMN and FAD, suggesting that the madB mutation functions as a partial restorer of flavin content. The photogravitropic thresholds (450 nm) reported for the wild type and the madA and madH mutants were positively correlated to the endogeneous concentrations of FMN and FAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

On-column complexation and simultaneous separation of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) by capillary electrophoresis with direct UV detection

An on-column complexation method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of V(IV) and V(V). Vanadium species were chelated with aminopolycarboxylic acids to form anionic complexes which were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with direct UV detection. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentacetric acid (DTPA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and N-2-hydroxyethylethlendiaminetriacetric acid (HEDTA) were investigated as both ligand and running electrolyte. Of the ligands studied the complexes of EDTA with V(IV) and V(V) resulted in the highest selectivity and UV response.The conditions used for on-column complexation and separation, including pH, and electrolyte ligand concentration, were examined to achieve reasonable separation selectivity and detection sensitivity. The optimum separation of the anionic forms of V(IV) and V(V) was obtained by use of CZE with UV detection at 185 nm and an electrolyte containing 5 mmol L(-1) EDTA at pH 4.0. Linear calibration plots were obtained in the concentration range10-300 micro mol L(-1); detection limits were 3 micro mol L(-1) for V(IV) and 1 micro mol L(-1) for V(V). The proposed method was demonstrated for the determination of vanadium in groundwater spiked with V(IV) and V(V).     

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of flavins and flavoenzymes: photochemical and photophysical aspects

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) was used to investigate the excited-state properties of flavins and flavoproteins in solution at the single molecule level. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and lipoamide dehydrogenase served as model systems in which the flavin cofactor is either free in solution (FMN, FAD) or enclosed in a protein environment as prosthetic group (lipoamide dehydrogenase). Parameters such as excitation light intensity, detection time and chromophore concentration were varied in order to optimize the autocorrelation traces. Only in experiments with very low light intensity ( < 10 kW/cm2), FMN and FAD displayed fluorescence properties equivalent to those found with conventional fluorescence detection methods. Due to the high triplet quantum yield of FMN, the system very soon starts to build up a population of non-fluorescent molecules, which is reflected in an apparent particle number far too low for the concentration used. Intramolecular photoreduction and subsequent photobleaching may well explain these observations. The effect of photoreduction was clearly shown by titration of FMN with ascorbic acid. While titration of FMN with the quenching agent potassium iodide at higher concentrations ( > 50 mM of I-) resulted in quenched flavin fluorescence as expected, low concentrations of potassium iodide led to a net enhancement of the de-excitation rate from the triplet state, thereby improving the fluorescence signal. FCS experiments on FAD exhibited an improved photostability of FAD as compared to FMN: As a result of stacking of the adenine and flavin moieties, FAD has a considerably lower triplet quantum yield. Correlation curves of lipoamide dehydrogenase yielded correct values for the diffusion time and number of molecules at low excitation intensities. However, experiments at higher light intensities revealed a process which can be explained by photophysical relaxation or photochemical destruction of the enzyme. As the time constant of the process induced at higher light intensities resembles the diffusion time constant of free flavin, photodestruction with the concomitant release of the cofactor offers a reasonable explanation.     

Application of 2D fluorescence correlation method to investigate the dilution-induced heterogeneous distribution of the bound FMN in azoreductase

AzoR is a homodimeric,flavin mononucleotide(FMN)-containing,NADH-dependent azoreductase from Escherichia coli.In this paper,we investigated the effect of the concentration of both AzoR and R59 G on the spectral behavior of the bound FMN using two-dimensional fluorescence correlation spectra.Two cross peaks(530,490) and(580,530) were observed from the dilution-induced 2D asynchronous correlation map of wt AzoR,while only one cross peak appeared at(600,530) for R59 C mutant.This result indicated that the mutation at site 59 influenced the formation of dilution-induced intermediates.The specific activity of both AzoR and R59 G mutant was unaffected by dilution when the enzyme concentration is below 1 μmol/L,which suggested that no significant dissociation of FMN occurred at low concentrations.Additionally,in order to explore the origin of these intermediates,we carried out a2 D correlation analysis using excitation wavelength-dependent fluorescence emission spectroscopy.The results showed that there coexisted two types of FMN that emitted fluorescence at 530 nm and 500 nm,respectively.Taken together,these results suggested that the 2D method is a very powerful method to identify the heterogeneous distribution of the bound FMN in solution.     

催化动力学极谱法测定痕量钒

在硫酸介质中,以酒石酸为活化剂,痕量钒对溴酸钾氧化甲基橙的反应有极强的催化作用,以极谱法监测催化反应过程中甲基橙及其氧化产物浓度的变化,建立了双峰指示催化动力学极谱法制定痕量钒的新方法,方法的线性范围为0.23-3.70μg/L,检出限为0.17μg/L。方法已用于食品及水样中痕量钒的测定。     

黄素单核苷酸的脉冲极谱法研究及其在汞电极上反应速度常数的测定

本文研究了黄素单核苷酸的脉冲极谱行为,在选定的最佳条件下作了定量测定,检出限可达6.8×10^-7M,方法简便快速,本文还藉循环伏安法研究了黄素单核苷酸的电极反应动力学性质,测定了其在汞电极上的反应速度常数。     

In situ STM imaging and direct electrochemistry of Pyrococcus furiosus ferredoxin assembled on thiolate-modified Au111 surfaces

We have addressed here electron transfer (ET) of Pyrococcus furiosus ferredoxin (PfFd, 7.5 kDa) in both homogeneous solution using edge plane graphite (EPG) electrodes and in the adsorbed state by electrochemistry on surface-modified single-crystal Au111 electrodes, This has been supported by surface microscopic structures of PfFd monolayers, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy under potential control (in situ STM). Direct ET between PfFd in phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.9, and EPG electrodes is observed in the presence of promoters. Neomycin gives rise to a pair of redox peaks with a formal potential of ca -430 mV (vs SCE), corresponding to [3Fe-4S]1+/0. The presence of an additional promoter, which can be propionic acid, alanine, or cysteine, induces a second pair of redox peaks at approximately -900 mV (vs SCE) arising from [3Fe-4S]0/1-. A robust neomycin-PfFd complex was detected by mass spectrometry. The results clearly favor an ET mechanism in which the promoting effect of small organic molecules is through formation of promoter-protein complexes. The interaction of PfFd with small organic molecules in homogeneous solution offers clues to confine the protein on the electrode surface modified by the same functional group monolayer and to address diffusionless direct electrochemistry, as well as surface microstructures of the protein monolayer. PfFd molecules were found to assemble on either mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) or cysteine-modified Au111 surfaces in stable monolayers or submonolayers. Highly ordered (2 radical 3 x 5)R30 degrees cluster structures with six MPA molecules in each cluster were found by in situ STM. Individual PfFd molecules on the MPA layer are well resolved by in situ STM. Under Ar protection reversible cyclic voltammograms were obtained on PfFd-MPA/Au111 and PfFd-cysteine/Au111 electrodes with redox potentials of -220 and -201 mV (vs SCE), respectively, corresponding to the [Fe3S4]1+/0 couple. These values are shifted positively by 200 mV relative to homogeneous solution due to interactions between the promoting layers and the protein molecules. Possible mechanisms for such interactions and their ET patterns are discussed.     

Entropy changes drive the electron transfer reaction of triplet flavin mononucleotide from aromatic amino acids in cation-organized aqueous media. A laser-induced optoacoustic study

The thermodynamic parameters for the formation of the free radicals upon electron transfer quenching of the flavin triplet state (3FMN) by tryptophan and tyrosine, Delta(FR)H and Delta(FR)V, were obtained in aqueous solution by the application of laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy at various temperatures. The Delta(FR)H and Delta(FR)V values include the electron transfer and charge separation steps plus the protonation of the FMN anion radical and the deprotonation of the amino-acid cation radical. A linear correlation was found between the Delta(FR)H and Delta(FR)V values for each of the amino acids in phosphate buffers of [CH3(CH2)3]4N+, Li+, NH4+, K+ and Cs+. The compensation between Delta(FR)H and Delta(FR)V within the salt series, and the independent evaluation of the Gibbs energy for electron transfer Delta(ET)G(o) afforded the entropy change, Delta(FR)S, for the reaction, different for the two amino acids. The values of Delta(FR)H, Delta(FR)V and Delta(FR)S in each buffer are mainly determined by the changes in strength and probably number of hydrogen bonds between the reacting partners and water produced along all steps leading to the radicals FMNH* and A*. The Delta(FR)V values linearly correlate with the tabulated entropy of organization of the water structure for the five cations, DeltaS(o)(cat). The entropy change upon formation of the free radicals, Delta(FR)S, quantitatively correlated to the Delta(FR)V value, drives the separation of the ion pair after the electron transfer reaction in the case of highly organizing cations. The ratio X = T Delta(FR)S/Delta(FR)V = (55 +/- 9) kJ cm(-3) for Trp as 3FMN quencher is smaller than X = (83 +/- 9) kJ cm(-3) for Tyr as quencher. These values are discussed in conjunction with the Marcus reorganization energy, as calculated from the Gibbs activation energy of the electron transfer process, which is independent of the salt present but different for each of the two quenchers.     

Investigation of electrochemical properties of FMN and FAD adsorbed on titanium electrode

The electrochemical properties (such as the values of the formal potentials, the dependence of the formal potentials on solution pH, the reversibility of the electrochemical process) of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) adsorbed on a titanium electrode were dependent on the electrolyte. The formal potentials of adsorbed FMN and FAD in phosphate, HEPES and PIPES buffers at pH 7 were similar to those for dissolved flavins (-460 to -480 mV vs. SCE) and changed linearly with a slope of about 52 mV per pH unit in the pH region 3 to 8. In TRIS buffer, the formal potentials of adsorbed FMN and FAD were also pH-dependent, however, with invariance in the pH range 4.5 to 5.5. In non-buffered solutions (KCl, LiCl, NaCl, CsCl, CaCl(2), Na(2)SO(4) at different concentrations), the electrochemical behavior of adsorbed FMN and FAD differed from that of dissolved flavins and was dependent on the electrolyte (especially at pH 4.5 and pH 5). Under certain conditions (electrolyte, concentration, pH), a two-step oxidation of FMN could be observed.