环脂肽氨基酸顺序的质谱测定

从一株枯草芽孢杆菌的培养液中分离得到一种生物表面活性剂,红外光谱、茚三酮显色及质谱分析表明它是一种具有环状结构的脂肽.质谱显示脂肽的脂肪酸部分为β-羟基脂肪酸;氨基酸分析表明肽部分由4个亮氨酸、1个天门东氨酸、1个缬氨酸和1个谷氨酸组成.利用串联飞行时间质谱测定了环脂肽的分子量及质谱图.根据分子量的氮规则和质谱碎片产生的简单断裂、双氢转移机制、McLafferty等单氢重排机制,直接确定了未水解的环脂肽中脂肪链的长度以及氨基酸连接的顺序.质谱中的峰可以得到合理解释.确定了该环脂肽的环状结构.     

含1,3,4-噁二唑啉苯氧乙氧基黄酮衍生物的合成及抗菌活性

7-羟基黄酮与过量1,2-二溴乙烷反应得到7-溴乙氧基黄酮,将其与水杨醛反应得到7-水杨醛乙氧基黄酮,然后与酰肼类化合物反应得到14个相应的含酰腙结构的苯氧乙氧基黄酮衍生物,该类化合物与乙酸酐作用分别得到三种类型的产物,其中有8个为含1,3,4-噁二唑啉杂环结构的苯氧乙氧基黄酮环合衍生物.用红外(IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、质谱(ESI-MS)和高分辨质谱(HR-MS)对化合物的结构进行了确证.对所合成的化合物进行了初步抗菌活性测定,结果表明,在0.5 mg/m L浓度时,多数化合物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌具有抑制作用,而对黑曲霉抑制作用较弱,其中7-(2-对硝基苯甲酰腙基)-苯氧乙氧基黄酮(4i)对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌作用与对照氯霉素相近.     

DA201树脂对伊枯草菌素A动态吸附性能的研究

伊枯草菌素A是一种具有代表性的微生物源两性环脂肽类化合物。采用DA201大孔吸附树脂从枯草芽孢杆菌发酵液中分离提取伊枯草菌素A,考察了不同吸附、解吸条件对其动态吸附性能的影响。结果表明,DA201型树脂对发酵液中伊枯草菌素A的饱和吸附容量可达到3.48mg/g;动态吸附中最佳吸附流速为1BV/h,其吸附率可以达到95.56%;采用95%乙醇作为洗脱剂,以1BV/h的流速洗脱,其洗脱率可以达到92.41%;DA201型树脂是一种从发酵液中分离和提取伊枯草菌素A的较理想的吸附剂。     

表面活性肽的研究进展

表面活性肽(Surfactin)是由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)发酵产生的一系列具有相似基本结构的环状脂肽。与合成的表面活性剂相比,Surfactin的优势在于,其是以碳氢化合物等可再生能源为原料、采用微生物发酵技术产生的纯天然产品,具有表面活性大、环境无污染、易生物降解、抑菌作用良好等优异特性,符合现代绿色化学发展理念,在多个领域应用广泛。本文详细介绍了Surfactin的基本结构、主要特性、生产工艺、纯化方式以及应用,并对Surfactin下一步的研究工作进行了展望,为今后关于Surfactin的进一步研究提供了便利。     

钕与乌洛托品配合物的合成、表征及抗菌活性研究

报道了配合物NdI3·C6 H1 2 N4 ·HI·13H2 O的新的合成方法 ,通过元素分析、X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱、差热 热重分析 ,确定了配合物的组成和结构 ,9个水分子与Nd3+ 形成配合阳离子 [Nd(H2 O) 9] 3+ ,C6 H1 2 N4 分子以N原子与Nd3+ 直接作用 ,而 3个I- ,HI以及剩余 4个水分子与配合阳离子 [Nd(H2 O) 9] 3+ 以静电引力或氢键的形式作用。首次测定了配体碘化钕、氢碘酸乌洛托品和配合物对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌的抗菌活性。所有试样对枯草芽孢杆菌的杀死作用较对葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的杀死作用显著 ,且高浓度溶液(0 .0 5mol·L - 1 )比低浓度溶液 (0 .0 1mol·L - 1 )的抗菌效果好。浓度为 0 .0 5mol·L - 1时 ,由于协同性 ,配合物NdI3·C6 H1 2 N4 ·HI·13H2 O对枯草芽孢杆菌的杀死作用大于相应的配体     

噻唑类不对称双缩二氨基硫脲的合成及其抗菌活性研究（英文）

噻唑-5-甲醛与氨基硫脲缩合反应,高产率的合成了14个未见文献报道的新型双缩二氨基硫脲类化合物,其结构经光谱和元素分析所表征。分别进行其对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性测试。初步结果表明化合物3d,3f,3h对绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有很好的抑菌效果。     

新型鹅去氧胆酸衍生物的合成及其抗菌活性

以提取胆红素后的猪胆膏余料中分离提纯的鹅去氧胆酸为原料，经酯化反应合成了6种新型的鹅去氧胆酸衍生物（3a～3f)，其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR, MS(ESI)和元素分析表征。采用滤纸片法测试了3a~3f对铜绿假单胞杆菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：用药量为2 mg·mL^-1时，3a对铜绿假单胞杆菌（d=15.3 mm），大肠杆菌（d=18.6 mm），枯草芽孢杆菌（d=11.2 mm），金黄色葡萄球菌（d=12.2 mm）有抑制作用，3b对铜绿假单胞杆菌（d=8.0 mm），金黄色葡萄球菌（d=10.6 mm）有抑制作用，3c对铜绿假单胞杆菌（d=10.4 mm），大肠杆菌（d=12.6 mm），枯草芽孢杆菌（d=9.7 mm），金黄色葡萄球菌（d=15.3 mm）有抑制作用，3d对大肠杆菌（d=9.5 mm），枯草芽孢杆菌（d=8.5 mm）有抑制作用，3e对枯草芽孢杆菌（d=9.3 mm）有抑制作用。     

环钯化二茂铁亚胺-膦配合物的电喷雾离子阱质谱研究

采用电喷雾离子阱质谱法(ESI-MS)对10种环钯化二茂铁亚胺-膦配合物的质谱特征进行了研究, 获得了其结构碎片信息, 对其质谱裂解途径进行了解析. 结果表明, 在正离子检测方式下可以得到强的准分子离子峰[M-Cl]+簇, 它们的(+) ESI-MSn(n=1~3)质谱主要产生碳-膦键断裂的碎片, 同时也能观察到Pd—P或Pd—C键的断裂, 这些特征为此类化合物及其结构类似物的结构推断提供了依据.     

含苯并噻唑的硫脲嘧啶衍生物的合成及抗菌活性评价

2-氨基苯并噻唑衍生物和对氯甲基苯甲酰氯反应合成中间体N-(苯并[d]噻唑-2-基)-4-(氯甲基)苯甲酰胺(5),进一步与4-氧代-6-苯基-2-硫代-1,2,3,4-四氢嘧啶-5-腈(6)反应,合成了一系列未见报道的含苯并噻唑的硫脲嘧啶类化合物7.通过红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振谱和元素分析等方法对化合物进行了结构表征.测试了化合物7对解淀粉芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性. 24 h抑菌试验结果显示,部分化合物对供试的菌株具有较强的抑制活性.     

六种乙酰甲喹衍生物的合成及抗菌活性研究

以乙酰甲喹和取代伯胺为原料，设计、合成了一系列含有席夫碱片段的衍生物，其中四种为新化合物，结构经¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR和高分辨率质谱表征。首次通过单晶结构证明了选择性还原产生副产物3-乙酰基-2-甲基喹喔啉-1-氧化物的结构。体外抗菌活性结果表明，目标化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌等抗菌活性较差，但部分目标化合物在人工胃液中的水解物抗菌活性明显优于乙酰甲喹。     

"Whole cell"--matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry, an emerging technique for efficient screening of biocombinatorial libraries of natural compounds-present state of research

Whole Cell-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) is an emerging sensitive technique for rapid typing of microorganisms, efficient screening of biocombinatorial libraries of natural compounds and the analysis of complex biological samples, as whole cells, subcellular particles, cell extracts and culture filtrates. It is unique to detect metabolites in-situ without the need to isolate and purify the investigated compounds. In favourite cases it enables in-situ structure analysis on the basis of the fragment pattern generated by postsource MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry. The state of research of this methodology which has mainly been obtained by investigation of lipopeptides from bacilli and the large spectrum of bioactive peptides produced by cyanobacteria is reviewed. The potential of this innovative technique is demonstrated for the lipopeptides produced by various Bacillus subtilis strains.     

Production and Characterization of Iturinic Lipopeptides as Antifungal Agents and Biosurfactants Produced by a Marine Pinctada martensii-Derived Bacillus mojavensis B0621A

Bacillus mojavensis B0621A was isolated from a pearl oyster Pinctada martensii collected from South China Sea. While screening for cyclic lipopeptides potentially useful as lead compounds for biological control against soil-bone fungal plant pathogens, three lipopeptides were isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of B. mojavensis B0621A via vacuum flash chromatography coupled with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The structural characterization and identification of these cyclic lipopeptides were performed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis as well as chemical degradation. These lipopeptides were finally characterized as homologues of mojavensins, which contained identical amino acids back bones of asparagine₁, tyrosine₂, asparagine₃, glutamine₄, proline₅, asparagine₆, and asparagine₇ and differed from each other by their saturated β-amino fatty acid chain residues, namely, iso-C14 mojavensin, iso-C16 mojavensin, and anteiso-C17 mojavensin, respectively. All lipopeptide isomers, especially iso-C16 mojavensin and anteiso-C17 mojavensin, displayed moderate antagonism and dose-dependent activity against several formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum and presented surface tension activities. These properties demonstrated that the lipopeptides produced by B. mojavensis B0621A may be useful as biological control agent to fungal plant pathogens.     

Structural Characterization of Lipopeptides from Brevibacillus brevis HOB1

Brevibacillus brevis HOB1 was isolated from the formation water of an oil field and found to produce lipopeptides. The separation of lipopeptides was successfully achieved by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) leading to nine separated peaks. The chemical structures of these lipopeptides were studied by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), HPLC and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). As the results, all the lipopeptides had peptide parts with the same amino acid composition of Asp, Glu, Val, and Leu in the molar ratio 1:1:1:4, while the lipid part was composed of C₁₃–C₁₅ β-hydroxy fatty acids. As the sequence of fraction 1 was determined to be N-Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Asp-Leu-Leu-C, the same as surfactin, they were proposed to be surfactin isoforms. Fraction 4 (C₁₅ surfactin) exhibited a good surface activity of 26.8 mN/m with CMC of 9?×?10^?6 M. Surfactin is a powerful biosurfactant possessing biological activities. As far as we know, Br. brevis is a new surfactin-producing species.     

LC/ESI‐MS/MS characterisation of lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by the Bacillus licheniformis V9T14 strain

Lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by the Bacillus licheniformis V9T14 strain showed an interesting anti‐adhesion activity against biofilm formation of human pathogenic bacterial strains. The chemical characterisation of the crude extract of V9T14 strain was first developed through electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and ESI‐MS/MS direct infusions: two sets of molecular ion species belonging to the fengycin and surfactin families were revealed and their structures defined, interpreting their product ion spectra. The LC/ESI‐MS analysis of the crude extract allowed to separate in different chromatogram ranges the homologues and the isoforms of the two lipopeptide families. The extract was then fractionated by silica gel chromatography in two main fractions, I and II. The purified biosurfactants were analysed through a new, rapid and suitable LC/ESI‐MS/MS method, which allowed characterising the composition and the structures of the produced lipopeptides. LC/ESI‐MS/MS analysis of fraction I showed the presence of C₁₃, C₁₄ and C₁₅ surfactin homologues, whose structures were confirmed by the product ion spectra of the sodiated molecules [M + Na]⁺ at m/z 1030, 1044 and 1058. LC/ESI‐MS/MS analysis of fraction II confirmed the presence of two main fengycin isoforms, with the protonated molecules [M + H]⁺ at m/z 1478 and 1506 corresponding to C₁₇ fengycin A and C₁₇ fengycin B, respectively. Other homologues (C₁₄ to C₁₆) were revealed and confirmed as belonging to fengycin A or B according to the retention times and the product ions generated, although with the same nominal mass. Finally, a relative percentage content of each homologue for both lipopeptides families in the whole extract was proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct mass spectrometric analysis of Bacillus spores

Spores from the Bacillus species, B. cereus, B. anthracis, B. thuringensis, B. lichenformis, B. globigi, and B. subtilis, were examined by direct probe mass spectrometry using electron ionization (EI) and positive and negative chemical ionization (CI). Molecular ions from free fatty acids and nucleic acids were observed in the 70eV spectra as were fragments from glycerides. Spectra obtained with isobutane positive chemical ionization (CI(+)) were dominated by ions associated with pyranose compounds such as N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). Unlike the positive ion spectra, the negative ion spectra of the spores were very simple and contained few peaks. The M(-.) ion from dipicolinic acid (DPA) was the base peak in the negative ion spectra of all spore species except those from B. lichenformis. The negative ion of DPA produced such a strong signal that 10(8) colony forming units (CFUs) of B. cereus spores could be detected directly in 0.5 g of ground rice. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the spectra revealed that only CI(+) spectra contained differences that could be used to identify the spectra by species. Differentiation of the CI(+) spectra by PCA was attributed to variances in the peaks associated with the bacterial polymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and NAG. Similar differences in PHB and NAG peaks were detected in the CI(+) spectra of a suite of vegetative Bacillus stains grown with various media.     

Lobocyclamides A-C,lipopeptides from a cryptic cyanobacterial mat containing Lyngbya confervoides

The structures of lipopeptides lobocyclamides A (1), B (2), and C (3) were solved using a combination of mass spectrometry, 2D NMR spectroscopy, and degradative analysis. Lobocyclamides B and C are the first peptides reported with the unusual amino acid 4-hydroxythreonine and also incorporate the rare homologous long-chain beta-amino acids 3-aminooctanoic acid and 3-aminodecanoic acid, respectively. The absolute configurations of the amino acid residues in each compound were assigned, after acid hydrolysis, by either direct chiral HPLC comparison with authentic standards or by prior derivatization by Marfey's method and reversed-phase HPLC. Both compounds exhibited moderate antifungal activity against a panel of Candida spp., including two fluconazole-resistant strains. When tested as a mixture, lobocyclamides A and B displayed synergistic in vitro antifungal activity, a phenomenon noted earlier for the related peptides laxaphycins A and B.     

Isolation and characterization of kurstakin and surfactin isoforms produced by Enterobacter cloacae C3 strain

In this work, the extraction, structural analysis, and identification as well as antimicrobial, anti‐adhesive, and antibiofilm activities of lipopeptides produced by Enterobacter cloacae C3 strain were studied. A combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques offers opportunities for a better characterization of the biosurfactant structure. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and HPLC for amino acid composition determination are used. Efficient spectroscopic techniques have been utilized for investigations on the biochemical structure of biosurfactants, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analysis. This is the first work describing the production of different isoforms belonging to kurstakin and surfactin families by E cloacae strain. Three kurstakin homologues differing by the fatty acid chain length from C₁₀ to C₁₂ were detected. The spectrum of lipopeptides belonging to surfactin family contains various isoforms differing by the fatty acid chain length as well as the amino acids at positions four and seven. Lipopeptide C3 extract exhibited important antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, antifungal activity, and interesting anti‐adhesive and disruptive properties against biofilm formation by human pathogenic bacterial strains: Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans.     

Maturation of the lantibiotic subtilin: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to monitor precursors and their proteolytic processing in crude bacterial cultures.

Bacillus subtilis synthesizes the lanthionine containing 32-amino-acid peptide antibiotic (lanti-biotic) subtilin from a ribosomally generated 56-amino-acid precursor pre-propeptide by extensive posttranslational modifications. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used to monitor the production of matured subtilin within crude samples taken from B. subtilis culture media without prior fractionation. The processing reaction of subtilin was blocked with the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and different subtilin precursor peptides in the molecular mass range up to 6220 were observed. Two of these species were isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and structurally analyzed by post-source decay MALDI-TOFMS. We provide evidence that the precursor species comprise the posttranslational modified C-terminal part of subtilin to which leader peptide moieties with different chain lengths are attached. These antimicrobial-inactive species could be processed to antibiotic-active subtilin by incubation with culture media of different subtilin-nonproducing B. subtilis strains as indicated by a combination of antimicrobial growth assays and MALDI-TOFMS analyses. These achievements are strong evidence for the sensitivity of MALDI-TOFMS methodology that allows straightforward investigations of analytes even in complex mixtures without time-consuming sample preparations.     

Anatoxins and degradation products, determined using hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight and quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry: forensic investigations of cyanobacterial neurotoxin poisoning

The potent neurotoxins from cyanobacteria, anatoxin-a (AN), its methyl analogue, homoanatoxin-a (HMAN), and their degradation products, have been studied using nano-electrospray hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QqTOF-MS). The anatoxin degradation products, which are readily produced in vivo by either reduction or epoxidation, were also examined in this study. The high mass accuracy QqTOF-MS data was used to confirm formula assignments for major product ions and quadrupole ion-trap (QIT)-MS was used to construct fragmentation pathways for anatoxins. Significant differences between these fragmentation pathways were observed. Comparisons between the spectra of compounds that differ in side-chain length (the AN and HMAN series) were used to identify ions that are characteristic of the homologues. The application to forensic samples in which the principal neurotoxin had undergone rapid biodegradation has been demonstrated and used to confirm anatoxin poisoning of dogs.     

Structural characterization of lipopeptide biomarkers isolated from Bacillus globigii

Spectra obtained using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of Bacillus globigii (Bacillus subtilis niger) spores, vegetative cells and the culture supernatant show a cluster of biomarkers centered at a molecular mass of 1478 Da. Three biomarkers were isolated from the cell-free culture supernatant by solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized using various kinds of mass spectrometry. A Fourier transform mass spectrometer with a MALDI source was used to determine the monoisotopic protonated masses at 1463.8, 1477.8, and 1505.8 Da in order of elution. The mass differences of 14 and 28 Da suggest that they are homologous molecules. Alkaline hydrolysis of each species showed that it contained a lactone linkage. Strong acid hydrolysis released a fatty acid from an amide bond, consistent with a lipopeptide. A quadrupole time-of-flight instrument with a nanospray source was used to sequence the hydrolyzed forms of the three biomarkers. The cyclic lipopeptides were found to have amino acid sequences identical with those in fengycins and plipastatins, antimicrobial compounds with phospholipase inhibitor activity, previously identified in related species of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus.