EPR studies of Cu2+ and V4+ ions in phosphate glasses

Two lead-phosphate glass systems doped with both copper and vanadium ions in different ratios were studied by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) method. EPR spectra and parameters (g_‖ = 2.44, g_⊥ = 2.08 andA _‖ = 117.6 · 10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹) obtained for x(CuO · V₂O₅)(l−x)[2P₂O₅ · PbO] glasses withx ≤ 10 mol% suggest a tetrahedral (Td) coordination of Cu²⁺ ions and not a tetragonally elongated octahedron as has been assumed in previous works. The ground state of the paramagnetic electron is thed _xy copper orbital with a 4p_z contribution of 6%. For 20 ≤x ≤ 40 mol% a broad line (ΔB = 307 G) characteristic for clustered ions appears atg = 2.18. The V⁴⁺ ions are evidenced only in the spectra of x(CuO · 2V₂O₅)(1 −x)[2P₂O₅ · PbO] glasses and the resonance parameters suggest a pentacoordinated C_4v local symmetry for these ions. The hyperfine structures characteristic for Cu²⁺ and V⁴⁺ ions disappear for 10 ≤x ≤ 40 mol% due to the mixed exchange Cu²⁺−V⁴⁺ pair formation in these glasses.     

Preliminary results on the operation of a 2270 kg cryogenic gravitational-wave antenna with a resonant capacitive transducer and a d.c. SQUID amplifier

Summary In November 1985 the gravitational-wave antenna of the Rome group, installed at CERN, has started operating. It consists of a 5056 aluminium cilinder 3 m long, 2270 kg heavy, cooled at 4.2 K. The antenna vibrations are detected by means of a resonant capacitive transducer that together with the bar makes a two-coupled-oscillator system. The low-noise amplification is obtained with a d.c. SQUID amplifier. The frequencies of the two resonant modes are:v _-=907.116 Hz andv ₊=923.083 Hz, with merit factorsQ ₋=3.2·10⁶ andQ ₊=5.6·10⁶. The sensitivity to short gravitational bursts, expressed in terms of effective noise temperature, is 18 mK. This corresponds to a change in the metric tensor whose Fourier transform isH=1.1·10⁻²¹ Hz⁻¹. For monochromatic waves the antenna is sensitive (SNR=1) toh∼2·10⁻²⁵ in a band width of about 1/3 Hz, with a three months integration time.

---

Riassunto Nel novembre 1985 è stata messa in funzione l'antenna gravitazionale del gruppo di Roma, installata al CERN. Questa consiste di un cilindro d'alluminio 5056 lungo 3 m e pesante 2270 kg, raffeeddato a 4.2 K. Le vibrazioni dell'antenna vengono rivelate mediante un transduttore capacitivo risonante, che assieme alla sbarra forma un sistema di due oscillatori accoppiati. L'amplificazione a basso rumore è ottenuta con un amplificatore a d.c.-SQUID. Le frequenze dei due modi risonanti sono:v _-=907.116 Hz ev ₊=923.083 Hz, con fattori di meritoQ ₋=3.2·10⁶ eQ ₊ =5.6·10⁶. La sensibilità per brevi fiotti di onde gravitazionali, espressa in termini di temperatura efficace di numore, è 18 mK. Questa corrisponde a una variazione di tensore metrico con trasformata di Fourier:H=1.1·10⁻²¹ Hz. Per le onde monocromatiche l'antenna è sensibile (SNR=1) ah∼2·10⁻²⁵ in una banda di circa 1/3 Hz, con tempo d'integrazione di tre mesi.

     

Four quasi-particle level at 2256 keV in182Re

In-beam nuclear spectroscopic studies of¹⁸²Re, following the reaction¹⁸¹Ta(α, 3n)¹⁸²Re have been made using gamma-ray and internal conversion electron techniques.K-conversion coefficients for several transitions have been measured and the multi-polarities of the various transitions assigned. In particular, the spin and parity of the four-quasi-particle isomeric level at 2256 keV were determined to be 16⁻. Theg-factor of this level has been measured to beg = 0·32 ± 0·05. On the basis of theg-factor and the decay pattern of this level, a configuration {v9/2⁺ [624↑]v7/2⁻ [514↓]v7/2⁻ [503↑]π9/2⁻ [514↑]} _k ^x = 16⁻ has been assigned to this level. The nature of the retardation of the gamma transitions deexciting this level is discussed. It is argued that the measured retardation factors can be explained if the nucleus has a triaxial shape.     

Measuring photoionization cross-sections of excited atomic states

A new method of photoionization cross-section measurement based on the observation of saturation in the ion yield as a function of radiation intensity has been proposed. The photoionization cross-sections for the 6²P_1/2 and 6²P_3/2 levels of Rb atoms of the fundamental and second harmonics of ruby laser radiation are measured, with a tunable pulsed dye laser used for excitation. The following values of cross-sections are obtained: (1.7±0.4)·10⁻¹⁷ cm² and (1.5±0.4)·10⁻¹⁷ cm² for the levels 6²P_3/2 and 6²P_1/2, respectively, ionized by radiation of v₂=14403 cm⁻¹, and (1.9±0.5)·10⁻¹⁷ cm² for the 6²P_3/2 level ionized by v₂=28806 cm⁻¹ radiation.     

Anharmonic force constants of GaSb from the measured third order elastic constants at 300°K

The third-order elastic constants of single crystal GaSb are determined using ultrasonic pulse interferometer at 10 MHz. The constants at 300°K, in units of 10¹¹ N.m.⁻², are C_l11 = ™ 4 ·75 ± 0·06 C₁₄₄ = + 0·50 ± 0·25 C₁₁₃ = ™ 3 ·08 ± 0·02 C₁₆₆ = ™ 2·16 ± 0·13 C₁₂₃ = ™ 0 ·44 ± 0·29 C₄₅₆ = ™ 0·25 ± 0·15 These constants are used to evaluate the three anharmonic first and second neighbour force constants based on modified Keating’s model. The constants are (in units of 10¹¹ N.m⁻²)γ=− 2·406;δ=0·407;ε=−0·222.     

Temperature dependence of gamma-ray-induced luminescence of xylene-based liquid scintillator between 200 and 242 K

The luminescence response of xylene-based liquid scintillator (scintillation grade), xylene + 1 g/l PPO + 0.1 g/l BBOT, has been studied as a function of temperature in the range 200 to 242 K. It has been observed that under gamma-ray excitation the light output increases with the decrease of temperature. The data are well described by the Arrhenius relation,I _low−I=I ₀ exp(−E/kT), whereI is the count rate at temperatureT.I _low is a constant equal to 5600 counts per min, theI ₀ factor is 3.3 × 10⁶ counts/min,k is the Boltzmann constant. The activation energyE was found to be equal to 0.20 eV. It is typical for thermally activated diffusion controlled process.     

Searches for gamma-quanta from local sources by a wide-angle imaging telescope

Summary A new Cherenkov imaging telescope SHALON equipped with a very high-definition camera (144 pixels, imaging 7.2⁰×7.2⁰) takes data since 1993 at a mountain altitude of 3338 m. We discuss some results of the observations of the indicated gamma-ray sources and the discrimination methods between gamma-rays and protons. Selection of showers produced by gamma-quanta from a background of showers produced by protons has been made according to the following criteria: 1) alpha<20⁰; 2) length/width>1.6 for γ; 3) Cherenkov light intensity in pixels with max light to the light in the light pixels near around is >0.2 for γ and <0.6 for p; 4) Cherenkov light intensity in pixels with max light to all light in imaging excluding in centre is >0.8 for γ and <0.8 for p; 5) distance for γ is <3.5 pixels.I _Crab=(0.95±0.18)·10⁻¹² cm⁻²c⁻¹.I _Mark421=(0.98±0.36)·10⁻¹² cm⁻²c⁻¹. Paper presented at the Special Session on ground-based gamma-ray astronomy of the XXIV International Cosmic-Ray Conference, Rome, August 28–September 8, 1995.     

Non-steady-state photo-EMF in nanostructured GaN and polypyrrole within porous matrices

We report an experimental investigation of the non-steady-state photoelectromotive force in nanostructured GaN within porous glass and polypyrrole within chrysotile asbestos. The samples are illuminated by an oscillating interference pattern created by two coherent light beams and the alternating current is detected as a response of the material. Dependences of the signal amplitude versus temporal and spatial frequencies, light intensity, and temperature are studied for two wavelengths λ=442 and 532 nm. The conductivity of the GaN composite is measured: σ=(1.1–1.6)×10⁻¹⁰ Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹ (λ=442 nm, I ₀=0.045–0.19 W/cm², T=293 K) and σ=(3.5–4.6)×10⁻¹⁰ Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹ (λ=532 nm, I ₀=2.3 W/cm², T=249–388 K). The diffusion length of photocarriers in polypyrrole nanowires is also estimated: L _D=0.18 μm.     

Infrared spectra of BeSO4.4H2O and its deuterated analogue at 110K in 1200–250 cm−1 region

IR absorption spectra of BeSO₄.4H₂O and its deuterated analogue are reported in the region 1200–250 cm⁻¹ at 110 K. The half-widths and relative integrated intensities of the bands are also reported. The study largely confirms the assignments for thev ₃ andv ₄ modes of SO ₄ ²⁻ ion and thev ₃ mode of Be(aq) ₄ ²⁺ , complex as made by Diemet al. The assignments of the other modes of SO ₄ ²⁻ and Be(aq) ₄ ²⁺ , and the librational modes of water are given a more solid footing as result of the present investigation.     

EPR of Fe3+ ion and symmetry of [AIF5·H2O]2? complex ion in (NH4)2AIF5·H2O single crystals

We used the spin-Hamiltonian method for the analysis of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of Fe³⁺ as a probe ion in (NH₄)₂AlF₅·H₂O single crystalline basic material. The theoretical expressions for the magnetic field (at which the fine structure transition lines appear) versus the angle between the magnetic field and the axis of symmetry of the magnetic complex are also given. These values were calculated by applying the perturbation theory to the second-order terms. From the experimental results (at 300 K and 9.21 GHz), the spin-Hamiltonian parameters were deduced:D=(668±10)·10⁻⁴ T,E=(−56±10)·10⁻⁴ T,a=(−54±10)·10⁻⁴ T,F=(30±10)·10⁻⁴ T. An isotropic superhyperfine structure was evidenced for the five fluorine ions. The obtained EPR data were used to determine the local symmetry of the Al³⁺ ion. A good agreement with X-ray diffraction measurements was found.     

Magnetic moment of beta-emitting41Sc(Iπ=7/2−) and knight shift in Pt metal

The nuclear magnetic moment of⁴¹Sc(I^π=7/2⁻, T_l/2=0.59sec) was remeasured, and the precision of the value was improved about 10 times compared with the previously known one. The value was determined to be |μ(⁴¹Sc;I^π=7/2)|=(5.4305±0.0018) nm. Comparing the value with the previously known NMR of the nuclei in Pt, the knight shift, K=−(0.4±5.3)·10⁻⁴ was determined.     

XUV generation from plasma produced by a XeCl excimer laser on a Cu target

Summary We present a detailed study of XUV and soft X-ray emission from Cu plasma produced by an excimer laser at intensitiesI _L≦8·10¹¹ W/cm². The XeCl excimer laser (ψ≈308 nm) delivers pulses with energyE _L≈2.3 J, temporal durationt _L≈100 ns and brightnessB≧10¹⁴ W/cm² sr. We recorded a spectral conversion efficiency η=0.5% eV⁻¹ forI _L=4·10¹¹W/cm² in the aluminium window at 73eV with a harder X-ray tail around ≈400eV. We also measured the dependence of X-ray signal on laser intensity and viewing angle. Experimental results have been compared with some analytical laser-plasma interaction models.     

High-spin isomers in 183Os

High-spin states in ¹⁸³Os have been studied by means of in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy. Two isomers with I ^π= ((43/2)⁻) and (43/2)⁺ have been identified at excitation energies of E _x = 5.068 and 5.168 MeV. The half-lives are determined as T _1/2= 27 ± 3 and 24 ± 2 ns. Received: 22 December 1997     

X-ray determination of thermal expansion of cadmium fluoride and lead fluoride

The lattice parameters of CdF₂ andβ-PbF₂ have been determined over the temperature range 300–670 K. The coefficient of expansion at room temperature is 21·3 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ and 25·4 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ for CdF₂ and PbF₂ respectively and it increases linearly with temperature over the range of temperature covered. The Grüneisen parameter decreases with temperature in both the crystals.     

Atmospheric gamma rays in the energy region 40–1000 GeV

A large stack of lead-emulsion sandwich detector assembly was flown over Hyderabad, India. High energy gamma rays at the float altitude were unambiguously identified from the cascades they induced, and their energies reliably determined by improved methods. From an analysis of 163 gamma rays of energy ≳ 30 GeV, it is found that the differential energy spectrum is represented by the power lawJ _r (E)= 129·4E ^{−2·62±0·12} photons m⁻² sr⁻¹sec⁻¹ GeV⁻¹ at an effective atmospheric depth of 14·3 g cm⁻²; this is the first reliable balloon measurement of atmospheric gamma rays in the energy range 40–1000 GeV. After correcting for the gamma rays radiated by the primary cosmic ray electrons, the production spectrum of gamma rays, resulting from the collisions of cosmic ray nuclei with air nuclei, at the top of the atmosphere isP _r (E, 0)=8·2 × 10⁻⁴ E^2.60±0.09 photons g⁻¹sr⁻¹sec⁻¹ GeV⁻¹. The atmospheric propagation of the electromagnetic component due to the cascade process is also derived from the gamma ray production spectrum.     

Doppler-free optical double resonance spectroscopy using a single-frequency laser and modulation sidebands

Principles and applications are described for a form of Doppler-free optical double resonance spectroscopy which uses amplitude modulation sidebands (v _L ±v) imposed on a single laser frequency (v _L ). The sidebands are generated by passing the carrier radiationv _L through an electro-optic modulator, driven at a radiofrequency ν, which enables the intensity and polarization characteristics of the emerging radiation to be varied for enhancement of selected double-resonance processes. The technique has been applied to infrared-infrared double-resonance studies of the Stark effects of a variety of molecules—¹³CH₃F,¹²CH₃F, PH₃,¹⁵NH₃, GeH₄, SiH₄, and CH₃D—for which physical results are presented and discussed. These results include determination of extremely small electric dipole moments (10⁻³–10⁻⁵ debye) for GeH₄ and CH₃D and, for the dipole moment of PH₃, a vibrational state dependence which is extremely small (Δμ=0.0028(5) debye for ∣Δv ₂∣=1) and a rotational state dependence which is of an unexpected sign. The spectra recorded in some cases display unusual polarization and optical saturation effects which deviate markedly from the predictions of a simple three-wave polarization theory.     

Visualization of focusing–refocusing cycles during filamentation in BaF<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Filamentation occurs within a 1.5 cm-long crystal of BaF₂ during the propagation of intense, ultrashort (40 fs) pulses of 800 nm light; a systematic study as a function of incident power enables us to extract quantitative information on laser intensity within the condensed medium, the electron density and the six-photon absorption cross section. At low incident power, a single filament is formed within the crystal; two or more filaments are observed along the direction transverse to laser propagation at higher incident powers. Further, due to fluorescence from six-photon absorption (6PA), we are able to map the intensity variation in the focusing–refocusing cycles along the direction of laser propagation. At still higher incident powers, we observe splitting of multiple filaments. By measuring the radius (L _min) of single filament inside BaF₂, we obtain estimates of peak intensities (I _max) and electron densities (ρ _max) to be 3.26×10¹³ W cm⁻² and 2.81×10¹⁹ cm⁻³, respectively. Use of these values enables us to deduce that the 6PA cross-section in BaF₂ is 0.33×10⁻⁷⁰ cm¹² W⁻⁶ s⁻¹.     

Structural phase transitions in Pd0.8 Si0.2 and Pd0.75 Si0.20 Ag0.05 alloys observed by pac

The phase transition in the alloys Pd_0.8 Si_0.2 and Pd_0.75 Si_0.20 Ag_0.05 have been investigated through the quadrupole interaction of¹¹¹Cd impurities. The quadrupole interactions were measured by means of the TDPAC technique from room temperature up to about 870 K. The variation of the quadrupole interaction with temperature in the alloy PdSiAg shows aT ^3/2 dependence below and above 629 K, with coefficientsB=5.43(25)·10⁻⁵ K^−3/2 andB=3.70(15)·10⁻⁵ K^−3/2, respectively. This demonstrates that the alloy undergoes a phase transition around 629 K. The existence of two electric field gradients observed in the alloy PdSi,V _zz (1)=3.47(54)·10¹⁷ V/cm² andV _zz (2)=2.29(36)·10¹⁷ V/cm², indicates that there are two different¹¹¹Cd sites. The corresponding fractionsf ₁ andf ₂ strongly depend on temperature. Below 520 K, most¹¹¹Cd nuclei are subject to the higher EFGV _zz (1) (f ₁≈70%), whereas above 520 Kf ₁ falls rapidly to zero andV _zz (2) becomes dominant. The temperature dependences of thef ₁ andf ₂ reveal a picture of the phase transition between the two crystal structures.     

ESR study of exchange coupled pairs in copper diethyldithiocarbamate

ESR investigations on exchange coupled pairs of Cu ions in single crystals of Cu(dtc)₂, isomorphously diluted with the corresponding diamagnetic zinc salt, are reported. The spin Hamiltonian parameters for the coupled species (S=1) are:g _‖=2.1025,g ₊=2.031,A=75.1×10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹,B=14.8×10⁻⁴,D=276.0×10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹ andE=46.7×10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹. While theg andA tensors show tetragonal symmetry, the zeor-field splitting tensor is rhombic and has principal axes different from those of theg andA tensors. Intensity measurements made down to 4.2 K indicate that the exchange is ferromagnetic with |FFF| ∼ 10 cm⁻¹. Direct dipole-dipole interaction appears to be the major contribution to the zero-field splitting. A calculation on the distributed point dipole model shows that dipolar interaction is considerably modified by the high covalency of the Cu-S bond and accounts for the rhombic nature of the tensor. The possible exchange mechanisms in Cu(dtc)₂—direct exchange and superexchange through the bridging sulphurs—are discussed.