动态裂纹扩展中的分形效应

假设裂纹顶端沿着分形轨迹运动，建立了裂纹扩展的分形弯折（ｋｉｎｋｉｎｇ）模型来描述裂纹的动态扩展。根据这个模型，我们推导了分形裂纹扩展对劝态应力强度和裂纹速度的影响．动态应力强度因子与表观应力强度因子之比Ｋ（ｌ（ｔ），Ｖ）／Ｋ（Ｌ（ｔ），Ｏ）是表观裂纹速度Ｖ＿Ｏ，材料微结构参数（ｄ／Δａ），分维Ｄ和裂纹扩展路径的弯折角θ的函数。本文研究结果表明：在分形裂纹扩展中，表观（或量测）的裂纹速度Ｖ＿Ｏ很难接近Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波速Ｃ＿ｒ．动态断裂实验中Ｖ＿Ｏ明显低于Ｃ＿ｒ的原因可能是分形裂纹扩展效应所致。材料的微结构，裂纹扩展路径的分维和弯折角均很强地影响动态应力强度因子和裂纹扩展速度。     

Brittle fracture dynamics with arbitrary paths I. Kinking of a dynamic crack in general antiplane loading

We present a new method for determining the elasto-dynamic stress fields associated with the propagation of anti-plane kinked or branched cracks. Our approach allows the exact calculation of the corresponding dynamic stress intensity factors. The latter are very important quantities in dynamic brittle fracture mechanics, since they determine the crack path and eventual branching instabilities. As a first illustration, we consider a semi-infinite anti-plane straight crack, initially propagating at a given time-dependent velocity, that changes instantaneously both its direction and its speed of propagation. We will give the explicit dependence of the stress intensity factor just after kinking as a function of the stress intensity factor just before kinking, the kinking angle and the instantaneous velocity of the crack tip.     

脆性材料裂纹扩展的分形运动学

大量实验结果表明脆性材料裂纹扩展路径是弯弯曲曲的，不规则的，断裂表面粗糙不平，表现出分形特征。本文应用分形几何推导出脆性材料裂纹扩展的分形运动学公式，得到了动、静态断裂韧性与分形裂纹扩展速度、裂纹长度、微结构特征量δ＿ｃ以及分形维数之间的关系；推导出了裂纹扩展速度的计算公式，得出宏观量测的裂纹扩展速度Ｖ＿０应小于分形裂纹扩展速度Ｖ；并推导出直接根据材料动、静态断裂韧性和裂纹扩展速度Ｖ＿０估算材料裂纹扩展路径的分维计算公式．本文理论分析结果与实验值在定性定量上达到了较好的一致。     

Pre-kinking of a moving crack in a magnetoelectroelastic material under in-plane loading

A constant moving crack in a magnetoelectroelastic material under in-plane mechanical, electric and magnetic loading is studied for impermeable crack surface boundary conditions. Fourier transform is employed to reduce the mixed boundary value problem of the crack to dual integral equations, which are solved exactly. Steady-state asymptotic fields near the crack tip are obtained in closed form and the corresponding field intensity factors are expressed explicitly. The crack speed influences the singular field distribution around the crack tip and the effects of electric and magnetic loading on the crack tip fields are discussed. The crack kinking phenomena is investigated using the maximum hoop stress intensity factor criterion. The magnitude of the maximum hoop stress intensity factor tends to increase as the crack speed increases.     

Dynamic stress intensity factor KⅢ and dynamic crack propagation characteristics of anisotropic materials

Based on the mechanics of anisotropic materials,the dynamic propagation problem of a mode Ⅲ crack in an infinite anisotropic body is investigated.Stress,strain and displacement around the crack tip are expressed as an analytical complex function,which can be represented in power series.Constant coefficients of series are determined by boundary conditions.Expressions of dynamic stress intensity factors for a mode Ⅲ crack are obtained.Components of dynamic stress,dynamic strain and dynamic displacement around the crack tip are derived.Crack propagation characteristics are represented by the mechanical properties of the anisotropic materials,i.e.,crack propagation velocity M and the parameter α.The faster the crack velocity is,the greater the maximums of stress components and dynamic displacement components around the crack tip are.In particular,the parameter α affects stress and dynamic displacement around the crack tip.     

Dynamic stress intensity factor K III and dynamic crack propagation characteristics of anisotropic materials

Based on the mechanics of anisotropic materials, the dynamic propagation problem of a mode Ⅲ crack in an infinite anisotropic body is investigated. Stress, strain and displacement around the crack tip are expressed as an analytical complex function, which can be represented in power series. Constant coefficients of series are determined by boundary conditions. Expressions of dynamic stress intensity factors for a mode Ⅲ crack are obtained. Components of dynamic stress, dynamic strain and dynamic displacement around the crack tip are derived. Crack propagation characteristics are represented by the mechanical properties of the anisotropic materials, i.e., crack propagation velocity M and the parameter ~. The faster the crack velocity is, the greater the maximums of stress components and dynamic displacement components around the crack tip are. In particular, the parameter α affects stress and dynamic displacement around the crack tip.     

Dynamic crack tip fields and dynamic crack propagation characteristics of anisotropic material

Based on mechanics of anisotropic material, the dynamic crack propagation problem of I/II mixed mode crack in an infinite anisotropic body is investigated. Expressions of dynamic stress intensity factors for modes I and II crack are obtained. Components of dynamic stress and dynamic displacements around the crack tip are derived. The strain energy density theory is used to predict the dynamic crack extension angle. The critical strain energy density is determined by the strength parameters of anisotropic materials. The obtained dynamic crack tip fields are unified and applicable to the analysis of the crack tip fields of anisotropic material, orthotropic material and isotropic material under dynamic or static load. The obtained results show Crack propagation characteristics are represented by the mechanical properties of anisotropic material, i.e., crack propagation velocity M and fiber direction α. In particular, the fiber direction α and the crack propagation velocity M give greater influence on the variations of the stress fields and displacement fields. Fracture angle is found to depend not only on the crack propagation but also on the anisotropic character of the material.     

爆炸载荷下板条边界斜裂纹的动态扩展行为

为了研究爆炸应力波作用下板条边界斜裂纹的动态扩展行为,首先分析了爆炸应力波在含边界斜裂纹板条中的传播,其次采用动态焦散线实验方法,进行了爆炸载荷下板条边界斜裂纹扩展规律的实验研究.研究结果表明,爆炸应力波作用下,板条试件边界斜裂纹的扩展过程中,裂纹扩展速度、扩展加速度和裂尖动态应力强度因子随时间波动变化,扩展速度最大值...     

On a case of crack path bifurcation in cohesive materials

Summary Experimental, theoretical and numerical investigations show that crack kinking and crack branching can be observed and simulated in brittle solids and in the fast dynamical propagation of quasi-brittle fractures. The present study shows that kinking and branching may also occur in the quasi-static regime when an isotrophic or equi-biaxial tensile state of stress arises at the tip of a cohesive crack, and may represent alternative itineraries (i.e. path bifurcation) of the fracture process. Specific reference is made to the common but meaningful case of the three-point-bending test. Various numerical techniques apt to capture the above occurrence are comparatively presented, and the influence of path bifurcation on the overall behaviour of the specimen is discussed. Received 8 October 1997; accepted for publication 22 January 1998     

Remarks on the energy release rate for an antiplane moving crack in couple stress elasticity

This paper is concerned with the steady-state propagation of an antiplane semi-infinite crack in couple stress elastic materials. A distributed loading applied at the crack faces and moving with the same velocity of the crack tip is considered, and the influence of the loading profile variations and microstructural effects on the dynamic energy release rate is investigated. The behavior of both energy release rate and maximum total shear stress when the crack tip speed approaches the critical speed (either that of the shear waves or that of the localized surface waves) is studied. The limit case corresponding to vanishing characteristic scale lengths is addressed both numerically and analytically by means of a comparison with classical elasticity results.     

Dynamic crack kinking from a PMMA/Homalite interface

The behavior of a pre-existing, dynamically loaded, interfacial crack kinking away from the interface separating two materials was experimentally investigated under dynamic loading conditions. Dynamic fracture experiments were performed on pre-cracked bimaterial panels of PMMA bonded with Homalite-100 impact loaded using a high-speed gas gun. By varying the location of impact, a large range of mixed mode loading at the crack tip was produced. Information about the stress state surrounding the crack tip was obtained through use of the lateral shearing interferometer of coherent gradient sensing in conjunction with high-speed photography. The high-speed interferogram corresponding, to the time of crack initiation was analyzed in each case to find the preinitiation mode mixity at the crack tip. Measurement of both the local initiation mode mixity and the crack kink angle allows for possible extension of existing quasi-static interface crack kinking criteria, such as maximum opening stress or maximum energy release rate, to the case of dynamic loading. It was found that for bimaterial systems with small material property mismatch, such as the PMMA/Homalite system, the maximum opening stress criterion accurately predicts the relation between crack tip mode mixity and resulting kink angle for small initial crack kinking speeds.     

基于DIC的爆炸加载下脆性材料裂纹扩展规律的试验研究

通过数字图像相关法（DIC），应用PMMA对爆炸加载条件下脆性材料的裂纹扩展规律进行了试验研究。基于对称性试验模型，实现了裂纹尖端位置和应变场信息的同步记录。以此为基础，通过对比分析获知，主应变场应变值最大点不能作为裂纹尖端的判断依据。并以动态裂纹扩展速度为参量，应用断裂动力学和最小二乘牛顿迭代法，计算出了考虑惯性效应的Ⅰ-Ⅱ混合型裂纹的应力强度因子:K_Ⅰ和K_Ⅱ值会随着裂纹扩展方向改变而发生突变；K_Ⅰ最大值为2.63 MPa·m1/2，最小值为0.89 MPa·m1/2；其整体变化趋势表明，爆炸加载条件下脆性材料裂纹扩展随能量积聚和释放呈循环阶梯式递减发展。     

Nano-ductile crack propagation in glasses under stress corrosion: spatiotemporal evolution of damage in the vicinity of the crack tip

Recent experiments have evidenced the existence of a ductile fracture mode at the nanometer scale in Aluminosilicate glass. The present study is designed to check whether such a ductile mode is inherent to the amorphous nature of glass. Therefore, the slow crack advance is observed in real time via an Atomic Force Microscope in a minimal glass, amorphous Silica, under stress corrosion. In this case, the Crack propagation proceeds by the nucleation, growth and coalescence of damage cavities as in the Aluminosilicate glass, but the cavity size is significantly larger. We focus here on the kinematics of crack propagation by looking at the spatio-temporal evolution of both the tip of the main crack and the cavity ahead. It is shown that the velocity of the main crack tip is significantly lower than the one of the cavity edge toward the main crack tip, like in metallic alloys. Moreover, the velocities of the different fronts (main crack, frontward and backward cavity tips) at these nanometric scales is one order of magnitude smaller than the crack tip velocity at the continuum scale. This has important consequences for the modelling of stress corrosion, especially at ultra-slow crack propagation.     

冲击载荷下含空孔三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为

为得到圆孔缺陷对运动裂纹扩展过程的影响规律,采用动态焦散线实验方法进行模型实验,研究了冲击载荷下含空孔三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为。研究结果表明:空孔对裂纹扩展有极大的阻碍作用,在一定范围内,空孔直径越大,阻碍作用越明显。裂纹扩展到空孔附近时,扩展速度会下降。裂纹在空孔上部再次起裂后,最大扩展速度远远大于裂纹与空孔贯通前的最大扩展速度。裂纹扩展至空孔附近时,裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子KdⅠ和KdⅡ均会下降。裂纹在空孔上部再次起裂后,裂尖的应力强度因子KdⅠ和KdⅡ均大于裂纹与空孔贯通前裂尖的KdⅠ和KdⅡ。在整个扩展过程中,裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子KdⅡ远小于KdⅠ,说明KdⅠ在裂纹扩展过程中起主要作用。     

Microscopic analysis of crack propagation for multiple cracks, inclusions and voids

The elastic crack interaction with internal defects, such as microcracks, voids and rigid inclusions, is investigated in this study for the purpose of analyzing crack propagation. The elastic stress field is obtained using linear theory of elasticity for isotropic materials. The cracks are modeled as pile-ups of edge dislocations resulting into a coupled set of integral equations, whose kernels are those of a dislocation in a medium with or without an inclusion or void. The numerical solution of these equations gives the stress intensity factors and the complete stress field in the given domain. The solution is valid for a general solid, however the propagation analysis is valid mostly for brittle materials. Among different propagation models the ones based on maximum circumferential stress and minimum strain energy density theories, are employed. A special emphasis is given to the estimation of the crack propagation direction that defines the direction of crack branching or kinking. Once a propagation direction is determined, an improved model dealing with kinked cracks must be employed to follow the propagation behavior.     

冲击载荷作用下黑砂岩动态断裂参数的分形修正

基于分形理论研究了偏折裂纹扩展路径对动载荷作用下黑砂岩的动态断裂力学参数的测试误差影响作用,采用传统的分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）实验装置对修正侧开单裂纹半孔板（improved single cleavage semi-circle specimen, ISCSC）试样进行动态冲击实验,随后采用裂纹扩展计进行裂纹起裂时间与裂纹扩展速度等动态断裂力学参数测试,采用分形理论对测试的裂纹扩展速度与动态应力强度因子进行修正,利用实验-数值法对黑砂岩的动态断裂韧度进行计算。研究结果表明,ISCSC构型构件能够有效应用于岩石材料动态裂纹扩展行为的研究,并发生了止裂现象,经分形修正的裂纹扩展速度与动态断裂韧度更接近实际裂纹动态扩展情况,修正前后得到黑砂岩材料的裂纹扩展速度误差为33.51%,动态断裂韧度最大误差为7.68%,说明利用分形理论对动态断裂韧度等动态断裂参数计算更合理。     

含预制裂纹L形梁柱试件动态断裂过程

针对含预制裂纹L形梁柱试件,为研究预制裂纹动态扩展的力学特征及其对梁柱试件破坏模式的影响,采用数字动态焦散线实验系统,对距节点核心区不同距离l处含有预制裂纹的试件进行落锤冲击实验,得到预制裂纹的扩展轨迹、速度、动态应力强度因子的变化规律。结果表明,l值增大,扩展裂纹在梁下边缘的贯通点与预制裂纹的夹角逐渐增大,曲裂程度变大。裂纹扩展速度随着l的增大振荡性增强,裂纹扩展平均速度逐渐降低。l值为2 mm时,裂尖表现为Ⅰ型断裂,l值增大,裂尖受到剪应力作用增强,Ⅰ型动态应力强度因子减小,Ⅱ型动态应力强度因子增大,断裂逐渐转变为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型。     

多簇压裂干扰应力变化规律及对裂纹扩展的影响

为研究水平井分段多簇压裂缝间的干扰应力及其对裂纹扩展的影响,在现有二维未考虑地应力的单裂缝干扰应力解析解的基础上,利用双平面复变函数保角变换得到了包含地应力项的三维干扰应力解析解。基于扩展有限元法建立三维多裂缝扩展力学模型,利用Python脚本二次开发平台实现了三维多裂缝水力压裂参数化建模,通过解析解与数值计算对比分析,得到如下结论。裂纹两侧裂纹面法向和走向干扰正应力分别为压应力和拉应力,均呈纺锤形,法向干扰应力影响范围大约为走向干扰应力的5倍;裂纹尖端裂纹面法向和走向干扰正应力分别为拉应力和压应力;裂纹尖端两侧存在干扰剪应力;考虑初始地应力对干扰应力解析解进行修正后的干扰应力值均变小;多簇压裂中裂缝间的干扰应力叠加,簇间距越小,叠加效果越强;多簇压裂的干扰应力使裂缝间裂纹面法向压应力增大,走向压应力减小,导致裂纹扩展注水压力升高,裂缝张开的宽度降低,不利于单裂缝的扩展;干扰应力使裂缝间应力差降低,甚至局部最小地应力方向发生改变,有利于形成复杂缝网。     

弹塑性疲劳微弯裂纹尖端塑性区问题

主要研究疲劳载荷作用下弹塑性裂纹弯曲延伸扩展问题.通过分析论证,比较精确地研究了疲劳载荷作用下弯曲延伸裂纹尖端塑性区域边界上交变应力的分布状况.综合考虑了疲劳作用应力,塑性区域交变应力,利用二阶摄动方法,研究计算了弯曲延伸裂纹尖端塑性区域的范围,并预测了疲劳载荷作用下弹塑性裂纹扩展路径.     

Relationship Between the Crack Velocity,Fractal Dimension,and Dynamic Fracture Toughness of a Material

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the crack propagation velocity and the dynamic fracture toughness of St. 45 steel and D16T Duralumin using a modified Kolsky method with a split Hopkinson bar. The results of microfractographic analysis of samples are given, and the fractal dimension is determined. The critical stress intensity factors are calculated using the obtained fractal dimension values.