胶束毛细管电动色谱法在线富集联用技术灵敏检测乳制品和饲料样品中的三聚氰胺

建立了胶束毛细管电泳(MEKC)在线富集技术灵敏检测三聚氰胺的方法,采用场放大进样(FASS)联用胶束扫集(Sweep)测定多种样品中的三聚氰胺.试样用乙腈反复提取3次,在优化实验条件下,三聚氰胺的检测灵敏度提高了约1000倍,检出限由原来的2 mg/L降到1.8 μg/L(S/N=3).本方法用于配方奶粉和动物饲料中...     

紫外光谱法测定印制线路板废水中的铜

白杨素在紫外区内具有强吸收,Cu2+加入后会导致其吸光度显著下降,且吸光度的降低与Cu2+的浓度呈良好的线性关系,基于此建立了紫外光谱法测定Cu2+的新方法。通过对缓冲溶液体积、p H、白杨素浓度等进行考察和优化,在p H 8.28、9.0×10-2mol/L的六亚甲基四胺(HM TA)-HCl缓冲溶液中,4.0×10-8~1.0×10-6mol/L范围内,Cu2+浓度与吸光度降低成正比,线性方程为ΔA=0.508 c-0.0147(10-6mol/L)(R=0.99604),检出限为7.08 nmol/L(S/N=7),对4.0×10-8mol/L Cu2+溶液平行测定7次,ΔA的相对标准偏差为4.0%。对印制线路板废水中的铜进行了测定,测得结果与EDTA滴定法基本一致。     

基于硫代黄素T诱导G-四联体构成的生物传感器检测铅离子

硫代黄素T(ThT)荧光分子在自由状态下荧光强度很弱, 通过在Tris-HCl缓冲液中加入Pb²⁺的适配体即富含G的DNA序列, 可与ThT荧光分子形成G-四联体结构, 使荧光信号迅速增强; 向溶液中加入Pb²⁺, Pb²⁺与其适配体有很好的结合特异性, 可生成更牢固的G-四联体结构, 使ThT分子被释放出来, 导致溶液的荧光强度降低, 基于此可检测溶液中的Pb²⁺离子. 实验中优化了缓冲溶液组成、 ThT荧光分子浓度、 Pb²⁺适配体浓度及反应时间等条件. 结果表明, 在10 mmol/L Tris-HCl(pH=8.3, 含2 mmol/L MgCl₂)缓冲溶液中, ThT荧光分子和Pb²⁺适配体的浓度分别为10 μmol/L和200 nmol/L, 反应10 min时, 随着溶液中Pb ²⁺浓度的增加, 荧光强度减弱. Pb²⁺浓度在20~1000 nmol/L范围内时, 荧光强度与Pb²⁺的浓度呈现良好的线性关系(R²=0.9941), 检出限为1 nmol/L. 实际水样测试结果表明, 该方法的回收率在98.8%~101.3%之间. 该传感器灵敏、 快速、 无需化学修饰荧光分子且成本低.     

毛细管电泳电容耦合非接触电导检测-双端进样同时测定无机阴离子和阳离子

利用自研制的电容耦合非接触电导检测器，结合毛细管电泳技术，以2-N-吗啡啉乙磺酸(MES)／组氨酸(His)为缓冲溶液，采用双端进样方式，同时分离测定了5种阴离子和7种阳离子。考察了激发电压值、激发电压频率对检测的影响；缓冲溶液浓度及pH、进样操作对分离的影响。在最佳分离检测条件下，12种无机离子可在4min内完成测定。阳离子的检出限为0．2(Na^ )-3μmol／L(Mn^2 )；阴离子的检出限为0．5(SO4^2-)-4μmol／L(Br^-)；线性范围可达两个数量级。方法用于实际水样中阴离子和阳离子的测定。     

在线样品浓缩毛细管区带电泳分析毛发中的苯丙胺类毒品

建立了毛细管区带电泳(CZE)的在线场放大样品堆积(FASS)方法。采用含有40%乙烯乙二醇的100 mmol/L磷酸盐二元缓冲液(pH 2.5),80%异丙醇的0.1 mmol/L磷酸样品溶液,利用缓冲体系与样品溶液体系电导率的差异,在毛细管中浓缩样品组分,对苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺、亚甲基二氧基苯丙胺(MDA)、亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)4种毒品进行了分离和定量测定,检测的灵敏度提高约1000倍。对于标准品的检出限可达到0.06μg/L。当样品浓度高于5μg/L时,分析的相对标准偏差在10%范围之内;用该方法对添加毒品的毛发进行了提取和测定,可检测到的添加浓度为1μg/g毛发。该方法可用于生物检材中苯丙胺类毒品的检测。     

柱头场放大样品富集技术测定镍

利用毛细管电泳在线化学发光检测技术,研究了镍离子场放大样品富集过程。结果表明,利用该技术可使灵敏度显著改善,浓缩因子达5 8×104,镍离子检出限为1 2×10-10mol/L。预进一段水柱可使检出限达到7 0×10-11mol L。还考察了进样方式、样品基体浓度、进样时间、进样电压对检测灵敏度的影响。     

壳聚糖固定化葡萄糖氧化酶生物传感器测定葡萄糖的含量

应用壳聚糖将葡萄糖氧化酶固定于鸡蛋膜上,结合氧电极制得葡萄糖传感器.实验表明,壳聚糖比戊二醛能更好地固定葡萄糖氧化酶,最佳条件为壳聚糖浓度0.3%、固定化酶量0.8 mg、 pH 7.0、缓冲溶液浓度300 mmol/L和温度25 ℃.本葡萄糖传感器的线性范围为0.016～1.10 mmol/L;检出限为8.0 μmol/L(S/N=3), 响应时间<60 s,有很好的稳定性,寿命>3个月.同一个传感器重复使用以及同方法制作的不同传感器之间都有很好的重现性,RSD分别为2.5%(n=10)和4.7%(n=4).实际样品中可能存在的烟酰胺、 VB6、 VB12、 VE、Ca2+、 Mg2+、 K+和Zn2+等对葡萄糖的测定不产生干扰.本传感器已成功地应用于市售饮料中葡萄糖含量的测定.     

手性冠醚为手性分离选择剂的胶束毛细管电泳在线富集分离吉米沙星对映体

以手性冠醚为胶束毛细管电泳手性分离选择剂,对吉米沙星对映体药物的在线富集分离进行了研究.考察了阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵浓度、运行缓冲溶液中有机添加剂含量和进样方式对对映体的富集和分离度的影响.使用未涂层毛细管柱(37 cm×51 μm,有效柱长30 cm),45 mmol/L Bis-Tris缓冲液+10 mmol/L十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)+1 mmol/L手性冠醚+11%乙腈为运行缓冲溶液(pH=4.0),在紫外检测波长280 nm、运行电压-10 kV、电动进样条件下,对吉米沙星对映体进行在线推扫(sweeping)富集分离,在基线分离的前提下,富集倍数可达600～700倍.吉米沙星浓度为0.3 μmol/L时,两对映体峰高的相对标准偏差<4.0%(n=7).本方法为毛细管电泳在痕量对映体药物分析等方面的应用提供了新方法.     

表面活性剂增溶比率荧光Zn2+检测方法研究

合成了一种新的Zn2+荧光检测试剂8-(2-(十八氨基)乙酰氨基)喹啉(AQZ-18)。通过自发荧光的非离子表面活性剂OP-10增溶AQZ-18,获得了一个与Zn2+结合后在320 nm和505 nm分别有两个荧光发射峰的溶液体系。短波长荧光峰来自OP-10,荧光峰强度不随Zn2+浓度变化;长波长荧光峰来自AQZ-18,荧光峰强度随Zn2+浓度增加而增强。利用上述两个荧光峰强度随Zn2+浓度变化时的比值变化建立了一种新的比率荧光Zn2+检测方法。研究表明,Zn2+与AQZ-18形成1∶1型基态配合物,其表观结合常数为1.1×106L/mol。常见金属离子对Zn2+荧光检测无干扰,Zn2+浓度在0～1.1×10-5mol/L范围内与荧光强度变化的比值呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)为0.996 2,检出限为55 nmol/L。该方法可用于水样中Zn2+的检测。     

毛细管凝胶电泳紫外检测核酸灵敏度

以已知浓度的DNA Marker为标准样品,常规压力进样,电动进样,柱头场放大及联合使用基质场放大和柱头场放大等方法进行CGE-UV分析,对比不同进样方法的检测灵敏度.以聚合酶链式反应(PCR)后的高盐DNA样品验证方法的可靠性.当DNA样品稀释达40万倍,与电动进样和压力进样相比,在对峰形和峰宽无明显影响下,将电动进样的时间延至420 s,三羟甲基氨基甲烷-盐酸缓冲液(TE)浓度降低至1.5%,柱头场放大灵敏度分别提高了约28和90倍;联合使用基质场放大和柱头场放大后,灵敏度分别提高3760和12000倍.DNA的检出限达0.1 μg/L(S/N=3,CGE-FASI-UV).同时以本法分析PCR后的DNA产物获得了极高的灵敏度(分别比普通的压力进样和电动进样提高50477倍和33354倍).本实验采用基质场放大和柱头场放大联用,方法操作简单,灵敏度高,适用于高盐微量的DNA样品分析.     

Determination of heavy metal ions by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection after field-amplified sample injection.

A method has been developed for determining of heavy metal ions by field-amplified sample injection capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. The effects of the 2-N-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid/histidine (MES/His) concentration in the sample matrix, the injection time and organic additives on the enrichment factor were studied. The results showed that MES/His with a low concentration in the sample matrix, an increase of the injection time and the addition of acetonitrile improved the enrichment factor. Four heavy metal ions (Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+) were dissolved in deionized water, separated in a 10 mM MES/His running buffer at pH 4.9 and detected by contactless conductivity detection. The detection sensitivity was enhanced by about three orders of magnitude with respect to the non-stacking injection mode. The limits of detection were in the range from 5 nM (Zn2+) to 30 nM (Cu2+). The method has been used to determine heavy metal ions in tap water.     

On-line stacking techniques for the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic determination of acrylamide in processed food

In the present study, field amplified sample stacking (FASS) techniques in the nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis method (NACE) were introduced for the on-line concentration of the acrylamide to improve acrylamide detection at 210 nm by diode-array detection. Acetonitrile (ACN) as a nonaqueous solvent permits acrylamide to be protonated through the change of its acid-base chemistry, allowing capillary electrophoretic separation of this compound. Choosing 30 mmol L(-1) HClO(4), 20 mmol L(-1) NaClO(4), 218 mmol L(-1) CH(3)COOH in ACN as the separation electrolyte and employing sample stacking methods, the LOD value of acrylamide was decreased to 2.6 ng mL(-1) with electrokinetic injection and 4.4 ng mL(-1) with hydrodynamic injection. Optimized stacking conditions were applied to the determination of acrylamide in several foodstuffs. The method is simple, rapid, inexpensive, and widely applicable for the determination of acrylamide in food samples.     

Field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis for on-column concentration of alkaloids in Sophora flavescens Ait

A simple and rapid capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed for the separation of the main alkaloids from Sophora flavescens Ait. with the optimum buffer solution containing 110 mM NaH(2)PO(4) and 15% 2-propanol (pH 3.0). The field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) technique was applied to the on-line concentration of the alkaloids. The data presented in this work demonstrate that the use of a short water plug at the column inlet is essential for improving the reproducibility of FASS with electro-injection, and that the water plug injection time affected the sensitivity significantly. The sample concentration was further increased by about 2-3-fold by the introduction of a relatively longer water plug. With this stacking measure, the concentration sensitivity was about 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than in hydrodynamic injection.     

肌肽类生物活性肽的毛细管电泳在线富集技术

建立了毛细管区带电泳(CZE)在线富集3种肌肽类活性肽(肌肽、鹅肌肽和高肌肽)的两种简便有效的方法。一种是大体积进样反向压力排除基体富集（LVSRP）技术,即通过流体动力学进样,在不改变电源极性的条件下,利用反向压力排除样品基体,电堆积富集后进行CZE分离;另一种是大体积进样电渗流排除基体富集（LVSEP）技术,即通过流体动力学进样,于运行缓冲液中加入溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTAB)动态修饰毛细管表面,通过电渗流排除样品基体,改变电源极性后进行CZE分离。与常规CZE相比,LVSRP技术和LVSEP技术使检测灵敏度提高了40~60倍。对影响两种富集过程的一些因素进行了研究,在最优富集条件下考察本方法的线性范围为0.080~5.0 μmol/L。对3种生物活性肽的检测限(S/N=3)分别为LVSRP 41~58 nmol/L,LVSEP 35~43 nmol/L。     

Strategies for the on-line preconcentration and separation of hypolipidaemic drugs using micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Three strategies were investigated for the simultaneous separation and on-line preconcentration of charged and neutral hypolipidaemic drugs in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). A background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.50) and 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used for the separation and on-line preconcentration of the drugs. The efficiencies of sweeping, analyte focusing by micelle collapse (AFMC), and simultaneous field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) and sweeping, were compared for the preconcentration of eight hypolipidaemic drugs in different conductivity sample matrices. When compared with a hydrodynamic injection (5 s at 50 mbar, 0.51% of capillary volume to detection window) of drug mixture prepared in the separation BGE, improvements of detection sensitivity of 60-, 83-, and 80-fold were obtained with sweeping, AFMC and simultaneous FASS and sweeping, respectively, giving limits of detection (LODs) of 50, 36, and 38 μg/L, respectively. The studied techniques showed suitability for focusing different types of analytes having different values of retention factor (k). This is the first report for the separation of different types of hypolipidaemic drugs by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The three methods were validated then applied for the analysis of target analytes in wastewater samples from Hobart city.     

Application of a contactless conductometric detector for the simultaneous determination of small anions and cations by capillary electrophoresis with dual-opposite end injection

A contactless conductometric detection (CCD) system for capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a flexible detection cell was applied for the simultaneous determination of small anions and/or cations in rain, surface and drainage water samples. The applied frequency, the amplitude of the input signal, the electrolyte conductivity and electrode distance were found to be the most significant factors affecting the detection sensitivity. 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid/histidine-based (MES/His) electrolytes were used for direct conductivity detection of anions and cations, while ammonium acetate was selected for indirect conductivity determination of alkylammonium salts. For the simultaneous separation procedure, involving dual-opposite end injection, an electrolyte consisting of 20 mM MES/His, 1.5 mM 18-crown-6 and 20 microM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide provided baseline separation of 13 anions and cations in less than 6 min. The detection limits achieved were 7-30 micrograms/l for direct conductometric detection of various common inorganic cations and anions, excluding F- (62 micrograms/l) and H2PO4- (250 micrograms/l), and 35-178 micrograms/l for indirect conductometric detection of alkyl ammonium cations. The developed electrophoretic method with conductometric detection was compared to ion chromatography.     

Sensitive analysis of donepezil in plasma by capillary electrophoresis combining on-column field-amplified sample stacking and its application in Alzheimer's disease

Field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to determine the concentration of donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in human plasma. A sample pretreatment by liquid-liquid extraction with isopropanol/n-hexane (v/v 3:97) and subsequent quantification by FASS-CE was used. Before sample loading, a water plug (0.5 psi, 6 s) was injected to permit FASS. Electrokinetic injection (7 kV, 90 s) was used to introduce sample cations. The separation condition for donepezil was performed in electrolyte solutions containing Tris buffer (60 mM, pH 4.0) with sodium octanesulfonate 40 mM and 0.01% polyvinyl alcohol as a dynamic coating to reduce analytes' interaction with capillary wall. The separation was performed at 28 kV and detected at 200 nm. Using atenolol as an internal standard, the linear ranges of the method for the determination of donepezil in human plasma were over a range of 1-50 ng/mL. The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL (S/N=3, sampling 90 s at 7 kV). One female volunteer (54 years old) was orally administered a single dose of 10 mg donepezil (Aricept, Eisai), and blood samples were drawn over a 60 h period for pharmacokinetic study. The method was also applied successfully to monitor donepezil in sixteen Alzheimer's disease patients' plasmas.     

A highly sensitive method for enantioseparation of fenoprofen and amino acid derivatives by capillary electrophoresis with on-line sample preconcentration

A highly sensitive method for enantioseparation of trace fenoprofen and amino acid derivatives by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with vancomycin as the chiral selector was developed. Several CE techniques, such as the partial filling, large-volume sample stacking with EOF as pump plus anion-selective exhaustive injection (LVSEP-ASEI) were involved in the present method to improve the detection sensitivity. With on-column concentration, enantioseparation of racemic fenoprofen and six 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC)-amino acid derivatives (at the concentration level of ng/mL) with the background electrolyte composed of 100 mmol/L Tris-H(3)PO(4) (pH 6.0) and 2 mmol/L vancomycin was detected readily with the UV detection at 214 nm. Successfully performing LVSEP-ASEI needs a very low EOF that could be depressed by coating the capillary with poly(dimethylacrylamide) solution. The coating also played a role to minimize the adsorption of vancomycin onto the capillary wall. Effect of the injected sample volume and the electrokinetic injection time on the peak area of the enantiomers and their resolution factor were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, more than 1000-fold enhancement in detection sensitivity compared with the normal injection was achieved.     

Steroselective determination of trihexyphenidyl using carboxylmethyl-β-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis with field-amplified sample stacking

A simple, sensitive and low-cost method using capillary electrophoresis coupled with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) technique has been developed for enantioselective separation and quantification of trihexyphenidyl (THP) enantiomers in human serum. In this work, three kinds of modified β-cyclodextrin were tested as chiral selectors in CE. Among the CDs studied, THP enantiomers could only be separated by carboxylmethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD). A systematic study of the parameters (CD concentration and pH value in CE buffer, separation voltage and temperature, composition of sample solvent, injection voltage and time) affecting chiral separation and on-line concentration of THP enantiomers were investigated and optimized. The optimum FASS method provided a sensitivity enhancement of about 490-fold compared with usual hydrodynamic injection. Limits of detection for each enantiomer were in the low ng ml^− 1 concentration range (0.92 ng ml^− 1 or 3.06 nM). The quantification of each THP enantiomer in human serum was performed after serum sample extraction. To validate this CE-FASS method, linear regression analysis, intra and inter-day precision and recovery were determined with satisfying results.     

On-column complexation capillary electrophoretic separation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ using 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid coupled with large-volume sample stacking

On-column complexation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,6-PDCA) formed anionic complexes, which were then separated by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection at 214 nm. To achieve reasonable separation selectivity and on-column complexation, the conditions such as pH, the concentration of 2,6-PCDA and the EOF modifiers in the electrolyte were examined. The electrolyte contained 5.0 mM 2,6-PDCA, 0.25 mM tetradecyltrimethlammonium bromide (TTAB) and 5% (v/v) acetonitrile at pH 4.0 was optimised for on-column complexation and the separation of Fe[PCDA]2(2-) and Fe[PCDA]2(-). To enhance the detection sensitivity, large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) was used for the on-line preconcentration of Fe[PCDA]2(2-) and Fe[PCDA]2(-). Under the optimised conditions, satisfactory working ranges (0.5-50 microM), lower detection limits (less than 0.1 microM) and good repeatability of the peak areas (R.S.D.: 5.2-7.8%, n = 5) was achieved using LVSS (300 s). With LVSS, the detection sensitivity was enhanced more than 50-fold compared to conventional hydrodynamic injection. The proposed method was used successfully for the determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in water samples.