The laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of TiF in the ultraviolet region

The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of jet-cooled ⁴⁸TiF has been obtained in the wavelength region of 245-270 nm for the first time. Six pairs of vibronic bands were observed and assigned to two new transitions [37.8]⁴Φ-X⁴Φ and ⁴Δ-X⁴Φ. Rotational analysis was carried out for the (ν′ = 0-3 to ν″ = 0) vibrational bands of the [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2-X⁴Φ_3/2 and [37.8]⁴Φ_5/2-X⁴Φ_5/2 subbands, and also, the (ν′, 0) and (ν′+1, 0) vibrational bands of the ⁴Δ_1/2-X⁴Φ_3/2 and ⁴Δ_3/2-X⁴Φ_5/2 subbands. The effective equilibrium molecular constants for the [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2 and [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2 upper states were determined. In addition, lifetime measurements were carried out for all of the observed bands under collision-free conditions. On the basis of the spectroscopic constants and lifetime measurements, the electronic transitions involved in the observed high-lying electronic states are discussed.     

Near infrared emission spectra of CoH and CoD

New high resolution emission spectra of CoH and CoD molecules have been recorded in the 640 nm to 3.5 μm region using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The bands were excited in a carbon tube furnace by the reaction of cobalt metal vapor and a mixture of H₂ or D₂ with He at a temperature of about 2600 °C. Eight bands were observed for the A′³Φ₄-X³Φ₄ electronic transition of CoD, and five bands for the corresponding transition of CoH. The (0, 0) bands of the A′³Φ₃-X³Φ₃ system were also recorded for both isotopologues, although one of the parity components in the X³Φ₃ sub-state of CoH was found to be perturbed. The A′³Φ₃-X³Φ₄ transition was also observed in our spectrum of CoH. In addition, a new [13.3]4 electronic state was found by observing [13.3]4-X³Φ₃ and [13.3]4-X³Φ₄ transitions in the spectrum of CoD. Analysis of the transitions with ΔΩ = 0, ± 1 provided more accurate values of spin-orbit splittings between Ω = 4 and Ω = 3 components. The ground-state data for both molecules were fitted both to band-constant and Dunham-expansion expressions, and a combined-isotopologue analysis of the X³Φ₄ spin component was carried out using the data for CoH and CoD. The upper states were represented by term values in these analyses because of perturbations, but estimated band constants for them were obtained in separate fits in which ground-state constants were held fixed.     

Infrared and near infrared emission spectra of TeH and TeD

The vibration-rotation emission spectra for the X²Π ground state and the near infrared emission spectra of the X²Π_1/2-X²Π_3/2 system of the TeH and TeD free radicals have been measured at high resolution using a Fourier transform spectrometer. TeH and TeD were generated in a tube furnace with a DC discharge of a flowing mixture of argon, hydrogen (or deuterium), and tellurium vapor. In the infrared region, for the X²Π_3/2 spin component we observed the 1-0, 2-1, and 3-2 vibrational bands for most of the eight isotopologues of TeH and the 1-0 and 2-1 bands for three isotopologues of TeD. For the X²Π_1/2-X²Π_3/2 transition, we observed the 0-0 and 1-1 bands for TeH and the 0-0, 1-1, and 2-2 bands for TeD. Except for a few lines, the tellurium isotopic shift was not resolved for the X²Π_1/2-X²Π_3/2 transitions of TeH and TeD. Local perturbations with Δv = 2 between the two spin components of the X²Π state of TeH were found: X²Π_1/2, v = 0 with X²Π_3/2, v = 2; X²Π_1/2, v = 1 with X²Π_3/2, v = 3. The new data were combined with the previous data from the literature and two kinds of fits (Hund’s case (a) and Hund’s case (c)) were carried out for each of the 10 observed isotopologues: ¹³⁰TeD, ¹²⁸TeD, ¹²⁶TeD, ¹³⁰TeH, ¹²⁸TeH, ¹²⁶TeH, ¹²⁵TeH, ¹²⁴TeH, ¹²³TeH, and ¹²²TeH.     

Velocity modulation spectroscopy of molecular ions I: The pure rotational spectrum of TiCl (XΦr)

The pure rotational spectrum of the TiCl⁺ ion in its X³Φ_r ground state has been measured in the frequency range 323-424 GHz, using a combination of direct absorption and velocity modulation techniques. The ion was created in an AC discharge of TiCl₄ and argon. Ten, eleven, and nine rotational transitions were recorded for the ⁴⁸Ti³⁵Cl⁺, ⁴⁸Ti³⁷Cl⁺, and ⁴⁶Ti³⁵Cl⁺ isotopomers, respectively; fine structure splittings were resolved in every transition. The rotational fine structure pattern was irregular with the Ω = 4 component lying in between the Ω = 2 and 3 lines. This result is consistent with the presence of a nearby ³Δ_r state, which perturbs the Ω = 2 and 3 sub-levels, shifting their energies relative to the Ω = 4 component. The data for each isotopomer were analyzed in a global fit, and rotational and fine structure parameters were determined. The value of the spin-spin constant was comparable to that of the spin-orbit parameter, indicating a large second-order spin-orbit contribution to this interaction. The bond length established for TiCl⁺, r₀ = 2.18879 (7) Å, is significantly shorter than that of TiCl, which has r₀ = 2.26749 (4) Å. The shorter bond length likely results from a Ti²⁺Cl⁻ structure in the ion relative to the neutral, which is thought to be represented by a Ti⁺Cl⁻ configuration. The higher charge on the titanium atom shortens the bond.     

Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the FΔ-XΦ system of TiF

The emission spectra of TiF have been reinvestigated in the 4200-15 000 cm⁻¹ region using the Fourier transform spectrometer associated with the National Solar Observatory at Kitt Peak. TiF was formed in a microwave discharge lamp operated with 2.5 Torr of He and a trace of TiF₄ vapor, and the spectra were recorded at a resolution of 0.02 cm⁻¹. The TiF bands observed in the 12 000-14 000 cm⁻¹ region have been assigned to a new transition, F⁴Δ-X⁴Φ. Each band consists of four sub-bands assigned as, ⁴Δ_1/2-⁴Φ_3/2, ⁴Δ_3/2-⁴Φ_5/2, ⁴Δ_5/2-⁴Φ_7/2, and ⁴Δ_7/2-⁴Φ_9/2. A rotational analysis of the 0-1, 0-0, and 1-0 bands has been obtained and spectroscopic constants have been extracted.     

The pure rotational spectrum of TiS (XΔr) at submillimeter wavelengths

The pure rotational spectrum of TiS in its X³Δ_r ground state has been measured using millimeter-wave direct-absorption techniques in the frequency range of 313-425 GHz. This free radical was created by the reaction of titanium vapor, produced in a high-temperature Broida-type oven, with H₂S. Eight to ten rotational transitions were recorded for the main titanium isotopologue, ⁴⁸TiS, in the v = 0 and v = 1 levels, as well as for the v = 0 state of ⁴⁶TiS, observed in natural abundance (⁴⁸Ti:⁴⁶Ti = 74:8). All three Ω components were observed in almost every recorded transition, with no evidence for lambda-doubling. The data were fit with a Hund’s case(a) Hamiltonian, and rotational, spin-orbit, and spin-spin constants were determined, as well as equilibrium parameters for ⁴⁸TiS. Relatively few fine structure parameters were needed for the analysis of TiS (A, A_D, and λ), unlike other 3d metal species. The rotational pattern of the three fine structure components suggests the presence of a nearby excited ¹Δ state, lying ∼3000 cm⁻¹ higher in energy. From the equilibrium parameters, the dissociation energy for TiS was estimated to be ∼5.1 eV, in reasonable agreement with past thermochemical data.     

Doppler-limited spectroscopy of the AΠ1 ← XΣ system of ICl in the 0.8 μm region using a Ti:sapphire ring laser

Doppler-limited vib-rotational absorption spectra of the A ← X electronic transition of I^35/37Cl are measured in the range 11,352-13,507 cm⁻¹ using a Ti:sapphire ring laser. The P-, Q-, and R-branch lines belonging to the v ← v″ = (0-7) ← (0-7) transition in I³⁵Cl and the v ← v″ = (0-6) ← (2-6) transition in I³⁷Cl are assigned. Under Doppler-limited conditions, the P- and R-branch lines are split into doublets by the nuclear quadrupole coupling effect of the I atom. The unperturbed positions of these lines are correctly calculated, whereas splitting in the Q-branch lines was not observed. The mass-reduced Dunham expansion coefficients U_l,m of the A and X states and the spectroscopic constants , and H_v^′ of the A state are determined using a global least-squares fitting procedure.     

Laser spectroscopy of the A[16.4]8.5-X7.5, A[16.4]8.5-Y[0.15]8.5, and A[16.4]8.5-Z[0.85]7.5 transitions of dysprosium monochloride

Laser-induced fluorescence spectra have been obtained at low resolution using a laser ablation source and pulsed dye laser, and at high resolution using a Broida oven and cw ring dye laser. Dispersed fluorescence spectra from two different excited states, A[16.4]8.5 and B[15.4]Ω (unknown Ω) (the states are labelled [10⁻³T₀]Ω according to their energy and Ω assignment) showed transitions to the same four low lying electronic states, X7.5, Y[0.15]8.5, Z[0.85]7.5, and an unassigned state at 970 cm⁻¹. High resolution excitation spectra of the A-X 0-0, A-Y 0-0 and 0-1, and A-Z 0-0 and 0-1 transitions were obtained and a global fit to all the data yielded rotational constants for both ¹⁶²Dy³⁵Cl and ¹⁶⁴Dy³⁵Cl. From the band origins, vibrational frequencies of 291 and 284 cm⁻¹ were obtained for the Y[0.15]8.5 and Z[0.85]7.5 states, respectively, suggesting that these two states originate from the Dy⁺(4f¹⁰6s)Cl⁻ configuration. The ¹⁶²Dy-¹⁶⁴Dy and ³⁵Cl-³⁷Cl isotope effects were studied and both indicated a ground state, X7.5, vibrational frequency of ∼230 cm⁻¹ which was reinforced by the observation, in dispersed fluorescence from the B[15.4] state, of a weak transition to a state 233 cm⁻¹ above the ground state. The observed electronic states and their configurational origin are discussed in terms of ligand field theory predictions.     

The pure rotational spectrum of ZnO in the XΣ and aΠi states

The pure rotational spectrum of ZnO has been measured in its ground X¹Σ⁺ and excited a³Π_i states using direct-absorption methods in the frequency range 239-514 GHz. This molecule was synthesized by reacting zinc vapor, generated in a Broida-type oven, with N₂O under DC discharge conditions. In the X¹Σ⁺ state, five to eight rotational transitions were recorded for each of the five isotopologues of this species (⁶⁴ZnO, ⁶⁶ZnO, ⁶⁷ZnO, ⁶⁸ZnO, and ⁷⁰ZnO) in the ground and several vibrational states (v = 1-4). Transitions for three isotopologues (⁶⁴ZnO, ⁶⁶ZnO, and ⁶⁸ZnO) were measured in the a³Π_i state for the v = 0 level, as well as from the v = 1 state of the main isotopologue. All three spin-orbit components were observed in the a³Π_i state, each exhibiting splittings due to lambda-doubling. Rotational constants were determined for the X¹Σ⁺ state of zinc oxide. The a³Π_i state data were fit with a Hund’s case (a) Hamiltonian, and rotational, spin-orbit, spin-spin, and lambda-doubling constants were established. Equilibrium parameters were also determined for both states. The equilibrium bond length determined for ZnO in the X¹Σ⁺ state is 1.7047 Å, and it increases to 1.8436 Å for the a excited state, consistent with a change from a π⁴ to a π³σ¹ configuration. The estimated vibrational constants of ω_e ∼ 738 and 562 cm⁻¹ for the ground and a state agreed well with prior theoretical and experimental investigations; however, the estimated dissociation energy of 2.02 eV for the a³Π_i state is significantly higher than previous predictions. The lambda-doubling constants suggest a low-lying ³Σ state.     

Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of a New Φ-1Δ System of VO

High-resolution emission spectra of VO have been recorded in the region 3400-19 400 cm⁻¹ using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The molecules were observed from the reaction of VOCl₃ with active nitrogen. Two new bands, with origins near 5539.46 and 5551.69 cm⁻¹, are assigned as the 0-0 bands of the ²Φ_5/2-²Δ_3/2 and ²Φ_7/2-²Δ_5/2 spin-orbit components (respectively) of a ²Φ-1²Δ electronic transition of VO. A rotational analysis of both subbands has been carried out and spectroscopic constants have been extracted. The 1²Δ state is known from the previous analysis of the near infrared doublet transitions of VO and the new ²Φ excited state has rotational constants very similar to those of another ²Φ state observed previously [Merer et al., J. Mol. Spectrosc.125, 465 (1987)].     

Fourier transform spectroscopy of NbS

Emission bands attributed to the NbS radical have been observed in the near infrared and visible regions with FTS techniques using an electrodeless 2450 MHz discharge as a source. Transitions within the doublet and quartet manifolds were recorded at high resolution. The present paper gives the first rotational analysis of this molecule. Numerous bands within the doublet and quartet manifolds have been analyzed, resulting in the characterization of seven different electronic states, three in the doublet and four in the quartet manifold. The states have been labeled in analogy with NbO. The analyzed electronic states are: X⁴Σ⁻, C⁴Σ⁻, A′⁴Φ, D⁴Δ, a²Δ, c²Π, and e²Φ. Four additional substates in the doublet manifold have also been analyzed. In all, 27 vibrational sublevels have been included in the analysis, the total number of rotational lines being about 18 000. The positions of the analyzed transitions are: C⁴Σ⁻ → X⁴Σ⁻ near 15 670 cm⁻¹, D⁴Δ → A′⁴Φ near 7740 cm⁻¹, c²Π → a²Δ near 5850 cm⁻¹ and e²Φ → a²Δ near 8500 cm⁻¹. The overall picture is consistent with the corresponding analysis of NbO. However, three energy separations could not be derived from the experimental data in the case of NbS, i.e., the a²Δ− X⁴Σ⁻, A′⁴Φ− X⁴Σ⁻ and a²Δ_5/2-a²Δ_3/2 splittings. These were set to 4992, 5490, and 992 cm⁻¹, respectively, from preliminary ab initio calculations. In this way, a tentative energy level scheme could be drawn. The first order spin-orbit parameter of the A′⁴Φ state was indeterminable from the experimental data and was set to the value 170 cm⁻¹, derived from the same calculations.     

Laser spectroscopy of the B[21.68]8-X8, B′[21.65]8-X8 and C[22.3]7-X27 transitions of holmium monofluoride

The spectrum of holmium monofluoride (HoF) in the blue (420-480 nm) region has been studied using laser-induced fluorescence. Previous work [J. Phys. B 7 (1974) L234] had assigned several bands in this region to the B8-X8 transition. By obtaining wavelength selected laser excitation spectra at high resolution and rotationally analyzing seven bands in this region, we have shown that not all the bands previously assigned to the B8-X8 system belong to the same electronic transition and have identified three separate transitions which we have labelled B8-X8, B′8-X8, and C7-X₂7. Preliminary low resolution dispersed fluorescence spectra have shown several excited states at energies greater than 4000 cm⁻¹ above the ground state and, though not all could be assigned, ligand field theory calculations are consistent with assigning them to the first excited spin-orbit component of the Ho⁺(4f¹⁰6s²)F⁻ ground state configuration or to the first excited configuration, Ho⁺(4f¹¹6s)F⁻. The results of the dispersed fluorescence experiments also tentatively place the X₂7 state at ∼70 cm⁻¹ above the ground X7 state.     

Current transport mechanism in Al/Si3N4/p-Si (MIS) Schottky barrier diodes at low temperatures

The current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of metal-insulator-semiconductor (Al/Si₃N₄/p-Si) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were measured in the temperature range of 80-300 K. By using the thermionic emission (TE) theory, the zero-bias barrier height Φ_B0 calculated from I-V characteristics was found to increase with increasing temperature. Such temperature dependence is an obvious disagreement with the negative temperature coefficient of the barrier height calculated from C-V characteristics. Also, the ideality factor decreases with increasing temperature, and especially the activation energy plot is nonlinear at low temperatures. Such behaviour is attributed to Schottky barrier inhomogeneties by assuming a Gaussian distribution of barrier heights (BHs) at interface. We attempted to draw a Φ_B0 versus q/2kT plot to obtain evidence of a Gaussian distribution of the BHs, and the values of Φ_Bo = 0.826 eV and α_o = 0.091 V for the mean barrier height and standard deviation at zero-bias, respectively, have been obtained from this plot. Thus, a modified ln(I_o/T²) − q²σ_o²/2(kT)² versus q/kT plot gives Φ_B0 and Richardson constant A^* as 0.820 eV and 30.273 A/cm² K², respectively, without using the temperature coefficient of the barrier height. This value of the Richardson constant 30.273 A/cm² K² is very close to the theoretical value of 32 A/cm² K² for p-type Si. Hence, it has been concluded that the temperature dependence of the forward I-V characteristics of the Al/Si₃N₄/p-Si Schottky barrier diodes can be successfully explained on the basis of TE mechanism with a Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights. In addition, the temperature dependence of energy distribution of interface state density (N_SS) profiles was determined from the forward I-V measurements by taking into account the bias dependence of the effective barrier height and ideality factor.     

The laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of CoF in the ultra violet region

The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of jet-cooled CoF has been obtained in the wavelength region of 260-290 nm for the first time. Seventeen vibronic bands were observed and assigned to three types of transition from the ground state to upper states Ω′ = 3, 4, 5 by rotational analysis. A new vibrational transition with the 0-0 band at 34697.22 cm⁻¹ has been assigned as the [34.7]³Γ₅-X³Φ₄ transition and effective equilibrium molecular constants for the upper state have been determined. In addition, lifetime measurements have been carried out for most of the bands under collision-free conditions. On the basis of the spectroscopic data and lifetime measurements, the electronic structures of these possible high-lying electronic states are discussed.     

Fourier transform spectroscopy of NiCl: Identification of the [10.3] Φ7/2 state

This paper reports the observation of the [10.3] ⁴Φ_7/2 electronic state of NiCl. This state is identified for the first time through the analysis of an electronic band near 10168 cm⁻¹, namely the [10.3] ⁴Φ_7/2-A²Δ_5/2 transition. Molecular parameters for the newly identified [10.3] ⁴Φ_7/2 state are presented. Excited NiCl molecules were produced in a King furnace using NiCl₂ heated to 1600 °C. Emission spectra were recorded using the Fourier transform spectrometer associated with the McMath Pierce Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak.     

Structural properties of the titanium dioxide thin films grown by atomic layer deposition at various numbers of reaction cycles

A dependence of structural properties of TiO₂ films grown on both Si- and Ti-substrates by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at the temperature range of 250-300 °C from titanium ethoxide and water on the number of reaction cycles N was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). TiO₂ films grown on both Si- and Ti-substrates revealed amorphous structure at low values of N < 400. However, an increase of N up to values 400-3600 resulted in the growth of polycrystalline TiO₂ with structure of anatase on both types of substrates and according to XRD-measurements the sizes of crystallites rose with the increase of N. The maximum anatase crystallite size for TiO₂ grown on Ti-substrate was found to be on ∼35% lower in comparing with that for TiO₂ grown on Si-substrate. A use of titanium methoxide as a Ti precursor with the ligand size smaller than in case of titanium ethoxide allowed to observe an influence of the ligand size on both the growth per cycle and structural properties of TiO₂. The average growth per cycle of TiO₂ deposited from titanium methoxide and water (0.052 ± 0.01 nm/cycle) was essentially higher than that for TiO₂ grown from titanium ethoxide and water (0.043 ± 0.01 nm/cycle). Ligands of smaller sizes were found to promote the higher crystallinity of TiO₂ in comparison with the case of using the titanium precursor with ligands of bigger sizes.     

High-resolution visible laser spectroscopy of HfF

The electronic spectrum of hafnium monofluoride has been investigated from 415 to 725 nm using a laser-ablation/molecular beam laser-induced fluorescence spectrometer. Several electronic systems were observed and data have been recorded at both low and high resolution. High resolution rotational analyses of the [17.4]1.5-X1.5 (0-0), [17.9]2.5-X1.5 (0-0), [19.7]0.5-X1.5 (0-0), [20.0]0.5-X1.5 (0-0), [21.1]2.5-X1.5 (0-0), [22.3]1.5-X1.5 (0-0), and [23.3]0.5-X1.5 (0-0) subbands have been carried out, resulting in accurate values for the ground and excited state effective rotational constants. Furthermore, the rotational analysis of the subbands assigned as [17.4]1.5-X1.5 (1-0) and [17.9]2.5-X1.5 (1-0) allows us to determine values of 589.7569(6) and 588.9076(6) cm⁻¹ for ΔG^′_1/2 [17.4] and ΔG^′_1/2 [17.9], respectively. From dispersed fluorescence data we find that ΔG^′′_1/2=670(13) cm⁻¹ for the ground state and that another low-lying electronic state lies at ∼2850 cm⁻¹. The data also suggests that a second low-lying electronic state lies at ∼5200 cm⁻¹ above the ground state.     

The microwave spectrum of methyl chlorodifluoroacetate: Methyl internal rotation and chlorine nuclear electric quadrupole coupling

A chirped pulse microwave spectrometer has been used to record microwave spectra of the ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl isotopologues of methyl chlorodifluoroacetate, CClF₂C(O)OCH₃, between 8 GHz and 16 GHz. The target compound was spectroscopically examined as it participated in a supersonic expansion of argon. Only one conformer was observed. The rotational spectra were recorded with sufficient resolution to observe (i) splittings due to the internal rotation of the methyl group, and (ii) splittings from the coupling of the chlorine quadrupolar nucleus. A total of 785 transitions have had quantum numbers assigned. Analysis of the spectra observed has produced an experimental barrier to the methyl group internal rotation, V₃, of 370(2) cm⁻¹. It is noted that this barrier is a little lower than that determined for methyl acetate [V₃ = 425 cm⁻¹, J. Sheridan, W. Bossert and A. Bauder, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 80 (1980) 1-11], and this is rationalized through a comparison of molecular structures. Lastly, all components of both the ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl chlorine nuclear electric quadrupolar coupling tensor have been determined.     

A computational study on the adsorption and ring cleavage of para-chlorophenol on anatase TiO2 surface

In this work, a computational technique based on semiempirical SCF MO method MSINDO, has been used for investigation of the adsorption and photocleavage of para-chlorophenol (p-CP) molecule on the anatase TiO₂ (0 0 1) and (1 0 0) surfaces. The surfaces have been modeled with two saturated clusters Ti₂₁O₅₈H₃₂ and Ti₃₆O₉₀H₃₆. The optimization of the perpendicular conformation of p-CP molecule relative to the anatase TiO₂ (1 0 0) surface, has resulted in a linkage of the molecule to the surface titanium atom via phenolic oxygen atom. We studied the aromatic ring cleavage by singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and superoxide radical anion () and accordingly, relevant mechanisms are suggested. The results reveal that the ring opening path of p-CP molecule on TiO₂ (1 0 0) surface, following the single electron transfer/ mechanism, is energetically more favourable than the ¹O₂/dioxetane mechanism.     

Magnetic susceptibility study of Ce in PbCeA (A=Te,Se, S)

The magnetic susceptibility of Pb_1-xCe_xA (A=S, Se and Te) crystals with Ce³⁺ concentrations 0.006≤x≤0.036 was investigated in the temperature range from 2 K to 300 K. The magnetic susceptibility data was found to be consistent with a ²F_5/2 lowest manifold for Ce³⁺ ions with a crystal-field splitting Δ=E(Γ₈)−E(Γ₇) of about 340 K, 440 K and 540 K for Pb_1-xCe_xTe, Pb_1-xCe_xSe, and Pb_1-xCe_xS, respectively. For all the three compounds the doublet Γ₇ lies below the Γ₈ quadruplet which confirms the substitution of Pb²⁺ by Ce³⁺ ions in the host crystals. The observed values for the crystal-field splitting are in good agreement with the calculated ones based on the point-charge model. Moreover, the effective Landé factors were determined by X-band (∼9.5 GHz), electron paramagnetic measurements (EPR) to be g=1.333, 1.364, and 1.402 for Ce ions in PbA, A = S, Se and Te, respectively. The small difference with the predicted Landé factor g of 10/7 for the Γ₇ (J=5/2) ground state was attributed to crystal-field admixture.