On the possibility of determining the thermodynamic temperature of colloid solutions by the nuclear magnetic resonance method

A new method of determining the thermodynamic temperature of colloid solutions placed onto a sealed glass vessel is considered; the method is based on measurements of the magnetic susceptibility in flowing liquid by the magnetic nuclear resonance method. Experimental results show that the Curie law holds for colloid solutions in the temperature range of 278–333 K, in which ferrofluid cells prepared based on these solutions are used.     

Solitons as truncated asymptotic solutions of completely integrable models

The long time behaviour of solutions of soliton equations is considered. A method for finding the sets of scattering data associated with asymptotic solutions truncated on intervals with freely moving end points is presented. The method is applied to provide a simple proof of the solitonic properties of asymptotic solutions and to characterize the soliton-soliton, soliton-radiation and radiation-radiation collisions.     

Use of conformal,mapping to construct new solutions of the Einstein equations

A method is obtained for constructing new solutions of the Einstein equations from known solutions, beginning with the structure of the Einstein tensor and using conformai mapping. The sollowing cases are considered: transformation of vacuum solutions into hydrodynamic solutions and the transformation of hydrodynamic solutions into solutions of the same type. A necessary and sufficient condition, imposed on the vacuum metric, is found which guarantees that solutions with a hydrodynamic energy-momentum tensor will be produced from vacuum solutions.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 110–114, November, 1973.The author is deeply grateful to Ya. I. Pugachev and to the members of the seminar directed by him for discussion of the results of this paper.     

Solution of the Equations of Electrodiffusion by the Method of Successive Approximations

The solution of a singularly perturbed differential equation is considered that describes the passage of a steady current in a system consisting of a mixture of charged particles. A correction to the solution is obtained by splicing two asymptotic solutions. Proceeding from the magnitude of this correction, the region of applicability of this method is determined.     

Periodic solution of the generalized Rayleigh equation

The periodic solutions of a strongly cubic nonlinear oscillator whose motion is described with the generalized Rayleigh equation are studied. Approximate analytic solving methods are introduced. A new method based on homotopy and averaging is developed to determine the limit cycle motion. The obtained analytical solutions are compared with those calculated by the elliptic harmonic balance method with generalized Fourier series and Jacobian elliptic functions. Three types of cubic nonlinearity are considered: the coefficients of the linear and cubic terms are positive, the coefficient of the linear term is positive and that of the cubic term is negative and the opposite case. Comparisons of the analytical solution and numerical solution, obtained by using the Runge-Kutta method, are illustrated with examples.     

Wild's solution of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation

The relaxation to equilibrium of a spatially uniform pseudo-Maxwellian gas is considered. A modified Wild expansion is defined for solving the nonlinear Boltzmann equation. The positivity and asymptotic conditions, as well as the conservation rules, are maintained at each truncation order. Some particular examples are evaluated. The comparison with exact solutions illustrates the very fast convergence of this method.     

Exact solutions for the shape of a 2D conducting drop moving through a dielectric medium at an angle to the external electric field

Possible equilibrium configurations of the surface of a drop of a conducting liquid, moving relative to a dielectric medium at a certain angle to the external electric field, are considered in the 2D formulation. A two-parametric family of exact particular solutions to this problem is obtained using the conformal mapping method. These solutions are characterized by a considerable strain of the 2D drop surface (the highest possible ratio of its longitudinal and transverse sizes is 11/2).     

Conditional Lie-Bäcklund Symmetry and New Variable Separation Solutions of the Third Order KdV-Type Equations

The functionally generalized variable separation solutions of a general KdV-type equations u_t=u_xxx + A(u, u_x)u_xx + B(u, u_x) are investigated by developing the conditional Lie-Bäcklund symmetry method. A complete classification of the considered equations, which admit multi-dimensional invariant subspaces governed by higher-order conditional Lie-Bäcklund symmetries, is presented. As a result, several concrete examples are provided to construct functionally generalized variable separation solutions of some resulting equations.     

A Harmonic Solution for the Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Equation and Its Relationship to the Guyer–Krumhansl Equation

A particular solution of the hyperbolic heat-conduction equation was constructed using the method of operators. The evolution of a harmonic solution is studied, which simulates the propagation of electric signals in long wire transmission lines. The structures of the solutions of the telegraph equation and of the Guyer–Krumhansl equation are compared. The influence of the phonon heat-transfer mechanism in the environment is considered from the point of view of heat conductivity. The fulfillment of the maximum principle for the obtained solutions is considered. The frequency dependences of heat conductivity in the telegraph equation and in an equation of the Guyer–Krumhansl type are studied and compared with each other. The influence of the Knudsen number on heat conductivity in the model of thin films is studied.     

A general solution procedure for the forced vibrations of a system with cubic nonlinearities: Three-to-one internal resonances with external excitation

A general vibrational model of a continuous system with arbitrary linear and cubic operators is considered. Approximate analytical solutions are found using the method of multiple scales. The primary resonances of the external excitation and three-to-one internal resonances between two arbitrary natural frequencies are treated. The amplitude and phase modulation equations are derived. The steady-state solutions and their stability are discussed. The solution algorithm is applied to two specific problems: (1) axially moving Euler-Bernoulli beam, and (2) axially moving viscoelastic beam.     

A Reduced System of Linear Algebraic Equations for Giving Soliton Solutions of the Generalized ZS/AKNS Systems

A simple method for finding soliton solutions of the generaked ZS/AKNS systems whose Lax pairs are matrices with high orders is considered. An explicit expreesion of transformation between the Jost solution relating to the (n-1)-soliton solution and that relating to the n-soliton solution is found. A reduced system of N algebraic equations for giving N soliton solutions is deduced, it has an identical form no matter how high the order of matrices of the Lax pain is.     

Approximation of the soliton solution for the generalized Vakhnenko equation

A class of generalized Vakhnemko equation is considered. First, we solve the nonlinear differential equation by the homotopic mapping method. Then, an approximate soliton solution for the original generalized Vakhnemko equation is obtained. By this method an arbitrary order approximation can be easily obtained and, similarly, approximate soliton solutions of other nonlinear equations can be acquired.     

A mathematical solution for the parameters of three interfering resonances

The multiple-solution problem in determining the parameters of three interfering resonances from a fit to an experimentally measured distribution is considered from a mathematical viewpoint. It is shown that there are four numerical solutions for a fit with three coherent Breit-Wigner functions. Although explicit analytical formulae cannot be derived in this case, we provide some constraint equations between the four solutions. For the cases of nonrelativistic and relativistic Breit-Wigner forms of amplitude functions, a numerical method is provided to derive the other solutions from that already obtained, based on the obtained constraint equations. In real experimental measurements with more complicated amplitude forms similar to Breit-Wigner functions, the same method can be deduced and performed to get numerical solutions. The good agreement between the solutions found using this mathematical method and those directly from the fit verifies the correctness of the constraint equations and mathematical methodology used.     

Non-autonomous wave solutions for the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation with a parabola external potential in Bose-Einstein condensates

A Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation with a parabola external potential is considered, and is transformed into a standard nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. By using the homogeneous balance principle and F-expansion method, we study non-autonomous wave solutions of the GP equation with a parabola external potential. In particular, based on the similarity transformation, several families of non-autonomous wave solutions of the GP equation are presented with snaking behaviors and different amplitude surfaces. These obtained bright-dark soliton solutions can give some potential applications in Bose-Einstein condensates.     

Step-Wise Concentration Influence of Fullerenes C60 and C70 on the Various Parameters of Condensed Systems

A step-wise changing concept is developed of the influence of fullerenes C₆₀and C₇₀ on various properties of condensed systems, liquid, and solid. In this, Part I is considered the step-wise character for three parameters: (1) the density of solutions; (2) the boiling points of solutions, and (3) the coefficient of the surface tension of solutions. The sharp drop of the density of solutions at very small fullerene concentrations is pointed out and considered. A step change in the coefficients of the surface tension of fullerene solutions with concentration were determined and are discussed. In Part II, to follow, the influence of fullerene concentrations on the freezing and melting of solutions will be considered.     

Inverse scattering method and soliton solutionfamily for the Einstein--Maxwell theory with multiple Abelian gauge fields

A Hauser-Ernst-type extended hyperbolic complex linear system given in our previous paper [Gao Y J 2004 Chin. Phys. 13 602] is slightly modified and used to develop a new inverse scattering method for the stationary axisymmetric Einstein-Maxwell theory with multiple Abelian gauge fields. The reduction procedures in this inverse scattering method are found to be fairly simple, which makes the inverse scattering method be fine and effective in practical application. As an example, a concrete family of soliton solutions for the considered theory is obtained.     

A transformed rational function method for (3+1)-dimensional potential Yu–Toda–Sasa–Fukuyama equation

A direct method, called the transformed rational function method, is used to construct more types of exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations by introducing new and more general rational functions. To illustrate the validity and advantages of the introduced general rational functions, the (3+1)-dimensional potential Yu–Toda–Sasa–Fukuyama (YTSF) equation is considered and new travelling wave solutions are obtained in a uniform way. Some of the obtained solutions, namely exponential function solutions, hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions, Jacobi elliptic function solutions and rational solutions, contain an explicit linear function of the independent variables involved in the potential YTSF equation. It is shown that the transformed rational function method provides more powerful mathematical tool for solving nonlinear partial differential equations.     

一类简化Lang-Kobayashi方程的Hopf分岔及其稳定性

讨论了一类简化Lang-Kobayashi方程的Hopf 分岔的性质.根据分岔理论,给出了系统产生Hopf 分岔的临界时滞条件,然后利用中心流形定理和规范型理论得到了确定Hopf分岔方向和分岔周期解的稳定性计算公式.最后,用数值模拟对理论结果进行了验证. 关键词： Lang-Kobayashi方程 时滞 Hopf分岔 稳定性     

Localized light waves: Paraxial and exact solutions of the wave equation (a review)

Simple explicit localized solutions are systematized over the whole space of a linear wave equation, which models the propagation of optical radiation in a linear approximation. Much attention has been paid to exact solutions (which date back to the Bateman findings) that describe wave beams (including Bessel-Gauss beams) and wave packets with a Gaussian localization with respect to the spatial variables and time. Their asymptotics with respect to free parameters and at large distances are presented. A similarity between these exact solutions and harmonic in time fields obtained in the paraxial approximation based on the Leontovich-Fock parabolic equation has been studied. Higher-order modes are considered systematically using the separation of variables method. The application of the Bateman solutions of the wave equation to the construction of solutions to equations with dispersion and nonlinearity and their use in wavelet analysis, as well as the summation of Gaussian beams, are discussed. In addition, solutions localized at infinity known as the Moses-Prosser “acoustic bullets”, as well as their harmonic in time counterparts, “X waves”, waves from complex sources, etc., have been considered. Everywhere possible, the most elementary mathematical formalism is used.     

Optical solitons for the resonant nonlinear Schrödinger's equation with time-dependent coefficients by the first integral method

In this paper, the resonant nonlinear Schrödinger's equation is studied with three forms of nonlinearity. This equation is also considered with time-dependent coefficients. The first integral method is used to carry out the integration. Exact soliton solutions of this equation are found. These solutions are constructed through the established first integrals. The power of this manageable method is confirmed.