A comparative study of approximate symmetry and approximate homotopy symmetry to a class of perturbed nonlinear wave equations

A comparative study of approximate symmetry and approximate homotopy symmetry to a class of perturbed nonlinear wave equations is performed. First, complete infinite-order approximate symmetry classification of the equation is obtained by means of the method originated by Fushchich and Shtelen. An optimal system of one-dimensional subalgebras is derived and used to construct general formulas of approximate symmetry reductions and similarity solutions. Second, we study approximate homotopy symmetry of the equation and construct connections between the two symmetry methods for the first-order and higher-order cases, respectively. The series solutions derived by the two methods are compared.     

The choice of spectral element basis functions in domains with an axis of symmetry

New spectral element basis functions are constructed for problems possessing an axis of symmetry. In problems defined in domains with an axis of symmetry there is a potential problem of degeneracy of the system of discrete equations corresponding to nodes located on the axis of symmetry. The standard spectral element basis functions are modified so that the axial conditions are satisfied identically. The modified basis is employed only in spectral elements that are adjacent to the axis of symmetry. This modification of the spectral element method ensures that the nodes are the same in each element, which is not the case in other methods that have been proposed to tackle the problem along the axis of symmetry, and that there are no nodes along the axis of symmetry. The problems of Stokes flow past a confined cylinder and sphere are considered and the performance of the original and modified basis functions are compared.     

The symmetry groups of periodic isonemal fabrics

An isonemal fabric is a weaving in which the symmetry group is transitive on the strands. Its symmetry groups is a layer group. In this paper we determine the 21 possible layer groups which occur as symmetry groups of (2-way, 2-fold) periodic isonemal fabrics. In addition, utilizing the induced strand subgroup, we classify the fabrics into 42 symmetry types.     

正多边形对称群的子群

利用Lagrange定理和正多边形对称群的性质,首先对正多边形对称群的子群的性质进行了研究,其次讨论了正多边形对称群的子群的结构,由此完全确定了正多边形对称群的子群,最后应用所得结论求出了正六边形对称群的所有子群.     

Group analysis of the modified generalized Vakhnenko equation

In this paper the Lie symmetry group, the corresponding symmetry reductions and invariant solutions of the modified generalized Vakhnenko equation are determined. Moreover a numerical algorithm that is based on a Lie symmetry group preserving scheme is applied to the ordinary differential equations obtained by symmetry reduction.     

Symmetries, integrals and solutions of ordinary differential equations of maximal symmetry

Second- and third-order scalar ordinary differential equations of maximal symmetry in the traditional sense of point, respectively contact, symmetry are examined for the mappings they produce in solutions and fundamental first integrals. The properties of the ‘exceptional symmetries’, i.e. those not considered to be generic to scalar equations of maximal symmetry, can be recast into a form which is applicable to all such equations of maximal symmetry. Some properties of these symmetries are demonstrated.     

The index of symmetry of compact naturally reductive spaces

We introduce a geometric invariant that we call the index of symmetry, which measures how far is a Riemannian manifold from being a symmetric space. We compute, in a geometric way, the index of symmetry of compact naturally reductive spaces. In this case, the so-called leaf of symmetry turns out to be of the group type. We also study several examples where the leaf of symmetry is not of the group type. Interesting examples arise from the unit tangent bundle of the sphere of curvature 2, and two metrics in an Aloff-Wallach 7-manifold and the Wallach 24-manifold.     

On the connections between symmetries and conservation rules of dynamical systems

The strict connection between Lie point‐symmetries of a dynamical system and its constants of motion is discussed and emphasized through old and new results. It is shown in particular how the knowledge of the symmetry of a dynamical system can allow us to obtain conserved quantities that are invariant under the symmetry. In the case of Hamiltonian dynamical systems, it is shown that if the system admits a symmetry of a ‘weaker’ type (specifically, a λ or a Λ‐symmetry), then the generating function of the symmetry is not a conserved quantity, but the deviation from the exact conservation is ‘controlled’ in a well‐defined way. Several examples illustrate the various aspects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Symmetry types of cyclic covers of the sphere

We examine all compact Riemann surfaces of genus greater than one which admit a cyclic group of automorphisms that yields a covering of the Riemann sphere with exactly three branch points. We determine the number of non-conjugate symmetries of each of these surfaces. For each symmetry, we determine the number of ovals it fixes and whether the orbit space under the symmetry is orientable or not. This yields the species of each symmetry and the symmetry type of each surface. Explicit defining equations of each surface and symmetry are given.     

The Degree of Symmetry of Certain Compact Smooth Manifolds Ⅱ

We give the sharp estimates for the degree of symmetry and the semi-simple degree of symmetry of certain compact fiber bundles with non-trivial four dimensional fibers in the sense of cobordism, by virtue of the rigidity theorem of harmonic maps due to Schoen and Yau (Topology, 18, 1979, 361-380). As a corollary of this estimate, we compute the degree of symmetry and the semi-simple degree of symmetry of CP2 × V, where V is a closed smooth manifold admitting a real analytic Riemannian metric of non-positive curvature. In addition, by the Albanese map, we obtain the sharp estimate of the degree of symmetry of a compact smooth manifold with some restrictions on its one dimensional cohomology.     

二维输运方程离散格式的对称性

讨论了二维柱几何非定态中子输运方程离散格式的对称性问题，在几何空间和相空间连续的情况下，证明了时间离散方程的一维球对称性；而在时间和相空间离散的情况下，阐述了格式不具有一维球对称性；对时间和相空间离散情况下的几何空间间断有限元方程，得到了左右对称性。     

Symmetry factors of Feynman diagrams for scalar fields

We calculate the symmetry factors of diagrams for real and complex scalar fields in general form using an analysis of the Wick expansion for Green’s functions. We separate two classes of symmetry factors: factors corresponding to connected diagrams and factors corresponding to vacuum diagrams. The symmetry factors of vacuum diagrams play an important role in constructing the effective action and phase transitions in cosmology. In the complex scalar field theory, diagrams with different topologies can contribute the same, and the inverse symmetry factor for the total contribution is therefore the sum of the inverse symmetry factors.     

Calculating the Symmetry Number of Flexible Sphere Clusters

We present a theoretical and computational framework to compute the symmetry number of a flexible sphere cluster in \({\mathbb {R}}^3\), using a definition of symmetry that arises naturally when calculating the equilibrium probability of a cluster of spheres in the sticky-sphere limit. We define the sticky symmetry group of the cluster as the set of permutations and inversions of the spheres which preserve adjacency and can be realized by continuous deformations of the cluster that do not change the set of contacts or cause particles to overlap. The symmetry number is the size of the sticky symmetry group. We introduce a numerical algorithm to compute the sticky symmetry group and symmetry number, and show it works well on several test cases. Furthermore, we show that once the sticky symmetry group has been calculated for indistinguishable spheres, the symmetry group for partially distinguishable spheres (those with nonidentical interactions) can be efficiently obtained without repeating the laborious parts of the computations. We use our algorithm to calculate the partition functions of every possible connected cluster of six identical sticky spheres, generating data that may be used to design interactions between spheres so they self-assemble into a desired structure.

     

A note on sign symmetry for a subclass of efficient,symmetric, and linear values

Symmetry requires that equally productive players should get the same payoff. Sign symmetry is a considerable weakening of symmetry, which requires equally productive players' payoffs to have the same sign. In this note, we apply sign symmetry, as a substitute of symmetry to characterize a subclass of efficient, symmetric, and linear values.     

Recurrence and symmetry of time series: Application to transition detection

The study of transitions in low dimensional, nonlinear dynamical systems is a complex problem for which there is not yet a simple, global numerical method able to detect chaos–chaos, chaos–periodic bifurcations and symmetry-breaking, symmetry-increasing bifurcations. We present here for the first time a general framework focusing on the symmetry concept of time series that at the same time reveals new kinds of recurrence. We propose several numerical tools based on the symmetry concept allowing both the qualification and quantification of different kinds of possible symmetry. By using several examples based on periodic symmetrical time series and on logistic and cubic maps, we show that it is possible with simple numerical tools to detect a large number of bifurcations of chaos–chaos, chaos–periodic, broken symmetry and increased symmetry types.     

对称型插值框架的注记

通过引进新的参数,将对称型插值的一般框架作进一步推广和改进,新的插值框架包含更为丰富的插值格式;给出几种新形式的对称型有理插值格式;最后,将结果推广到向量值及矩阵值情形.     

具有对称性的Copula

首次引入左边块对称和右边块对称的概念,利用Copula研究了其联合分布函数的特点,并分析了这两种对称特性与其它对称特性的联系．最后,提出几个值得进一步讨论的问题     

Massive vector gauge theory and comparison with Higgs—Connes—Lott

A massive vector gauge theory constructed from the matrix derivative approach of non-commutative geometry is compared with the Higgs—Connes—Lott theory. In the massive vector gauge theory, a new extra shift-like symmetry which is due to the one form constant matrix derivative allows the theory to have a mass term while keeping the gauge symmetry intact. In the Higgs—Connes—Lott theory, the transformation of scalar field makes up the deficiency of symmetry due to the mass term. Thus, when the scalar field is absent there remains no gauge symmetry just like the Proca model. In the massive vector gauge theory, the shift-like symmetry makes up the deficiency of symmetry due to the mass term even in the absence of the scalar field.