手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物的合成及其在不对称催化反应中的应用

手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物在多种催化反应中得到了广泛的应用, 并取得了很好的研究成果. 综述了手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物的合成以及它们在催化不对称反应中的应用研究进展, 如催化α,β-不饱和酮的1,4-加成反应、酮的氢硅烷化反应、烯烃的氢化反应和烯烃的复分解反应等.     

几种含氮大环络合物的合成

多年来,对四氮大环金属络合物的合成作了大量的工作。但大部份集中在过渡金属第一周期的元素,而过渡金属第二、第三周期的含四氮大环的金属络合物的合成及性质的研究只有少量的报道。本文报道了5,5,7,12,12,14-六甲基-1,4,8,11-四氮杂十四环(7,14)二烯(以下简称A)的Pt(Ⅳ)、Ir(Ⅳ)络合物(以下分别简称B、C)及相应的十四环烷(简称D)的Mn(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)络合物(分別简称E、F)的合成。现将这些化合物的结构式图示如下:     

含硅金属化合物的研究进展

近年来,含硅金属化合物由于在催化工业等领域的广泛应用受到了化学工作者的重视。本文综述了以硅原子或硅杂链为配体的桥形成的金属络合物、金属硅氧烷、硅-金属化合物、金属不饱和硅化物、含硅多金属络合物五种含硅金属化合物的研究进展。最后,并对该领域的研究方向提出了展望。     

含硅金属化合物

近年来,含硅金属化合物由于在催化工业等领域的广泛应用受到了化学工作者的重视.本文综述了以硅原子或硅杂链为配体的桥形成的金属络合物、金属硅氧烷、硅-金属化合物、金属不饱和硅化物和含硅多金属络合物5种含硅金属化合物的研究进展,并对该领域的研究方向提出了展望.     

1-(3-芳亚甲基氨基)丙基-2,8,9-三氧杂-5-氮杂-1-硅杂双环[3,3,3]十一烷金属络合物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性研究

我们曾对1-亚甲基氨基烷基-2,8,9-三氧杂-5-氮杂-1-硅杂双环[3,3,3]十一烷的合成及其抗肿瘤活性作过研究,发现1-[3-(2-羟基苯亚甲基氨基)丙基]-2,8,9-三氧杂-5-氮杂-1-硅杂双环[3,3,3]十一烷和1-[3-(2,4-二羟基苯亚甲基氨基)丙基]-2,8,9-三氧杂-5-氮杂-1-硅杂双环[3,3,3]十一烷具有较好的抗肿瘤活性。已知亚甲胺类(Schiff碱)化合物与某些金属离子形成络合物后,能提高它们的抗肿瘤活性。为此,我们进一步研究了这两种亚甲胺衍生物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性。     

金属与试剂分别过量时,形成不同颜色络合物机制的探讨

金属M与试剂B形成络合比为1:1型的络合物MB,它在分析化学的应用很普遍。在实际工作中,多是试剂过量的条件下测定金属;而忽略当金属过量时,同样也形成另外一种颜色的络合物。我们研究过若干体系及其它作者的报告,均能发现如下的事实:若试剂过量的络合物是红色(或紫色)时,则金属过量的络合物为紫色(或蓝紫色),两种络合物的吸收曲线峰值相差20～30nm。经研究不同体系的MB型络合物表明,尽管在金属与试剂分别过量     

双核过渡金属络合物引发氮分子活化研究

将自然界资源丰富但化学性质上极其惰性的氮气分子在温和条件下转化为氨及其他含氮化合物,具有非常重要的意义。过渡金属络合物引发氮分子的活化及官能化已成为现代工业固氮的一大研究热点。本文回顾了氮分子与双核过渡金属络合物结合的键型模式,总结了影响氮分子活化的诸多因素如配体调变效应、金属调变效应等,对双核过渡金属络合物引发的双氮裂解、双氮官能化及CO/CO2协助双氮活化官能化等反应的实验与理论研究现状和进展进行了简要综述,并对未来过渡金属络合物在氮分子固定的应用发展作了展望。     

新型氮杂大环化合物的合成及其超分子识别性能

含氮杂芳环结构单元(如吡啶、吡唑或咪唑环等)的大环化合物,因其与金属离子形成具有特殊化学性能的配合物而被广泛研究并用于生物化学、药物化学、材料化学等领域.生命体系中的受体通常含有不同类型的配位部位,因而具有对不同底物的识别作用.设计合成含有不同配位原子和特定结构的大环化合物,对于模拟某些生命现象具有重要的研究意义.近年来开展的酶模型研究中,能对氨基酸进行有效手性识别和液膜传输的主体分子多为氮杂大环化合物.为此,本文合成了两种带有侧链功能基团和手性基团的氮杂大环化合物.     

氮杂吲哚合成

氮杂吲哚是一类重要的杂环分子,在材料科学以及药物设计与合成中具有重要地位。由于氮杂吲哚在结构上区别于吲哚,所以一些经典的合成吲哚的方法并不很适用于氮杂吲哚的合成。近年来,金属有机化学的发展为氮杂吲哚的合成提供了更多的原料选择以及更有效的成环方式,从而为氮杂吲哚的合成开辟了新的方向。本文综述了氮杂吲哚有机合成方法学近年来的进展,介绍了通过Bartoli合成、Fischer吲哚合成、有机锂试剂、过渡金属促进以及其他方法来合成氮杂吲哚类化合物的研究,总结了合成各类氮杂吲哚(4-氮杂吲哚、5-氮杂吲哚、6-氮杂吲哚以及7-氮杂吲哚)的常用有机合成方法,为促进氮杂吲哚类化合物在药物合成化学以及材料科学方面的应用提供了基础。     

20年来三代可记录光盘记录材料的研究概况

本文综述了近20年来应用于红外光CD-R、红光DVD±R和蓝光BD-R/HD DVD-R三代可记录光盘中的记录材料的研究和应用进展,介绍了菁类、大环氮杂、偶氮、金属螯合物、苯并杂环等类染料作为光记录材料进行的研究,评述了可记录光盘记录材料的薄膜光学、记录灵敏度、光热稳定性、旋涂成膜性等特性,概括了每一代可记录光盘记录材料的特性与光盘系统的关系,讨论了大环氮杂金属配合物具有的良好材料特性,尤其是高光热稳定性和适中的记录灵敏度,并结合大环氮杂金属配合物在早期两代可记录光盘中已得到的重要应用及本课题组对此类材料的研究结果,认为其将是高密度蓝光盘记录材料的重要发展方向之一.     

Freezing imine exchange in dynamic combinatorial libraries with Ugi reactions: versatile access to templated macrocycles

A novel approach to freeze the imine exchange process in dynamic combinatorial libraries by Ugi reactions was developed. Macrocyclic oligoimine libraries previously formed and altered by addition of metal templates are efficiently quenched by multiple multicomponent reactions. The approach may be considered as an alternative to the typical reduction with borohydrides and delivers polyazamacrocycles with variable side arms. High dilution is not required to achieve high yields.     

Guidelines to design new spin crossover materials

This review focuses on new families of spin crossover (SCO) complexes based on polynitrile anions as new anionic ligands or on polyazamacrocycles as neutral macrocyclic ligands. We have shown that the structural and electronic characteristics (original coordination modes and high electronic delocalization) of the polynitrile anions can be tuned by slight chemical modifications such as substitution of functional groups or variation of the negative charge to design new discrete or polymeric SCO systems.In our ongoing work on the design of new molecular systems based on new ligands that can be fine-tuned via chemical modifications, another promising way which has been recently developed in our group concerns the use of new neutral polydentate ligands which are able to tune the ligand field energy around the metal centre. Here we report some recent original Fe(II) SCO complexes based on such polydentate ligands.     

A facile synthesis of chiral polyazamacrocycles and the UV spectroscopic and CD spectra studies on metal complexes

A series of chiral polyazamacrocycles with 12, 18, 24, 27, 36-membered rings were designed and synthesized using (S)-α-phenylethylamine as initial chiral source. Herein 11 new chiral polyazamacrocycles were successfully prepared. The UV spectroscopic titration experiments of polyazamacrocycle 3b with metal ions were carried out and the binding constants and free energy changes were calculated according to the modified Benesi-Hildebrand equation. Circular dichroism spectra were recorded for 3b with metal ions.     

Tripodal, cooperative, and allosteric transphosphorylation metallocatalysts

Three artificial amino acids derived from l-serine by replacing the hydroxyl moiety with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane, and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, respectively, have been connected to the three arms of the tetraamine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, Tren, to obtain tripodal ligands. They are able to bind up to four metal ions (like CuII and ZnII), three with the polyazamacrocycles and one with the Tren platform. Some of the ZnII complexes of these tripodal ligands proved to be good catalysts for the cleavage of the RNA model substrate 2-hydroxypropyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate (HPNP). Studies of the catalytic activity in the presence of increasing amounts of ZnII show that the complexes represent minimalist examples of metallocatalysts with cooperativity between the metal centers and allosteric control by a metal ion. The Tren binding site constitutes the allosteric regulation unit, while the three ZnII-azacrown complexes provide the cooperative, catalytic site. The allosteric role of the ZnII ion located in the Tren binding site was unambiguously demonstrated by studying the catalytic activity of a derivative unable to complex ZnII in that site. In this case, the cooperativity between the three ZnII ions bound to the peripheral azacrowns was totally suppressed. The kinetic analysis has shown that cooperativity is due to neither the occurrence of general-acid/general-base catalysis nor a decreased binding of the substrate because of the deprotonation of a water molecule bound to the complex but, rather, stabilization of the complexed substrate in its transformation into the transition state.     

Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes of Conformationally Constrained Polyazamacrocycles as Efficient Catalysts for RNA Model Substrate Cleavage in Aqueous Solution at Physiological pH

As part of a quest for efficient artificial catalysts of RNA phosphodiester bond cleavage, conformationally constrained mono‐ and bis‐polyazamacrocycles in which tri‐ or tetraazaalkane chains link the ortho positions of a benzene ring were synthesized. The catalytic activities of mono‐ and dinuclear copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of these polyazamacrocycles towards cleavage of the P?O bond in 2‐hydroxypropyl‐4‐nitrophenylphosphate (HPNP) in aqueous solution at pH 7 have been determined. Only the complexes of the ligands incorporating three nitrogen atoms in a macrocycle proved to be capable of efficiently catalyzing HPNP transesterification. The dinuclear complexes were found to be approximately twice as efficient as their mononuclear counterparts, and exhibited Michaelis–Menten saturation kinetics with calculated rate constants of k_cat≈10^?4 s^?1. By means of quantum chemical calculations (DFT/COSMO‐RS), several plausible reaction coordinates were described. By correlating the calculated barriers with the experimental kinetic data, two possible reaction scenarios were revealed, with activation free energies of 20–25 kcal mol^?1.     

CRYPTATES XIX. Ligands polyaza-polyoxa-macrobicycliques: Synthèse et complexes métalliques

Polyaza-polyoxa macrobicyclic ligands: its synthesis and metal complexes. The synthesis of the polyaza-polyoxa macrobicyclic ligands 1–4 is described. They form complexes with a variety of metal cations, transition metal cations as well as alkali and alkaline-earth cations. These complexes may be formulated as cation inclusion complexes, cryptates, in which the cation is contained in the intramolecular cavity. The properties of the complexes are described. An especially interesting feature is that these ligands, polymines of macrobicyclic topology, provide a means of trapping transition metal cations inside a molecular cavity; thus they impose coordination geometries and may modify the spectral and redox properties of the cations.     

A novel method of metal ion removal and recovery from water by complex formation with polyelectrolytes

A novel method of metal removal and recovery and recovery is described. This method may be useful in connection with various types of water pollution. It is based on the fact that metal ions form water-soluble complexes with water-soluble polyelectrolytes, such as polyacids. These complexes can be precipitated with polybases and the metal can be recovered by treating the precipitate with mineral acid. The remaining polymer complex can be used again for further precipitation. Experiments with Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions are given in some detail; general observations concerning other cases are included.     

Polyamine macrocycles incorporating a phenolic function: their synthesis,basicity, and coordination behavior toward metal cations. Crystal structure of a binuclear nickel complex

The synthesis and characterization of two new polyazamacrocycles, 1,4,7,10-tetraaza[12](2,6)phenolphane (L1) and 1,4,7,10,13-pentaaza[15](2,6)phenolphane (L2), are reported. Both ligands incorporate the 2,6-phenolic unit within the cyclic framework. The basicity behavior and the ligational properties of L1 and L2 toward Ni(II), Zn(II), and Cu(II) were determined by means of potentiometric measurements in aqueous solution (298.1 +/- 0.1 K, I = 0.15 mol dm-3). UV spectra were used to understand the role of the phenolic function in the stabilization of the cations. L1 and L2 behave as pentaprotic bases under the experimental conditions used. The UV spectra showed that the deprotonation of the phenolic function occurs at low pH values for both ligands, giving rise to the simultaneous presence of positive and (one) negative charges on the macrocycle. While L1 forms only mononuclear complexes, L2 can also form binuclear species with all the metal ions investigated. In the mononuclear species of both ligands, one nitrogen atom close to the phenol remains unbound. The UV spectra revealed that the phenol, bridging the two metal ions in phenolate form, plays an important role in the stabilization of the binuclear complexes of L2. The coordination sphere of the two metals is completed by adding a secondary ligand such as water molecules or OH-, in any case preferring substrates able to bridge the two close metal ions. These results are confirmed by the crystal structure of [Ni2(C16H28ON5)(H2O)2Cl2]Cl.H2O.CH3OH (space group P21/a, a = 14.821(5) A, b = 10.270(4) A, c = 17.663(6) A, beta = 108.87(3) degrees, V = 2544(2) A3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0973, wR2 = 0.2136). This structure displays a Ni(II) binuclear complex of L2 in which the phenolic oxygen and a chlorine ion bridge the two close Ni(II) ions.     

Separation mechanism exploration on metal-MBTAE-salicylic acid mixed ligand complexes by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography

The separation and determination of platinum metal and co-existing metal complexes by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with 2-(6-methyl-2-benzothiazolylazo)-5-diethylamino phenol (MBTAE) as a precolumn derivatizing reagent is presented. The separation mechanism of these complexes was investigated by combining spectrophotometry with HPLC while salicylic acid was contained in the mobile phase. The results show that most platinum metal ions, Co(II) and Cu(II) can form ternary mixed ligand complexes with MBTAE and salicylic acid. The relationship of the retention behavior of complexes and the surface tension of the mobile phase (gamma), the column temperature (T), and the composition and space configuration of complexes was also investigated. Some possible configurations of complexes are also proposed. These may all be illustrated well from the viewpoint of solvophobic theory. These method allowed the prediction of the composition and structure of metal complexes by utilizing HPLC.     

On the precipitation of salts/complexes of trivalent cations with humic acid

It was found that some trivalent cations form precipitates with humic acid at pH 4.2. The precipitates contain less metal cations than suggested by the neutralization-charge model for soluble complexes based on the available anionic sites. It is suggested that cations, which can form inner-sphere complexes, may precipitate before they are completely neutralized, while those that do not form complexes precipitate only after complete neutralization. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.