高效液相色谱法测定非天然氨基酸的光学纯度

 以（1- 氟-2,4-二硝基苯基）-5-L-缬氨 酰胺为手性试剂、反相高效液相色谱法测定非天然氨基酸的光学 纯度。梯度洗脱,流动相A：含体积分数为0.1％的三氟乙酸的乙腈,流动相B：体积分 数为0.1％的三氟乙酸水溶液。L-和D-对映体得到良好分离。准确测定了25种非天然 氨基酸L-和D-对映体的光学纯度。     

毛细管电动色谱带电环糊精拆分N-FMOC氨基酸对映体

 将负电性磺丁基 -β -环糊精手性添加剂应用于毛细管电泳氨基酸对映体的拆分研究中 ,对 8种氨基酸对映体与 9-芴甲基氧基甲酰氯 (FMOC-Cl)生成的衍生物进行了分离 ,其中 5种得到了基线分离。考察了背景电解质 p H值及磺丁基 -β -环糊精的浓度对 N-FMOC氨基酸对映体拆分的影响。     

Synthesis and application of dehydroabietylisothiocyante as a new chiral derivatizing agent for the enantiomeric separation of chiral compounds by capillary electrophoretic

A new chiral derivatizing reagent, dehydroabietylisothiocyante (DHAIC), was synthesized and used for the enantiomeric separation of chiral compounds in capillary electrophoresis (CE). The synthetic route to obtain DHAIC is described. The separation conditions for the chiral separation of several chiral compounds, such as protein amino acids and chiral drug DOPA were optimized. Best results for the chiral separation of DHAIC derivatized amino acids and DOPA were obtained in a running buffer consisted of 50 mM borate (pH 9.5), 5 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 20% acetonitrile for amino acids and 60 mM Na₂HPO₄ (pH 8.0), 17 mM SDS and 25% acetonitrile for DOPA. Under the conditions studied, chiral separation of five amino acids including Ser, Val, Ala, Thr, Cys and a chiral drug DOPA as their diastereomeric DHAIC derivatives has been achieved by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC).     

Chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of amino acids in foods

In this work, the development of a new chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method to separate D- and L-amino acids is shown. On-line coupling between CE and MS is established through an electrospray-coaxial sheath flow interface. Enantiomer separation is achieved by using a cheap, nonvolatile, chiral selector as beta-cyclodextrin in the background electrolyte (BGE) together with a physically coated capillary that is aimed to prevent contamination of the electrospray. The capillary coating is simple and easy to obtain as it only requires flushing of the capillary with a polymer aqueous solution for 3 min. Optimization of CE parameters (pH of BGE, type and concentration of chiral selector, and capillary inner diameter) and electrospray-MS parameters (nature and flow rate of the sheath liquid, nebulizer pressure) is carried out. Two different derivatization protocols of amino acids using dansyl chloride (DNS) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) are compared in terms of MS sensitivity and chiral resolution. Under optimum CE-MS conditions it is observed that the MS sensitivity obtained for FITC- and DNS-amino acids is similar (with limit of detection (LOD) in the microM range, corresponding to amounts injected in the fmol range) while chiral resolution is better for FITC-amino acids. The optimized method is demonstrated to provide the simultaneous analysis of 15 selected amino acids (i.e., FITC-D/L-Asp, -Glu, -Ser, -Asn, -Ala, -Pro, -Arg, and FITC-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a single chiral CE-MS run, corresponding to the main amino acids that can be found in orange. Moreover, as a result of the high resolution achieved, it is possible to detect down to 2% of D-Asp in the presence of 98% of L-Asp. The good possibilities of chiral CE-MS in food analysis are corroborated through the detection of the main amino acids in a commercial orange juice (i.e., FITC-L-Asp, -Glu, -Ser, -Asn, -Pro, -Arg, and the nonchiral FITC-GABA) as well as the determination of the fraudulent addition of synthetic amino acids (containing D- and L-forms) to a fresh orange juice.     

Simultaneous analysis of underivatized chiral amino acids by liquid chromatography-ionspray tandem mass spectrometry using a teicoplanin chiral stationary phase

Simultaneous chiral separations of underivatized amino acids have been performed using a teicoplanin-based chiral stationary phase and ionspray tandem mass spectrometry for their ionisation and detection. Different amino acid enantiomer pairs were separated simultaneously, including those of positional isomeric amino acids (e.g., L,D-Leu/Ile, or L,D-Val/Iva). Due to the specificity of tandem mass spectrometry, co-eluting enantiomers of different amino acids could also be determined. Fifteen chiral underivatized proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids were analysed simultaneously under isocratic conditions (acetonitrile-water, 75:25) in less than 25 min. For maximum sensitivity, post-column addition of 500 mM aqueous HCOOH was necessary. Detection limits varied from 2.5 to 50 microg l(-1) depending on the amino acid. The signal vs. concentration relationship was linear for all D- and L-amino acids (0.9995 < or = r2 < or = 1) for three orders of magnitude.     

Determination of D- and L-amino acids in biological samples by two-dimensional column liquid chromatography

Summary A two-dimensional, column liquid chromatographic system is used for the determination of the D- and L-enantiomers of amino acids in biological samples. Separation of the amino acids is first on ion-exchange column by gradient elution with a sodium citratesodium chloride buffer. Enantioseparation is by subsequent injection of 3 l heart-cuts of the individual amino acids onto a second column with a chiral crown ether stationary phase. Finally, fluorescence detection is after post-column labelling of the amino acids using ano-phthalaldehyde-2-mercaptoethanol reagent solution. The high separation power and selectivity of the system allow processing of complex samples with hardly any additional treatment and the determination of small quantities of D-amino acids in the presence of excess L-form. Applicability of the system is illustrated by the determination of D- and L-aspartate, serine, glutamate and alanine in various complex biological samples, such as protein hydrolysates, urine and biotechnological and food samples. Data are given on detectability, repeatability and linearity.     

Precolumn diastereomerization and micellar electrokinetic chromatography on a plastic microchip: rapid chiral analysis of amino acids

Precolumn derivatization and chiral separation of DL-amino acids based on diastereomerization have been performed on an integrated poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip. Diastereomeric derivatives were formed in a microfabricated precolumn reactor by the reaction of amino acid enantiomers with o-phthaldialdehyde/2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose (OPA/TATG), and separated by MEKC in an achiral environment without chiral selectors in the running buffer. Optimized precolumn reactions and chiral separations of amino acids were achieved within 2.5 min. Resolutions of diastereomers of OPA/TATG-amino acids were in the range of 2.5-6.1 at optimized separation conditions. Simultaneous separation of a mixture of five chiral amino acids was successfully performed in a single run in less than 100 s.     

Chiral separation of dansyl amino acids in capillary electrophoresis using mono-(3-methyl-imidazolium)-beta-cyclodextrin chloride as selector

Enantioseparations of fourteen dansyl amino acids were achieved by using a positively-charged single-isomer beta-cyclodextrin, mono-(3-methyl-imidazolium)-beta-cyclodextrin chloride, as a chiral selector. Separation parameters such as buffer pH, selector concentration, separation temperature, and organic modifier were investigated for the enantioseparation in order to achieve the maximum possible resolution. Chiral separation of dansyl amino acids was found to be highly dependent on pH since the degree of protonation of these amino acids can alter the strength of electrostatic interaction and/or inclusion complexation between each enantiomer and chiral selector. In general, the chiral resolution of dansyl amino acids was enhanced at higher pH, which indicates that the carboxylate group on the analytes may interact with the imidazolium group of cationic cyclodextrin. For most analytes, a distinct maximum in enantioresolution was obtained at pH 8.0. Moreover, the chiral separation can be further improved by careful tuning of the separation parameters such as higher selector concentration (e.g. 10 mM), lower temperature, and addition of methanol. Enantioseparation of a standard mixture of these dansyl amino acids was further achieved in a single run within 30 min.     

The Enantioresolution of n-Benzoyl and Its Analogs Derivatized Amino Acids on Cyclodextrin Bonded Chiral Stationary Phases Using a Nonaqueous Acetonitrile-Based Mobile Phase

The separation of amino acids into enantiomers while derivatizing with benzoyl chlorides is demonstrated. It was found that enantioselectivity among these reagents tagging with the same amino acid is quite different and is very sensitive to its structural variations. A noninclusion complexation mechanism i.e. external association is thought to involve in the separation carried out with a nonaqueous polar organic mobile phase. Results also indicate that the chiral recognition seems to be controlled either by moieties from tagging reagents or functional groups on all amino acids examined in this study on the basis of competition. The polarity of side-chain group on peptide backbone can not be ignored in achieving a successful separation. Furthermore, chiral recognition appears to closely rely upon the location of stereogenic center that is simultaneously attached by amino and carboxyl groups. Finally, mechanism involved will be explored structurally with these tagging reagents derivatized amino acids which structures are highly ordered and amine-containing compounds with structures similar to that of amino acid.     

Chiral separation of amino acids and peptides by capillary electrophoresis

Chiral separation of amino acids and peptides by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is reviewed regarding the separation principles of different approaches, advantages and limitations, chiral recognition mechanisms and applications. The direct approach details various chiral selectors with an emphasis on cyclodextrins and their derivatives, antibiotics and chiral surfactants as the chiral selectors. The indirect approach deals with various chiral reagents applied for diastereomer formation and types of separation media such as micelles and polymeric pseudo-stationary phases. Many derivatization reagents used for high sensitivity detection of amino acids and peptides are also discussed and their characteristics are summarized in tables. A large number of relevant examples is presented illustrating the current status of enantiomeric and diastereomeric separation of amino acids and peptides. Strategies to enhance the selectivity and optimize separation parameters by the application of experimental designs are described. The reversal of enantiomeric elution order and the effects of organic modifiers on the selectivity are illustrated in both direct and indirect methods. Some applications of chiral amino acid and peptide analysis, in particular, regarding the determination of trace enantiomeric impurities, are given. This review selects more than 200 articles published between 1988 and 1999.     

联二萘酚类磷酸吡哆醛模拟酶的合成与应用研究进展

模拟酶化合物的合成与应用研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。近年来研究的一些联二萘酚类磷酸吡哆醛模拟酶具有氨基酸构型转换的功能,并可用于手性氨基醇的对映选择性识别。本文简要介绍了该类化合物的合成方法,综述了近年来联二萘酚类磷酸吡哆醛模拟酶在手性氨基酸构型转换、手性氨基醇对映选择性识别以及萃取拆分等方面的应用。     

Chiral separation of halogenated amino acids by ligand-exchange capillary electrophoresis

The chiral separation of halogenated amino acids by ligand-exchange CE is described. Halogenated amino acids attracted increasing interest in recent years because of their physiological activities. Different chiral selectors, as there are L-4-hydroxyproline, L-histidine, and N-alkyl derivatives of L-4-hydroxyproline in form of their copper(II) complexes, are compared for their chiral recognition ability for halogenated amino acids. The influence of various parameters, such as selector concentration, pH, organic modifier, and field strength, on the resolution was investigated. All halogenated amino acids investigated were baseline-separated under optimized conditions.     

New triazine spectroscopic reagent for the separation of DL-amino acids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

An approach to the chiral separation of racemic mixtures of amino acids by means of micellar electrokinetic chromatography after derivatization with a new triazine spectroscopic reagent, 3-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazinylamino)-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine (DTDP), has been evaluated. It was found that the derivatives of the aliphatic amino acids such as serine, valine and arginine, could produce a strong UV absorption at 282 nm, whose apparent molar absorptivities are of 10(-4) M(-1) cm(-1), and thus the concentration of the amino acids down to 3 x 10(-7) M can still give a detectable signal (S/N = 3). Beta-Cyclodextrin (beta-CD) added to the buffer system was used as a chiral selector, and separation conditions were optimized. The presence of an organic modifier (2-propanol) was also a prerequisite for the chiral separation. The best results for the chiral separation of DTDP-amino acids were achieved in a mixed sodium dodecylsulfate-beta-CD-borate-2-propanol medium at pH 9.0. Compared to some of the commonly used derivatization methods, the present one offers a relatively stable derivative and strong UV absorption for the spectroscopically inert amino acids, thus enabling amino acids to be separated and detected by CE even with a simpler UV detector.     

Functionalization of cellulose dialysis membranes for chiral separation using beta-cyclodextrin immobilization

A membrane-based chiral separation system for the separation of racemic tryptophan solutions is developed by the covalently binding beta-cyclodextrin onto the surface of commercial cellulose membranes. The immobilization process is monitored by XPS. AFM demonstrates the evolutionary transition of membrane surface morphology before and after the CD immobilization. Due to their different complexation with immobilized CD, dialysis transport experiments show d-tryptophan preferential permeability through the immobilized CD membranes, and the enantioselectivity is 1.10. A model based on the existence of a thin chiral solution layer of amino acid at the interface between the feed solution and the membrane has been proposed. This chiral separation model has been verified using the chiral separation results of racemic amino acids and binding constants of amino acids with CD. The effect of membrane's pore size on enantioselectivity has also been investigated. The immobilized CD membrane, having MWCO 1000, exhibits the highest enantioselectivity to the racemic tryptophan solution.     

Structural scaffold of 18-crown-6 tetracarboxylic Acid for optical resolution of chiral amino acid: x-ray crystal analyses of complexes of D- and L-isomers of serine and glutamic acid

(+)-18-crown-6 tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H4) has been used as a chiral selector for D/L-amino acids in HPLC, where L-isomer is usually eluted prior to D-isomer, except for the case of serine. To clarify why serine exhibits the reverse order for the elusion, the chiral interactions of D- and L-serines with (+)-18C6H4 were investigated by the X-ray single crystal analyses, together with the case of D- and L-glutamic acids, which exhibit the usual elution order in HPLC. The backbone structures (amino, Calpha-H and carboxyl groups) of these four amino acids showed the nearly same interaction with (+)-18C6H4 despite their different chirality. In contrast, the hydroxyl group of L-serine side chain formed a hydrogen bond with the carboxyl group of (+)-18C6H4, whereas such a interaction was not formed for the side chain of D-serine and D- and L-glutamic acids. Thus, it was shown that the exception of D/L-serine from the first elution rule of L-isomer in HPLC is due to the presence and absence of a hydrogen bond formation of its side chain OH group.     

Separation of enantiomers of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-derivatives of amino acids by capillary electrophoresis using macrocyclic antibiotics

The potential for the application of macrocyclic antibiotic eremomycin as a chiral selector for the separation of enantiomers of N-derivatives of amino acids in capillary electrophoresis was estimated. The influence of several factors (the composition and pH of the running electrolyte, the concentration of the chiral selector, capillary geometry, the value of the applied voltage) on the migration of the derivatives of amino acids and enantioselectivity in the presence of eremomycin was studied in order to choose the separation conditions. Using the example of the dansyl derivatives of amino acids the enantioselectivities of vancomycin and eremomycin in capillary electrophoresis were compared.     

Capillary electrophoresis and column chromatography in biomedical chiral amino acid analysis

Free amino acids are typically quantified as the sum of their enantiomers, because in terrestrial organisms they mainly exist in the left-handed form. However, with increasing understanding of the biological significance of right-handed amino acids interest in enantioselective quantification of amino acids has steadily increased. Initially, electrophoretic and chromatographic methods using chiral (pseudo)-stationary phases or chiral eluents were applied to the separation of amino acid enantiomers. Later, derivatization of amino acids prior to chromatography with chiral reagents gained in popularity, because the diastereomers formed can be resolved on conventional reversed-phase columns. Novel multi-interaction chiral columns turned attention back to direct chiral chromatographic methods. Hyphenation to mass spectrometry has increasingly replaced optical detection because of superior selectivity, although this has not obviated the need for baseline resolution of amino acid enantiomers. Despite the progress made, enantioselective separation and quantification of amino acids remains an analytical challenge owing to frequently incomplete resolution of all naturally occurring enantiomers and insufficient sensitivity for the determination of the trace amounts of d-amino acids typically found in biological fluids and tissues. Chiral GC-MS analysis of heptafluorobutanol/pentafluoropropionanhydride amino acid derivatives on an Rt-gDEXsa column     

Molecular Recognition of Amino Acids by Copper(II) Complexes of 6(A),6(X)-Diamino-6(A),6(X)-dideoxy-beta-cyclodextrin (X = B, C, D)

The three regioisomers of beta-cyclodextrin 6-difunctionalized with NH(2) groups (6(A),6(X)-diamino-6(A),6(X)-dideoxy-beta-cyclodextrin, A,X-CDNH(2), X = B, C, or D) were synthesized. Their binary and ternary copper(II) complexes with amino acids were characterized by ESR and electronic spectroscopy. Furthermore, the binary copper(II) complexes were used as eluent in ligand exchange chromatography (LEC), to resolve racemates of unmodified amino acids. HPLC separation of enantiomers of aromatic amino acids was obtained only when the complex [Cu(A,B-CDNH(2))](2+) was used as eluent. The two complexes with the other two regioisomers did not show chiral recognition ability. Circular dichroism (c.d.) spectroscopy studies of the ternary complexes with D- and L-amino acids carried out in the presence and in the absence of 1-adamantanol, suggested a recognition mechanism that involves the cyclodextrin cavity, only in the case of ternary A,B-CDNH(2) complexes.     

Assay of aromatic amino acid enantiomers in rice-brewed suspensions by chiral ligand-exchange CE

The aim of this work was to assay seasoning D- or L-aromatic amino acids (AAs) in rice-brewed suspensions, Laozao in Chinese, by chiral ligand-exchange CE with UV detection and Zn(II) complex as a chiral selecting system. Resolution and peak retention were found to be parallel to the basicity of the AA chiral ligands, and basic L-Arg was known to work the best at pH 8.20 compared with L-Lys and other AA ligands. Baseline separation of DL-aromatic AAs and partially separation of some FMOC-labeled nonaromatic AAs have been achieved using a running buffer of 5 mM ammonium acetate, 100 mM boric acid, 3 mM ZnSO(4), and 6 mM L-Arg at pH 8.20. The aromatic amino acids in four brands of Laozao were measured in a range of 0.25-20 microg/mL for Typ, 1.00-120 microg/mL for Phe, and 2.50-200 microg/mL for Tyr, with linear regression coefficient all over 0.999. The LOD (S/N=3) was 0.15 microg/mL for Typ, 0.50 microg/mL for Phe, and 1.25 microg/mL for Tyr. The recovery of the method determined by spiking with the supernates of Laozao as background was 94.0-112.9%. The RSDs of migration time and peak area measured from six injections of tyrosine were 0.2 and 2.7%, respectively, for run-to-run, and 1.6 and 3.2%, respectively for day-to-day. Interestingly, there were only L-Trp, D-Tyr, and L-Tyr found in the assayed four brands of Laozao. They may serve as an index to recognize the brand of Laozao.     

Preparation and evaluation of novel chiral stationary phases based on quinine derivatives comprising crown ether moieties

The C9‐position of quinine was modified by meta‐ or para‐substituted benzo‐18‐crown‐6, and immobilized on 3‐mercaptopropyl‐modified silica gel through the radical thiol‐ene addition reaction. These two chiral stationary phases were evaluated by chiral acids, amino acids, and chiral primary amines. The crown ether moiety on the quinine anion exchanger provided a ligand‐exchange site for primary amino groups, which played an important role in the retention and enantioselectivity for chiral compounds containing primary amine groups. These two stationary phases showed good selectivity for some amino acids. The complex interaction between crown ether and protonated primary amino group was investigated by the addition of inorganic salts such as LiCl, NH₄Cl, NaCl, and KCl to the mobile phase. The resolution results showed that the simultaneous interactions between two function moieties (quinine and crown ether) and amino acids were important for the chiral separation.