聚苯乙烯固载过渡金属催化剂在硅氢加成和加氢反应中的应用

聚苯乙烯树脂具有优良的物理化学性能,其与过渡金属的络合物在硅氢加成和催化加氢反应中得到了广泛应用,表现出良好的催化活性、反应选择性和重复使用性能,具有均相催化剂和其他固载型催化剂不具备的优势。利用含配位基团的化合物对聚苯乙烯改性后,可显著提高对金属的配位能力以及催化剂的稳定性,也往往表现出更好的催化性能。鉴于近年来聚苯乙烯固载的过渡金属催化剂在硅氢加成和催化加氢反应中的研究较为引人注目,本文对该类催化剂的制备方法、催化性能及相关机理进行了总结和分析。首先介绍了经胺、膦、巯基、不饱和烃等改性的聚苯乙烯固载的过渡金属催化剂在硅氢加成反应中的应用,其次介绍了聚苯乙烯固载的铂、钯、铑、钌、纳米金、铬、双金属胶体等在催化加氢反应中的应用,重点介绍了聚苯乙烯树脂与金属钯、铑的固载型催化剂,最后对该类催化剂的发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

无机载体负载型硅氢加成反应铂催化剂的研究进展

过渡金属或其配合物催化的硅氢加成反应是合成有机硅化合物的重要途径之一,其中铂催化剂是应用最多的催化剂.无机载体负载型铂催化剂不仅可以避免均相催化剂腐蚀反应器、铂回收困难、反应产物选择性差的缺点,而且由于良好的机械强度及反应介质稳定性可以用于连续反应.大量文献报道了炭载体、二氧化硅、金属氧化物、分子筛等无机载体直接负载或利用载体表面修饰的乙烯基、膦基、氨基、胂基、巯基等功能基团的配位络合作用间接负载铂化合物制备用于硅氢加成反应的负载型铂催化剂.综述了近15年来这些催化剂的制备方法、结构特点、催化性能等方面的研究成果,并对其发展方向进行了分析和展望.     

炭材料负载金属催化剂催化硅氢加成反应进展

炭材料具有比表面积大、孔径可调、取材广泛等优点,以其为载体负载金属活性组分制备硅氢加成催化剂极具发展前景.我们详细总结了近20年不同炭材料如活性炭、石墨与石墨烯、碳纳米管、富勒烯、卡宾等在硅氢加成反应中负载金属催化剂的制备方法、催化性能以及可能的催化机理,并对有望应用到该反应的新型炭材料载体进行了对比与展望.认为未来硅氢加成炭负载型催化剂的研究可聚焦于(1)探寻新型双金属活性组分以进一步提高催化活性;(2)研发更具优势的金属配体,明晰配体与载体、配体与金属之间的相互作用关系以提高催化选择性与稳定性;(3)结合科学可靠的催化机理研究,以期研发出更符合可持续发展要求的炭负载型硅氢加成金属催化剂,可使硅氢加成反应基本实现原子经济性.     

铂、铑N-杂环卡宾配合物在硅氢加成反应中的应用*

铂和铑的卡宾金属配合物作为催化剂应用于各种不饱和化合物的硅氢加成反应,表现出非常优良的催化性能和稳定的物理、化学性质,受到了化学工作者的广泛关注。本文对铂、铑N-杂环卡宾金属化合物作为催化剂在催化酮、炔烃、烯烃以及其它不饱和化合物硅氢加成反应中的应用作了介绍,并分析了该类催化剂在有机硅化学领域的应用前景。     

过渡金属膦配合物在硅氢化反应中的应用研究

过渡金属膦配合物在有机合成和催化反应中的应用非常广泛, 大量含膦杂原子配体被设计合成, 利用其特定的配位能力, 和过渡金属配位成过渡金属膦配合物, 并测试其对特定有机化学反应的催化性能. 硅氢加成反应是有机硅化学中的重要反应, 多种过渡金属包括铂、钯、铑、钌等的膦配合物对于硅氢加成反应均有催化活性. 综述了近几年来过渡金属膦配合物在硅氢加成反应中的应用进展.     

钛、镍、铁配合物在硅氢加成反应中的应用

Ti、Ni、Fe配合物作为催化剂广泛应用于有机催化反应中,表现出良好的催化性能,是有机金属催化化学的研究热点之一。本文介绍了近年来非贵金属钛、镍、铁配合物作为催化剂在烯炔烃、含羰基化合物及其他不饱和双键、三键化合物硅氢加成反应中的应用研究成果和进展,分析了这三类催化剂在使用过程中存在的不足,并对其作为催化剂的应用前景进行了展望。     

烯烃硅氢加成固载铂催化剂研究进展

本文综述了近年来烯烃硅氢加成反应固载铂催化剂的制备、表征及其催化反应机理;并对各种不同载体铂催化剂的优缺点进行评述。     

光催化硅氢加成反应研究进展

有机硅产品已成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分.催化硅氢加成反应是制备有机硅化学品和材料的重要方法,廉价而性能优异的催化剂研制和开发受到广泛关注.目前催化硅氢加成的研究还主要集中在探索新型贵金属和非贵金属配合物的催化性能,但受贵金属高成本和非贵金属配合物较低催化活性等限制,光催化作为一种环保、安全的催化方式,光催化硅氢加成反应受到重视.介绍了近年来光催化硅氢加成反应的研究进展.     

硅氢加成催化剂的研究进展

硅氢加成反应是有机硅化学中研究得最多、应用较广的一类反应 .通过该反应 ,可以制得许多用其它方法难以得到的含官能基的有机硅单体或聚合物 .自 1 947年 Sommer等[1] 发现该反应以来 ,已进行了大量的研究工作 ,特别是对过渡金属催化剂的研究 ,取得了很大进展 [2 ,3] .我们将概要介绍这一领域的最新进展 .1硅氢加成的催化剂硅氢加成反应一般要在催化剂存在下才能进行 .紫外线、γ-射线、高温、过氧化物、偶氮化合物都可使该反应进行 ,但由于选择性不高 ,尤其是在一些体系中难以避免发生不饱和化合物的聚合反应 ,使用时受到许多限制 ,现已…     

非贵金属催化酮的不对称硅氢加成反应的研究进展

手性二级醇作为手性药物、香料等的原料,主要通过不对称加氢来制备.近来通过不对称硅氢加成的方法来制备手性醇的方法,由于其温和的反应条件及相对低廉的催化剂成本而受到广泛关注.介绍了近年来锌、铁、铜、钛等非贵金属催化剂催化潜手性酮的不对称硅氢加成反应的研究进展.     

单原子催化:沟通均相催化与多相催化的桥梁（英文）

催化在现代化学工业中占据着极为重要的地位.催化剂是催化过程的核心.均相催化剂由于具有均一、孤立的活性位点,往往具有高活性与高选择性;但是分离困难限制了其实际应用.多相催化剂由于金属原子利用效率低、活性组分不均匀,活性与选择性相对较低;但其稳定易分离的特点使得目前大多数工业催化过程都是多相催化过程.近年来,单原子催化逐渐成为催化领域新的研究热点与前沿,受到相关研究人员的广泛关注.作为一种多相催化剂,单原子催化剂具有稳定易分离的优势.此外,单原子催化剂具有类似均相催化剂的孤立活性位点,可能具有高活性与高选择.因此单原子催化的概念一经提出,便被认为有望成为架起多相催化与均相催化的桥梁;但几年来并未从实验上得到证实.2016年开始,逐渐有单原子催化剂在经典均相催化反应过程中的应用报道,为该观点提供了实验上的证据.本综述概述了2016至2017年单原子催化剂在典型均相催化反应中的成功应用,包括:1)氢甲酰化反应.以烯烃和合成气为原料合成精细化学品醛类化合物的氢甲酰化反应是目前化工生产中典型的均相催化反应之一.2016年,张涛课题组和曾杰课题组先后报道了Rh/ZnO和Rh/CoO单原子催化剂在该反应中的成功应用.催化剂都表现出优异的催化性能,活性与经典均相Wilkinson’s催化剂相当;2)氢硅加成反应.作为合成有机硅产品的重要反应之一,工业上硅氢加成反应主要由Pt基均相催化剂催化.2016年Beller课题组首次报道了将Pt/Al_2O_3单原子催化剂用于烯烃硅氢加成反应中.该催化剂除表现出良好的催化活性和区域选择性外,还具有较高的稳定性和底物普适性;3)C–H键选择性氧化.烷烃部分氧化反应在学术研究和工业应用方面都有重要意义.刘文刚等将M-N-C单原子催化剂(其中M为Fe,Co等金属)成功应用于C–H键的活化反应中,并对催化剂的结构进行了深入剖析.以上实例表明通过调控金属与载体组合、设计开发合适的单原子催化剂,可以达到结合均相催化高活性、高选择性与多相催化稳定易分离的目的,为均相催化多相化提供了一条新途径,也证明单原子催化可望成为沟通均相催化与多相催化的桥梁.     

Catalysis of hydrosilylation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds: Recent progress

Recent progress in the catalytic hydrosilylation of organic and organosilicon compounds containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds is reviewed. Related to this, dehydrogenative silylation is also discussed. During the last decade new hydrosilylation catalysts, predominantly homogenous and heterogenous transition methal complexes, have been developed. These catalysts offer not only increased efficiency and turnover rate but also improved regioselectivity and stereoselectivity; moreover, there has been development in the mechanistic rationale behind these improvements. Application and extension of these basic chemical advances are found in many areas including polyorganosiloxane curing, hydrosilylation polymerization, polysiloxane functionalization, and silicon-containing dendrimer development.     

Regioselective rhodium-containing catalysts for ring-opening polymerizations and hydrosilylations

Organometallic rhodium complexes are described which are highly efficient initiators for the ring-opening polymerization of expoxides and other heterocyclic compounds. A cocatalyst, consisting of a compound or polymer containing silicon–hydrogen bonds must also be present. These same catalyst–cocatalyst mixtures are also highly active for hydrosilylation reactions. Other complexes bearing phosphine ligands have been discovered, which while active for hydrosilylation, are not catalysts for epoxide polymerizations. Polymer supported rhodium catalysts are also described which permit the synthesis of epoxy-functional silanes in high yields without competing ring-opening polymerization.     

The catalytic activity of alkali metal alkoxides and titanium alkoxides in the hydrosilylation of unfunctionalized olefins

The catalytic activities of titanium alkoxides and alkali metal alkoxides for hydrosilylation of unfunctionalized olefins have been studied. Titanium(IV) alkoxides showed excellent catalytic activity, while alkali metal alkoxides have low catalytic activity for the hydrosilylation of olefins. However, by using titanocene dichloride as an additive, alkali metal alkoxides showed also excellent catalytic property for hydrosilylation. In comparison with titanium alkoxides, no α-adduct was obtained by using alkali metal alkoxides/Cp₂TiCl₂ as catalysts.     

Polysilane-supported Pd and Pt nanoparticles as efficient catalysts for organic synthesis

Polysilane-supported Pd and Pt catalysts have been prepared for the first time, and used successfully in hydrogenation, Suzuki and Sonogashira reactions, and hydrosilylation respectively: the reactions proceeded in high yields, and the catalysts could be recovered almost quantitatively by simple filtration and reused.     

ASYMMETRIC HYDROSILYLATION CATALYZED BY POLYMER—SUPPORTED THIAZOLIDINE RHODIUM CATALYSTS

Asymmetric hydrisilylation catalyzed by polymeric thiazolidine rhodium catalysts was conducted.Almost the same optical yields have been obtained when comb-shaped polymeric ligands and their corresponding monomer complexed rhodium cataltysts were used to asymmetric hydrosilylation of acetophenone.Optical yield of chiral 1-methylbenzyl alcohol reaches as high as 71.5%.Temperature dependence of enantioselective hydrosilylation of acetophenone was discussed.     

Cationic Zinc Hydride Catalyzed Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Formate: Deciphering Elementary Reactions,Isolation of Intermediates,and Computational Investigations

Zinc has been an element of choice for carbon dioxide reduction in recent years. Zinc compounds have been showcased as catalysts for carbon dioxide hydrosilylation and hydroboration. The extent of carbon dioxide reduction can depend on various factors, including electrophilicity at the zinc center and the denticity of the ancillary ligands. In a few cases, the addition of Lewis acids to zinc hydride catalysts markedly influences carbon dioxide reduction. These factors have been investigated by exploring elementary reactions of carbon dioxide hydrosilylation and hydroboration by using cationic zinc hydrides bearing tetradentate tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine and tridentate N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine in the presence of triphenylborane and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane.     

Phenanthroline-imine ligands for iron-catalyzed alkene hydrosilylation

Iron-catalyzed organic reactions have been attracting increasing research interest but still have serious limitations on activity, selectivity, functional group tolerance, and stability relative to those of precious metal catalysts. Progress in this area will require two key developments: new ligands that can impart new reactivity to iron catalysts and elucidation of the mechanisms of iron catalysis. Herein, we report the development of novel 2-imino-9-aryl-1,10-phenanthrolinyl iron complexes that catalyze both anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation of terminal alkenes and 1,2-anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation of various conjugated dienes. Specifically, we achieved the first examples of highly 1,2-anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation reactions of aryl-substituted 1,3-dienes and 1,1-dialkyl 1,3-dienes with these newly developed iron catalysts. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reactions may involve an Fe(0)–Fe(ii) catalytic cycle and that the extremely crowded environment around the iron center hinders chelating coordination between the diene and the iron atom, thus driving migration of the hydride from the silane to the less-hindered, terminal end of the conjugated diene and ultimately leading to the observed 1,2-anti-Markovnikov selectivity. Our findings, which have expanded the types of iron catalysts available for hydrosilylation reactions and deepened our understanding of the mechanism of iron catalysis, may inspire the development of new iron catalysts and iron-catalyzed reactions.

Newly developed iron complexes bearing 2-imino-9-aryl-1,10-phenanthroline ligands were successfully used to catalyze hydrosilylation of terminal alkenes and conjugated dienes in high yields with excellent anti-Markovnikov selectivity.     

SILICA-BOUND CROWN ETHERS PLATINUM COMPLEX AS HYDROSILYLATION CATALYST

Silica-bound 15-Crown-5, 18-Crown-6 with a spacer of propyloxymethyl and their platinum complexes have been synthesized. It was found that they were efficient catalysts for the hydrosilylation of olefms with triethoxysilane in the temperature range of 60 to 130 ℃.