Nanosecond-time-resolution thermal emission measurement during pulsed excimer-laser interaction with materials

A nanosecond-time-resolution pyrometer has been developed for measuring the transient surface temperature of a solid material heated by pulsed excimer-laser irradiation. Fast germanium diodes are employed to capture the transient thermal emission signals in the wavelength range between 1.2 and 1.6rwm. The surface temperature is derived from the measured spectral thermal emission. The directional spectral emissivity is determined in situ by measuring the transient directional spectral reflectivity and applying Kirchhoff's law. The experimental results are in good agreement with numerical thermal modeling predictions. The pyrometric thermal emission measurement also yields the solid/liquid interface temperature during the pulsed excimer-laser-induced melting. The relation between the measured interface superheating temperature and the interface velocity reveals the melting kinetic relation during the high-power, short-pulse laser-induced phase-change processes.     

应变效应对金属Cu表面熔化影响的分子动力学模拟

采用Mishin镶嵌原子势，通过分子动力学方法模拟了金属Cu 的(110)表面在不同应变下的熔 化行为，分析了表面熔化过程中系统结构组态和能量的变化以及固液界面迁移情况.金属Cu 的(110)表面在低于热力学熔点的温度下发生预熔化，准液体层的厚度随温度升高而增加.当 温度高于热力学熔点时，固液界面的移动速度与温度成正比，外推得到热力学熔点为1380K ，与实验结果1358K吻合良好.应变效应（包括拉伸和压缩）导致热力学熔点降低，并促进表 面预熔化进程.在相同温度条件下，准液体层的厚度随应变绝对值的增加而增大.应变效应导 致的固相自由能增加是金属Cu(110)表面热稳定性下降的主要因素，且表面应力和应变方向 的异同也会影响表面预熔化的进程. 关键词： 表面预熔化 热力学熔点 表面应力 分子动力学     

Thermal conductivities of solid and liquid phases for neopentylglycol, aminomethylpropanediol and their binary alloy

The variations of thermal conductivities of solid phases versus temperature for neopentylglycol (NPG), 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) and AMPD-42.2 mol% NPG alloy were measured with a radial heat flow apparatus. From the graphs of the solid phases thermal conductivity variations versus temperature, the thermal conductivities of the solid phases at their melting temperature and temperature coefficients for same materials were also found to be 0.22±0.01, 0.45±0.02 and 0.32±0.02 W/Km and 0.0047, 0.0031 and 0.0043 K⁻¹, respectively. The thermal conductivity ratios of liquid phase to solid phase for the same materials at their melting temperature are found to be 1.07, 1.12 and 0.74 with a Bridgman type directional solidification apparatus, respectively. Thus, the thermal conductivities of liquid phases for pure NPG, pure AMPD and AMPD-42.2 mol% NPG alloy at their melting temperature were evaluated to be 0.24, 0.50 and 0.23 W/Km, respectively, by using the values of solid phase thermal conductivities and the thermal conductivity ratios of liquid phase to solid phase.     

Reflection of structural waves at a solid/liquid interface

This paper investigates the reflection characteristics of structural or guided waves in rods at a solid/liquid interface. Structural waves, whose wavelengths are much larger than the diameter of the rod, are described in a first approximation by classical one-dimensional wave theory. The reflection characteristics of such waves at a solid/liquid (melting) interface has been reported by two different ultrasonic measurement techniques: first, measuring the fast regression rate of a melting interface during the burning of metal rod samples in an oxygen-enriched environment, and second, monitoring the propagation of the solid/liquid interface during the slow melting and solidification of a rod sample in a furnace. The second work clearly shows that the major reflection occurs from the solid/liquid interface and not the liquid/gas interface as predicted by plane longitudinal wave reflectivity theory. The present work confirms this observation by reporting on the results of some specially designed experiments to identify the main interface of reflection for structural waves in rods. Hence, it helps in explaining the fundamental discrepancy between the reflection characteristics at a solid/liquid interface between low frequency structural waves and high frequency bulk waves, and confirms that the detected echo within a burning metallic rod clearly represents a reflection from the solid/liquid interface.     

Remote Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectroscopy in the Studies of the Solid Propellant Combustions

In this paper infrared emission spectra of the solid propellant combustion using remote Fourier transform spectroscopy have been studied. Both the infrared spectral radiance distributions and gas quantitative method for solid propellant combustions by remote Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy have been presented. In the method we utilize estimating temperature measuring models, which are modified by Junde Wang, based on emission fundamental band measurements of HCl or HF. Through measuring the temperature both the infrared spectral radiance distributions of the solid propellant combustions and their emisivities can be obtained. A remote measured gas concentration model based on combustion temperature, spectral radiance and emissivity has been developed. Field single-ended measurements at long distances for solid propellant plumes at temperature 1700—3500K can be extended to measuring fluctuations of instantaneous temperature and combustion reaction products.     

Thermal conductivity and interface thermal resistance of Si film on Si substrate determined by photothermal displacement interferometry

An in situ, noncontact, photothermal displacement interferometer for performing thermal diffusivity measurements on bulk and thin-film materials has been developed. Localized transient surface motion is generated through photothermoelastic coupling of a pulsed, heating laser beam to the sample under investigation. The maximum surface displacement is found to be linearly dependent on the laser power while the proportionality is a function of the thermal diffusivity. Both thin-film conductivity and film/substrate interface thermal resistance are derived from the measured, effective thermal conductivity by employing simple heat-flow analysis. Wedge-shaped Si films, vacuum deposited on single crystal Si wafers are studied with this technique. A sample with oxide layer removed by ion bombardment of the wafer surface prior to film deposition shows the same film conductivity as a sample film deposited on an as-cast wafer, while the uncleaned sample exhibits higher interface thermal resistance. It is found that the thin-film thermal conductivity is somewhat smaller than the bulk value. However, the existence of an interface thermal resistance, when combined with film thermal conductivity, can result in an effective thermal conductivity as low as two orders of magnitude lower than the bulk value.Currently supported by the LLE fellowship     

脉冲光纤激光修锐青铜金刚石砂轮等离子体特性研究

采用光栅光谱仪 对脉冲光纤激光修锐青铜金刚石砂轮过程中产生的等离子体空间分辨发射光谱进行了测量. 研究了500–600 nm波段范围内的等离子体空间发射光谱强度随激光平均功率和脉冲重复频率的变化情况. 结果表明: 等离子体辐射光谱强度在其径向膨胀方向上距离砂轮表面约2.4 mm处达到最大值. 在局部热力学平衡假设条件下, 根据等离子体中六条铜原子谱线的相对强度, 利用Boltzmann 图法, 计算得到在不同激光功率和重复频 率条件下的等离子体电子温度沿砂轮径向方向的分布规律. 实验结果表明: 在激光修锐青铜金刚石砂轮过程中, 距离砂轮表面约3 mm处等离子体电子温度出现峰值, 其温度最高可达4380 K, 且等离子体电子温度随着激光参数和 空间位置的改变呈现出不同的演变规律. 关键词： 脉冲光纤激光 等离子体发射光谱 激光修锐 电子温度     

脉冲激光制备薄膜材料的烧蚀机理

研究了脉冲激光烧蚀靶材的整个过程.从包含热源项的导热方程出发，利用适当的动态边界条件，详细研究了靶材在熔融前后的温度分布规律，并且给出了熔融后的固、液分界面的变化规律.熔融后的温度演化规律和固液相界面均以解析表达式的形式给出.还根据能量平衡原理给出烧蚀面位置随时间的变化规律.以硅靶材为例计算模拟了激光烧蚀的整个过程，与实验结果符合较好. 关键词： 脉冲激光 烧蚀面 熔融 温度演化     

Opto-thermal study of the melting transition of benzophenone

We report a series of opto-thermal transient emission radiometry (OTTER) measurements on benzophenone over the temperature range 20–80°C, which includes the melting transition at 48°C. At temperatures sufficiently close, but below the melting point, the form of the opto-thermal decay curves was found to change, when the laser pulse energy was sufficient to cause transient melting near the surface. Such measurements could be useful in the study of re-crystallation dynamics in pulsed laser annealing and similar surface treatments. In addition, the experiment gives a direct measure of ₀, the initial jump in surface temperature, and a comparison of solid and liquid thermal diffusivities. The values found in the present study are ₀, andD(solid)/D(liquid)=2.2±0.2.     

脉冲激光烧蚀过程中靶材表面熔融前温度分布与激光功率密度分布的研究

用较为符合实际的高斯分布表示了脉冲激光输出功率密度分布，讨论了脉冲激光功率密度分布函数形状变化对烧蚀过程中靶材表面熔融前温度分布的影响。建立了考虑热源项的热传导方程，并给出了相应的边界条件。以Si为例，用有限差分方法模拟了温度随时间、位置的变化规律，模拟过程中强调了对边界条件的处理，使整体截断误差保持最小。通过改变脉冲激光功率密度分布函数的形状，分析了温度分布的变化。结果表明，相比恒定脉冲功率密度输出，功率密度高斯分布的激光束与靶材作用时高温阶段的温度变化率变大，靶材表面熔融时刻热扩散距离增加；当激光器上升沿变陡时，在有效作用时间内温度上升得更快，对加工区域周围热效应的影响明显减弱，而热扩散距离变小。     

ESTIMATION OF THERMAL CONTACT CONDUCTANCE DURING RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING

This article describes an experimental procedure conducted to estimate and investigate the transient thermal contact conductance (or thermal contact resistance) between the electrodes and workpieces during resistance spot welding. A fine thermal metrology was developed to collect thermal histories near the welding region. Indeed, the electrode tip was instrumented with several interior microthermocouples for measuring the transient temperature response during the welding process. A simple mathematical model, using an inverse heat transfer method, was built for the estimation of the transient heat transfer coefficient from interior transient temperature measurements. A simple resistance welding case of two steel sheets was investigated. The initial transient values of thermal contact conductance were found to be in agreement with those observed in the dry copper–steel solid contact case. At the end of the process, the transient heat transfer coefficient reaches a high value corresponding to the best heat transfer phenomenon at the interface during the welding process. When the metal is melted, the contact quality increases due to the high-applied electrode force. Higher electrode force and heating temperatures produce lower thermal contact resistance. The results obtained show the capabilities and the power of the coupled thermal metrology and transient inverse technique developed to investigate thermal history of resistance spot welding.     

Vibrational spectroscopy of ice interfaces

Vibrational spectroscopy via infrared-visible sum-frequency generation was used to probe interfaces of hexagonal ice(0001) with vapor, a hydrophobic solid, and a hydrophilic solid. The OH stretch vibrational modes for hydrogen-bonded and free dangling OH bonds were measured at various temperatures below bulk melting. At the vapor/ice interface, the dangling OH mode provided information about surface melting. Surface structural disordering appeared to set in at ∼200 K and increased dramatically with temperature. Received: 15 January 2002 / Published online: 11 June 2002     

Thermally driven sensitive surface phonon polariton modes in thin-film SiC

The results of this work show that significant changes to the spectral properties of thermal emission may be accomplished by taking advantage of surface phonon polariton (SPP) modes that are very sensitive to small refractive index changes. Surface phonon polaritons are interface restricted wave modes that do not usually participate in thermal radiative energy exchange. In this work, the possibility of varying the spectral properties by using a thin-film surface active material, layered between dielectrics, is explored. Unlike surface gratings, the multilayered structure discussed in this work couples the surface modes into radiative modes using subtle changes in refractive index. The proposed multilayer effect is studied by first developing the SPP mode dispersion relation to identify the spectral location of the surface modes. The relationship between SPP coupling and refractive index change is then developed. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem and an impedance boundary condition is used to theoretically show how thermal radiation can excite SPP modes. Results are then presented that show how film thickness and substrate properties act to support SPP modes that are particularly sensitive to changes in refractive index and therefore offers opportunities for dramatic changes to the spectral properties.     

Finite size melting of spherical solid–liquid aluminium interfaces

We have investigated the melting of nano-sized cone shaped aluminium needles coated with amorphous carbon using transmission electron microscopy. The interface between solid and liquid aluminium was found to have spherical topology. For needles with fixed apex angle, the depressed melting temperature of this spherical interface, with radius R, was found to scale linearly with the inverse radius 1/R. However, by varying the apex angle of the needles we show that the proportionality constant between the depressed melting temperature and the inverse radius changes significantly. This led us to the conclusion that the depressed melting temperature is not controlled solely by the inverse radius 1/R. Instead, we found a direct relation between the depressed melting temperature and the ratio between the solid–liquid interface area and the molten volume.     

红外热波成像法测量固体材料热扩散率

本文通过采用连续激光调制对试样周期加热产生稳定的温度波动和红外扫描动态测温的红外热波成像法获得温度波动的相位和幅值分布，测量固体材料热扩散率。介绍了红外热波成像法的测量原理和实验系统，推导了热扩散率测量的相位法、幅值法和相位－幅值复合法。对不锈钢和纯镍试样的热扩散率进行了测试。测量结果表明，该方法具有较高的精度。     

Connection between nanostructured materials’ size-dependent melting and thermodynamic properties of bulk materials

Based on the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of bulk materials, Gibbs free energy for nanostructured materials is obtained and used to study the size-dependent melting point depression phenomenon. The effects of volume change due to fusion, the thermal expansion and the temperature dependency of surface free energy of bulk materials on the melting point depression are investigated. Conversely, the solid surface free energy of bulk materials is also researched by means of the size-dependent melting temperature of nanostructured materials.     

Thermal transport in melting and recrystallization of amorphous and polycrystalline Si thin films

The liquid-solid interface motion and temperature history of thin Si films during excimer laser annealing are observed by in situ experiments combining time-resolved (~1 ns) electrical conductance, optical reflectance/transmittance at visible and near-IR wavelengths and thermal emission measurements. For laser energy densities causing partial melting, the maximum temperature remains close to the melting point of amorphous silicon (a-Si). When complete melting occurs, substantial supercooling is observed, followed by spontaneous nucleation. These phase transformations are consistent with the recrystallized poly-Si morphologies. It is also found that the melting of poly-Si occurs close to the melting point of crystalline silicon. This temperature is higher than the melting point of a-Si by about 100-150 K.     

Computer simulation of pulsed laser processing of amorphous Si

The paper introduces a 3D computer simulation model of the melting and recrystallization process of amorphous Si induced by pulsed laser irradiation. The model takes into account the temperature dependence of thermal and optical properties of crystalline, amorphous and liquid Si. The melting process is described by introducing for each volume element of melt pool the characteristic times of beginning of melting, end of melting and nucleation of a stable nucleus. The solution of heat equations of liquid and solid phases also provides one with the nucleation rates and temperatures. These data enable one to discriminate whether amorphous or crystalline phases are really allowed to be formed. Two examples of computer simulation are carried out to show the outputs of the model. Received: 7 February 2000 / Accepted: 28 March 2000 / Published online: 9 August 2000     

Morphological and structural damage investigation of nanostructured molybdenum fuzzy surface after pulsed plasma bombardment

Steady high-flux helium (He) plasma with energy ranging from 50 eV to 90 eV is used to fabricate a fiber-form nanostructure called fuzz on a polycrystalline molybdenum (Mo) surface. Enhanced hydrogen (H) pulsed plasma in a wide power density range of 12 MW/m²-35 MW/m² is subsequently used to bombard the fuzzy Mo, thereby simulating the damage of edge localized mode (ELM) to fuzz. The comparisons of surface morphologies, crystalline structures, and optical reflectivity between the original Mo and the Mo treated with various He⁺ energy and transient power densities are performed. With the increase of He ion energy, the Mo nano-fuzz evolved density is enlarged due to the decrease of filament diameter and optical reflectivity. The fuzz-enhanced He release should be the consequence of crystalline growth and the lattice shrinkage inside the Mo-irradiated layers (~200 nm). The fuzz induced by lower energy experiences more severe melting damage and dust release under the condition of the identical transient H plasma-bombardment. The H and He are less likely to be trapped due to aggravated melting evidenced by the enhanced crystalline size and distinct lattice shrinkage. As the transient power density rises, the thermal effect is enhanced, thereby causing the fuzz melting loss to aggravate and finally to completely disappear when the power density exceeds 21 MW/m². Irreversible grain expansion results in huge tensile stress, leading to the observable brittle cracking. The effects of transient thermal load and He ion energy play a crucial role in etching Mo fuzz during ELM transient events.     

Laser pulse transient method for measuring the normal spectral emissivity of samples with arbitrary surface quality

A laser pulse transient method for measuring normal spectral emissivity is described. In this method, a laser pulse (λ=1064 nm) irradiates the top surface of a flat specimen. A two-dimensional temperature response of the bottom surface is measured with a calibrated thermographic camera. By solving an axisymmetric boundary value heat conduction problem, the normal spectral emissivity at 1064 nm is determined by using an iterative nonlinear least-squares estimation procedure. The method can be applied to arbitrary sample surface quality. The method is tested on a nickel specimen and used to determine the normal spectral emissivity of AISI 304 stainless steel. The expanded combined uncertainty of the method has been estimated to be 18%.